View source for Petechia

{{short description|Small red or purple blemish on the skin, eyes, etc. due to rupture of capillaries}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Petechia
| synonyms      = Petechiae
| image         = Petechia on the tongue.jpg
| caption       = Petechiae on the tongue in a person with platelets (platelet count) of 3 G/L (normal: 150–450 G/L) due to [[Immune thrombocytopenic purpura|ITP]]
| pronounce     = pɪˈtiːkɪə
| symptoms      =
| complications =
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A '''petechia''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɪ|ˈ|t|iː|k|i|ə|}};<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Petechia definition and meaning |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/petechia }}</ref> {{plural form}}: '''petechiae''') is a small red or purple spot (≤4 mm in diameter) that can appear on the [[skin]], [[conjunctiva]], [[retina]], and [[Mucous membrane|mucous membranes]] which is caused by [[haemorrhage]] of [[Capillary|capillaries]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Reyes |first1=Melissa A. |title=73 - Purpura |date=2012-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781437727029000738 |work=Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (Fourth Edition) |pages=441–444.e1 |editor-last=Long |editor-first=Sarah S. |place=London |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |isbn=978-1-4377-2702-9 |access-date=2022-08-02 |last2=Eichenfield |first2=Lawrence F.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Gooch |first=Jan W. |title=Petechia |date=2011 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14466 |work=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers |pages=914 |editor-last=Gooch |editor-first=Jan W. |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14466 |isbn=978-1-4419-6247-8 |access-date=2022-08-02}}</ref> The word is derived {{ety|it|petecchia|[[freckle]]}}, of obscure origin.<ref name=":1" /> It refers to one of the three descriptive types of [[hematoma]] differentiated by size, the other two being [[ecchymosis]] (>1cm in diameter) and [[purpura]] (4-10mm in diameter). The term is typically used in the plural (petechiae), since a single petechia is seldom noticed or significant.
==Causes==
===Physical trauma===
The most common cause of petechiae is through physical trauma such as a hard bout of coughing, holding breath, vomiting, or crying, which can result in facial petechiae, especially around the eyes. Excessive scratching and friction, especially on thin and poorly circulated parts of the body may also cause petechiae. Such instances are  generally considered harmless and usually disappear within a few days, but depending on severity and frequency may be indicative of an underlying medical condition.
* Constriction, asphyxiation – petechiae, especially in the eyes, may also occur when excessive pressure is applied to tissue (e.g., when a tourniquet is applied to an extremity or with excessive coughing or vomiting).
* Sunburn, childbirth, weightlifting<ref name='mayoclinic'>{{cite web|title=Causes|website=[[Mayo Clinic]] |url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/petechiae/basics/causes/sym-20050724}}</ref>
* [[Gua sha|Gua Sha]], a Chinese treatment that scrapes the skin
* [[High-G training]]
* [[Hickey]]
* [[Asphyxia]]tion
* [[Choking game]]
* [[Oral sex]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schlesinger|first1=SL|last2=Borbotsina|first2=J|last3=O'Neill|first3=L|title=Petechial hemorrhages of the soft palate secondary to fellatio.|journal=Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology|date=September 1975|volume=40|issue=3|pages=376–78|pmid=1080847|doi=10.1016/0030-4220(75)90422-3}}</ref>
===Non-infectious conditions===
* [[Vitamin C deficiency|Vitamin C deficiency, scurvy]]<ref name='mayoclinic'/>
* [[Vitamin K deficiency]]<ref name='mayoclinic'/>
* [[Leukemia]]<ref name='mayoclinic'/>
* [[Thrombocytopenia]] – Low [[platelet]] counts or diminished platelet function (e.g., as a side effect of medications or during certain infections) can give rise to petechial spots<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |author=Kumar, Vinay |title=Robbins Basic Pathology |others=Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C.; Perkins, James A. |year=2017 |isbn=978-0323353175 |edition=10th |location=Philadelphia, PA |page=101 |oclc=960844656}}</ref>
* [[Coagulation|clotting factor]] deficiencies – ([[Von Willebrand disease]])
* [[Hypocalcemia]]
* [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
* [[Coeliac disease]]
* [[Aplastic anaemia]]
* [[Lupus]]
* [[Kwashiorkor]] or [[Marasmus]] – Childhood protein-energy malnutrition
* [[Erythroblastosis fetalis]]
* [[Henoch–Schönlein purpura]]
* [[Kawasaki disease]]
* [[Schamberg disease]]
* [[Ehlers–Danlos syndrome]]
* [[Sjögren syndrome]] – Petechial spots could occur due to [[vasculitis]], an inflammation of the blood vessels. In such a case immediate treatment is needed to prevent permanent damage. Some malignancies can also cause petechiae to appear.
* [[Radiation]]
* [[Fat embolism syndrome]]
===Infectious conditions===
* [[Babesiosis]]
* [[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever]]
* [[Boutonneuse fever]]
* [[Chikungunya]]
* [[Cerebral malaria]]
* [[Congenital syphilis]]
* [[Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever]]
* [[Cytomegalovirus]]
* [[Dengue fever]]
* [[Dukes' disease]]
* [[Ebola]]
* [[Endocarditis]]
* [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1]]
* [[Hantavirus]]
* [[Infectious mononucleosis]]
* [[Marburg virus]]
* [[Neisseria meningitidis]]
* [[Rocky Mountain spotted fever]]
* [[Scarlet fever]]
* [[Typhus]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001363.htm |title=Typhus |access-date=2007-11-05 |author=Grayson MD, Charlotte |date=2006-09-26 |encyclopedia=[[MedlinePlus|MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref>
* [[Streptococcal pharyngitis]]   – Petechiae on the [[soft palate]] are mainly associated with [[streptococcal pharyngitis]],<ref>[http://www.entnet.org/HealthInformation/tonsillitis.cfm Fact Sheet: Tonsillitis] from American Academy of Otolaryngology. "Updated 1/11". Retrieved November 2011</ref> and as such it is an uncommon but highly [[Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] finding.<ref name="Review06">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brook I, Dohar JE |title=Management of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in children |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=55 |issue=12 |pages=S1–11; quiz S12 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17137534 }}</ref>
== Forensic science ==
Petechiae on the face and [[conjunctiva]] (eyes) are unrelated to [[asphyxia]]tion or [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Ely |first= Susan F. |author2=Charles S. Hirsch  |title= Asphyxial deaths and petechiae: a review |url= http://www.charlydmiller.com/LIB04/2000petechiaereview.pdf |journal= Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume= 45 |issue= 6 |year= 2000 |pages=1274–1277 |access-date= 2007-09-22 |doi= 10.1520/JFS14878J }}</ref> However, the presence of petechiae may be used by police investigators in determining whether strangulation has been part of an attack. The documentation of the presence of petechiae on a victim can help police investigators prove the case.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bluesheepdog.com/2007/11/09/investigating-domestic-violence-strangulation-what-is-it-and-how-to-recognize-it/ |title=Investigating Domestic Violence Strangulation |publisher=BlueSheepdog.com |access-date=12 May 2011|date=2007-11-09 }}</ref>  Petechiae resulting from strangulation can be relatively tiny and light in color to very bright and pronounced.  Petechiae may be seen on the face, in the whites of the eyes or on the inside of the eyelids.
== See also ==
* [[Hematoma]]
* [[Purpura]]
* [[Ecchymoses]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Medical resources
|   ICD10       = {{ICD10|R|23|3|r|20}}
|   ICD9        = {{ICD9|782.7}}
|   MeshID      = D011693
}}
{{Wiktionary|petechia}}
{{Commons category|Petechiae}}
{{Skin and subcutaneous tissue symptoms and signs}}
{{Bleeding and clotting disorders|us=y}}
[[Category:Symptoms and signs: Skin and subcutaneous tissue]]