View source for Petit appartement de la reine

{{Short description|Rooms in the Palace of Versailles, France}}
{{Infobox|
|title   =
|image   = [[Image:Plan du petit appartement de la reine 1740.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Plan of the ''petit appartement de la reine'' ca. 1740
|headerstyle  = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle   = background:#ddf;
|header1=Key to the plan of the ''petit appartement de la reine''
|
|label2=1
|data2=escalier
|label3=2
|data3=service de la reine
|label4=3
|data4=valet du roi
|label5=4
|data5=passage
|label6=5
|data6=cabinet de la chaise
|label7=6
|data7=oratoire
|label8=7
|data8=petite galerie (cabinet des chinois ; laboratoire)
|label9=8
|data9=pièce des bains
|label10=9
|data10=grand cabinet intérieur
|label11=10
|data11=arrière cabinet
|label12=11
|data12=terrasse
|label13=12
|data13=escalier de la reine
|label14=A-F
|data14=[[grand appartement de la reine]]
|label15=a
|data15=ancien appartement de la marquise de Maintenon
|label16=b
|data16=[[appartement du roi]]
|label17=I
|data17=cour de Monseigneur
|label18=II
|data18=cour de Monsieur
}}
{{Infobox|
|title   =
|image   = [[Image:Plan du petit appartement de la reine 1789.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Plan of the ''petit appartement de la reine'' ca. 1789
|headerstyle  = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle   = background:#ddf;
|header1=Key to the plan of the ''petit appartement de la reine''|
|label2=1
|data2=escalier
|label3=2
|data3=service de la reine
|label4=3
|data4=escalier à l’appartement de la reine au rez-de-chaussée
|label5=4
|data5=passage
|label6=5
|data6=cabinet de la chaise
|label7=6
|data7=cabinet de la Méridienne
|label8=7
|data8=bibliothèque
|label9=8
|data9=supplément de la bibliothèque
|label10=9
|data10=grand cabinet intérieur
|label11=10
|data11=arrière cabinet
|label12=11
|data12=pièce des bains
|label13=12
|data13=chambre des bains
|label14=13
|data14=antichambres
|label15=14
|data15=escalier de la reine
|label16=A-F
|data16=grand appartement de la reine
|label17=a
|data17=appartement du duc de Duras
|label18=b
|data18=appartement du roi
|label19=I
|data19=cour de Monseigneur
|label20=II
|data20=cour de Monsieur
}}
The '''''petit appartement de la reine''''' ({{IPA|fr|pɛˈtit‿apaʁtəˈmɑ̃dəlaʁɛn|lang|}}) is a suite of rooms in the [[Palace of Versailles]]. These rooms, situated behind the ''[[grand appartement de la reine]]'', and which now open onto two interior courtyards, were the private domain of the [[Queen of France|queens of France]], [[Maria Theresa of Spain]], [[Marie Leszczyńska]], and [[Marie Antoinette]], as well as of [[Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy]] as [[Dauphine of France|dauphine]].
The rooms in the ''petit appartement de la reine'' have been restored to the condition in which they were left when Marie Antoinette left Versailles on 6 October 1789, and while the rooms are mostly [[Louis XVI style]], some parts are [[Louis XV style]], or [[Rococo]], like the fireplace mantel found in the ''supplément de la bibliothèque'', or the centre table in the ''cabinet de la Méridienne'', as well as the mantel clock in the billiard room.
==Marie-Thérèse==
At the completion of [[Louis Le Vau]]'s ''enveloppe'', [[Maria Theresa of Spain]]'s private area consisted of suite of five rooms that opened on the southern side of the ''cour de marbre'' and onto a small interior courtyard – at the time called the ''cour de la reine''.<ref>In 1683, after the death of Maria-Theresa, the rooms that opened on the ''cour de marbre'' were incorporated into the ''[[appartement du roi]]''</ref> In these rooms, Maria-Theresa led her private and family life.  Very little information survived about the décor or the arrangement of these rooms, owing largely to her early death in 1683 (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;253).
The most significant modifications to the ''petit appartement de la reine'' were made after the marriage of [[Louis XIV]]'s grandson, [[Louis, Duke of Burgundy]], with Princess [[Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy]] in 1697.  Shortly after the marriage, in 1699, a suite of three rooms was constructed – known as the ''appartement de nuit du duc de Bourgogne'' (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;210).  These rooms were created for the conjugal visits of the young duc with his wife.  Consisting of a bedroom, cabinet, and garde-robe, this part of the ''petit appartement de la reine'' when constructed in 1699 divided the ''cour de la reine'' into the ''cour de Monseigneur'' to the west and the ''cour de Monsieur'' to the east (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;256).  These rooms also communicated with the ''[[appartement du roi]]'' and formed part of ''petit appartement de la reine'' and were used by the princess until her death in 1712.
==Maria Leszczyńska==
[[Image:Arrière cabinet-boiseries en vernis Martin.jpg|thumb|upright|left|''Arrière cabinet'' detail of vernis Martin woodwork, 1750s, coming from a back chamber of the apartment of [[Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony (1731–1767)|Maria Josepha of Saxony]],<ref>Photo agency of the Réunion des musées nationaux et du Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées, [http://www.photo.rmn.fr/cf/htm/CSearchZ.aspx?o=&Total=5&FP=12567094&E=2K1KTSU4Y52TE&SID=2K1KTSU4Y52TE&New=T&Pic=1&SubE=2C6NU0HRCG5P picture n°88-004102].</ref><ref>Établissement public du musée et du domaine national du Château de Versailles, « [http://en.chateauversailles.fr/index.php?option=com_cdvfiche&idf=AAE62EBB-73F3-B492-EBA4-128CB2172C07 Apartments of Marie-Antoinette] ».</ref> by [[Guillaume and Etienne-Simon Martin]]]]
Under [[Marie Leszczyńska]], the ''petit appartement de la reine'' underwent three distinct phases of modification: 1728-1731; 1737–1739; and, 1746-1748.
The 1728-1731 phase resulted in the construction of a ''chambre des bains'' (1740 plan #8); the ''petite galerie'' (1740 plan #7); and an oratory (1740 plan #6) (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;401).
The 1737-1739 phase saw significant redecoration in the ''petite galerie'' with a décor of paneling in green and gold [[vernis Martin]].  At this time, the ''appartement de nuit du duc de Bourgogne'' was remodeled for use by the queen with the construction of the ''grand cabinet intérieur'' (1740 plan #9) and the ''arrière cabinet'' (1740 plan #10), both of which were decorated with intricately carved and painted paneling.  At this time, a number of paintings, most notably by [[François Boucher]] and [[Charles-Antoine Coypel]], were displayed in the ''petit appartement de la reine'' (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;402)
The 1746-1748 phase saw a redecoration of the ''petite galerie''. During this time it was called alternately ''cabinet des chinois'' – owing to the number of [[chinoiserie]] designs by the queen, which she had framed and hung in this room – or ''laboratoire'' – a laboratory where she pursued her hobbies.  At this time, the ''oratoire'' was converted in the ''cabinet de la Méridienne'' with new paneling by [[Jacques Verberckt]].   The ''pièce des bains'' was redecorated with paneling by the [[Rousseau brothers]] and paintings by [[Charles-Joseph Natoire]].  The ''grand cabinet d’intérieur'' received new paneling by Verberckt<ref>The decoration of the ''arrière cabinet'' was retained at this time and it this décor that was retained by Marie-Antoinette and which is in place today.</ref> (Jallut, 1969; Pons, 1992; Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;402-403).
With the death of Marie Leszczyńska in 1768, the ''petit appartement de la reine'' remained vacant until the arrival of the new dauphine, Marie Antoinette, in 1770.
==Marie-Antoinette==
The fame of the ''petit appartement de la reine'' rests squarely in the hands of the last queen of France during the ''[[Ancien Régime]]''.  The restored state of the rooms seen today at Versailles closely replicate the ''petit appartement de la reine'' as it appeared during [[Marie Antoinette]]'s day (Verlet, 1937).  Modifications of the ''petit appartement de la reine'' for Marie-Antoinette began in 1779 (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;585).
Marie Antoinette ordered her favorite architect, [[Richard Mique]] to cover the walls of the ''petit appartement de la reine'' with white satin embroidered with floral [[arabesques]], to give a decorative cohesion to the rooms.  The cost of the fabric was 100,000 ''[[French livres|livres]]''; the hangings were entirely replaced with wood paneling in 1783 (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;586).
In 1781, to commemorate the birth of the first [[Louis-Joseph, Dauphin of France|dauphin]], [[Louis XVI]] commissioned [[Richard Mique]] to redecorate the ''cabinet de la Méridienne'' (1789 plan #6) (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;586).  It was in this room that Marie Antoinette would choose the clothing she would wear that day.<ref>Books containing drawings of the queen’s dresses and other garments would be presented to Marie Antoinette.  She would indicate her preference by inserting a pin into the page that depicted the dress she wanted to wear.  During the restoration of this room during the 1980s, when the flooring was removed, a number of pins were found.  Apparently, pins had either been dropped or had fallen out of the books.</ref>
In this same year, the ''bibliothèque'' – occupying the site of the ''petite galerie'' of Marie Leszczyńska – (1789 plan #7) and the ''supplément de la bibliothèque'' – occupying the ''pièce des bains'' of Maria Leszczyńska – (1789 plan #8), and, additionally, a room for the ''toilette à l’anglaise''<ref>The term ''toilette à l’anglaise'' refers to a flush toilet, similar to today’s modern convenience.</ref> a ''pièce des bains'' and a ''salle des bains'' were arranged, opening on the ''cour de Monsieur'' (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;403).
The last major modification to the ''petit appartement de la reine'' occurred in 1783, when Marie Antoinette ordered a complete redecoration of the ''grand cabinet intérieur''.  The costly embroidered hangings were replaced with carved gilt paneling by Richard Mique.  The new décor caused the room to be renamed the ''cabinet doré'' (Verlet 1985, p.&nbsp;586).
Of all the features of the ''petit appartement de la reine'', the so-called secret passage that links the [[grand appartement de la reine]] with the ''[[appartement du roi]]'' is one that has become a legend in the history of Palace of Versailles.  The passage actually dates from the time of Maria-Theresa, and had always been a suite of service rooms that also served as a private means by which the king and queen could communicate with each other<ref>The only other option would be to cross the public rooms, which were always crowded.</ref> (1740 plan #1-4; 1789 plan #1-4).  It is true, however, that Marie Antoinette, who was sleeping in the ''chambre de la reine'' in the ''grand appartement de la reine'', escaped from the [[Women's March on Versailles|Paris mob]] on the night of 5/6 October 1789 by using this route. The entrance to the so-called secret passage is through a door located on the west side of the north wall of the ''chambre de la reine''.<ref>Link to FLICKR site: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mymuk/4186000704</ref>
==Gallery of Images==
{{center|'''Views of the ''petit appartement de la reine'''''}}
<gallery mode=packed heights=220>
File:Château de Versailles, petit appartement de la reine, 1er étage, bibliothèque, élévation 1.jpg| Bibliothèque
File:Chateau Versailles petit appartement Reine supplement de bibliotheque.jpg|Supplement de la bibliothèque – annex to the queen's library
File:Cabinet dore Marie-Antoinette Versailles.jpg|Grand cabinet intérieur – le cabinet doré
File:Chateau Versailles appartements Marie-Antoinette cabinet Meridienne.jpg|Cabinet de la Méridienne
File:Chateau Versailles petit appartement Reine salle a manger.jpg|The dining room on the second floor. Tableware from the [[Manufacture nationale de Sèvres|Sèvres]] service ordered for Marie Antoinette in 1784 displayed in the corner cabinets
File:Chateau Versailles cabinets interieurs de la Reine cabinet du Billard.jpg|Billiard room of Marie Antoinette, on the 2nd floor
File:Chateau Versailles petit appartement Reine salle de bains RdC.jpg|Bathroom on the ground floor
</gallery>
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Sources==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
'''''Books'''''
*{{Cite book
| last =  Blondel
| first = Jacque-François
| title =Architecture françoise, ou Recueil des plans, élévations, coupes et profils des églises, maisons royales, palais, hôtels & édifices les plus considérables de Paris
| type = 4 volumes
| publisher =Paris: Charles-Antoine Jombert
| date =1752–1756}}
*{{Cite book
| last =  Bluche
| first = François
| title =Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle
| publisher =Paris: Arthème Fayard
| year =1991}}
*{{Cite book
| last =  Bluche
| first = François
| title =Louis XV
| publisher =Paris: Perrin
| year =2000}}
*{{Cite book
| last =  Campan
| first = Madame
| authorlink = Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan
| title = Mémoires sur la vie privée de Marie-Antoinette
| url =  https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008634566
| type = 3 vols
| publisher =Paris: Baudouin frères
| year =1823}}
*{{Cite book
| last =  Cronin
| first = Vincent
| authorlink = Vincent Cronin
| title = Louis and Antoinette
| url =  https://archive.org/details/louisantoinette00cron
| url-access =  registration
| publisher =New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc.
| year =1975| isbn = 9780688003319
}}
*{{Cite book
| last =  Croÿ-Solre
| first = Emmanuel de
| title = Journal inédit du duc de Croÿ
| url =  https://archive.org/details/journalinditdud01crogoog
| editor1-last = Grouchy
| editor1-first = Emmanuel-Henri de
| editor2-last = Cottin
| editor2-first =Paul
| type =  4 volumes
| publisher =Paris : E. Flammarion
| date =1906–1921}}
*{{Cite book
| last = France d'Hézecques
| first = Félix comte de
| title = Souvenirs d'un page de la cour de Louis XVI
| publisher =Paris: Didier
| year =1873}}
*{{Cite book
| last =  Kimball
| first = Fiske
| authorlink = Fiske Kimball
| title =The Creation of the Rococo
| url =  https://archive.org/details/creationofrococo00kimb
| publisher =Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art
| year =1943}}
*{{Cite book
| last = La Rochefoucauld
| first = Gabriel de
| title =Marie Leczinska femme de Louis XV
| publisher =Paris: Éditions de France
| year =1943}}
*{{Cite book
| last =  Lever
| first =  Évelyne
| title =Marie-Antoinette
| publisher =Paris: Fayard
| year =1991}}
*{{Cite book
| last =  Lighthart
| first =  Edward
| title =Archétype et symbole dans le style Louis XIV versaillais: réflexions sur l'imago rex et l'imago patriae au début de l'époque moderne
| publisher =Doctoral thesis
| year =1997}}
*{{Cite book
| last =  Luynes
| first = Charles-Philippe d'Albert, duc de
| authorlink = Charles Philippe d'Albert de Luynes
| title =Mémoires sur la cour de Louis XV (1735-1758)
| url =  https://archive.org/details/mmoiresduducdel04luyngoog
| type =17 volumes
| publisher =Paris : Firmin-Didot frères
| date =1860–1865}}
*{{Cite book
| last1 =  Marie
| first1 = Alfred
| last2 = Marie
| first2 = Jeanne
| title =Versailles au temps de Louis XV
| publisher =Paris: Imprimerie Nationale
| year =1984}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Mauricheau-Beaupré
| first = Charles
| title =Versailles
| publisher =Paris: Draeger et Veive
| year =1949}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Monicart
| first = Jean-Baptiste de
| title = Versailles immortalisé
| url = https://archive.org/details/versaillesimmort02moni
| publisher =Paris: E. Ganeau
| year =1720}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Nolhac
| first = Pierre de
| title =Le Château de Versailles au temps de Marie-Antoinette
| publisher =Versailles: Aubert
| year =1889}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Nolhac
| first = Pierre de
| title =La Dauphine Marie-Antoinette
| publisher =Paris: Boussod: Valadon
| year =1896}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Nolhac
| first = Pierre de
| title =Louis XV et Marie Leczinska
| publisher =Paris: Manzi, Joyant et Cie
| year =1900}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Nolhac
| first = Pierre de
| title =La Reine Marie-Antoinette
| publisher =Paris: Calmann-Lévy
| date =c. 1908}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Nolhac
| first = Pierre de
| title =Versailles au XVIIIe siècle
| publisher =Paris: Louis Conard
| year =1926}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Nolhac
| first = Pierre de
| title =Versailles
| publisher =Paris: A. Morancé
| year =1929}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Nolhac
| first = Pierre de
| title =Versailles et la cour de France: L'Art à Versailles
| publisher =Paris: Louis Conard
| year =1930}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Nolhac
| first = Pierre de
| title =La Résurrection de Versailles, souvenirs d'un conservateur, 1887-1920
| publisher =Paris: Plon
| year =1937}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Paris
| first = Isabelle, comtesse de
| title =Moi, Marie-Antoinette
| publisher =Paris : R. Laffont
| year =1992}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Petitfils
| first = Jean-Christian
| title =Louis XVI
| publisher =Paris: Perrin
| year =2005}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Verlet
| first = Pierre
| title =Le château de Versailles
| publisher =Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard
| year =1985}}
*{{Cite book
| last = Zweig
| first = Stefan
| authorlink = Stefan Zweig
| title =Marie Antoinette: The Portrait of an average Woman
| others = Trans. [[Eden Paul|Eden]] and [[Cedar Paul]]
| publisher =New York: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc.
| year =1933}}
{{Col-break}}
'''''Journals'''''
*{{Cite journal
| last = Fromageot
| first = P.
| title =Le château de Versailles en 1795 d'après le journal de Hugues Lagarde
| journal =Revue de l'Histoire de Versailles
| year =1903
| pages =224–240
}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Jallut
| first = Marguerite
| title =Château de Versailles: Cabinets intérieurs et petits appartements de Marie-Antoinette
| journal =Gazette des Beaux-Arts
| volume =63
| year =1964
| pages =289–354
}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Jallut
| first = Marguerite
| title =Marie Leczinska et la peinture
| journal =Gazette des Beaux-Arts
| volume =73
| year =1969
| pages =305–322
}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Müntz de Raissac
| first = Muriel
| title =Richard Mique et les appartements de Marie-Antoinette à Versailles
| journal =Eighteenth Century Life
| volume =17, n.s., 2
|date = May 1993| pages =207–219
}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Pons
| first = Bruno
| title =Jacques Verberckt (1704-1771), Sculpteur des Bâtiments du Roi
| journal =Gazette des Beaux-Arts
| volume =119
|date = April 1992| pages =173–188
}}
*{{Cite journal
| last = Verlet
| first = Pierre
| title =L'ancien mobilier de Versailles, son étude et ses méthodes
| journal =Gazette des Beaux-Arts
| volume =17
| year =1937
| pages =179–183
}}
{{col-end}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Petit appartement de la reine (Versailles)}}
{{Coord|48|48|16|N|2|7|14|E|type:landmark_region:FR|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Petit Appartement De La Reine, Palace of Versailles}}
[[Category:Palace of Versailles]]
[[Category:Rooms]]