View source for Pilates

{{Short description|Physical fitness system}}
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{{About|the physical fitness system|its inventor|Joseph Pilates|the Roman governor|Pontius Pilate|similar words|Pilate (disambiguation)|and|Pilatus (disambiguation){{!}}Pilatus}}
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[[File:Pilates 01.jpg|thumb|right|Pilates instructor demonstrating "All Fours"]]
'''Pilates''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɪ|ˈ|l|ɑː|t|i:|z}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|de|piˈlaːtəs|lang}}) is a type of [[mind–body intervention|mind-body exercise]] developed in the early 20th century by German physical trainer [[Joseph Pilates]], after whom it was named. Pilates called his method "'''Contrology'''".<ref name=Contrology/> It is practiced worldwide, especially in [[Developed country|developed countries]] such as [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Germany]], [[South Korea]], [[New Zealand]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Pilates uses a combination of around 50 repetitive exercises to spur muscle exertion. Each exercise flows from the "five essentials": breath, cervical alignment, rib and scapular stabilization, pelvic mobility, and utilization of the [[transversus abdominis]]. Each exercise is typically repeated three to five times.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kloubec |first=June |date=2011-12-29 |title=Pilates: how does it work and who needs it? |journal=Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=61–66 |issn=2240-4554 |pmc=3666467 |pmid=23738249}}</ref> As of 2023, over 12 million people practice Pilates.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The History of Pilates» Pilates Foundation |url=https://www.pilatesfoundation.com/pilates/the-history-of-pilates/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.pilatesfoundation.com}}</ref>
Pilates developed in the aftermath of the late nine{{shy}}teenth century physical culture of exercising to alleviate ill health. There is, however, only limited evidence to support the use of Pilates to alleviate problems such as [[lower back pain]].<ref name=Cochrane-LBP-2015/> While studies have found that regular sessions improve balance, and can help muscle conditioning in healthy adults (compared to doing no exercise), it has not been shown to be an effective treatment for any [[medical condition]].<ref name="aus172">{{cite web |author=Baggoley C |title=Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626024750/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2016 |access-date=12 December 2015 |publisher=Australian Government &ndash; Department of Health |pages=110–118}}</ref><ref name="campos" />
== History ==
Pilates was developed by Joseph Pilates from [[Mönchengladbach]], Germany. His father was a [[Gymnastics|gymnast]] and his mother a [[naturopath]].  <!--It is widely claimed on the internet that Joseph Pilates studied Yoga, but there is no evidence for this in his writings, or in the accounts of his students or the people who knew him.{{cn|date=October 2017}}-->
Pilates said that the inspiration for his method came to him during [[World War I]], while he was being held at the [[Knockaloe internment camp]] in the [[Isle of Man]].<ref name="knockaloe.im">{{cite web|url=http://www.knockaloe.im/profile_428812.html|title=Joseph Pilates - Knockaloe - Isle of Man|website=www.knockaloe.im|access-date=8 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191252/http://www.knockaloe.im/profile_428812.html|archive-date=20 October 2017}}</ref> Pilates spent four years there, working on his fellow internees,<ref name="knockaloe.im"/> developing his method of a system of exercises intended to strengthen the human mind and body, believing that mental and physical health were interrelated.<ref name="Lange">{{cite journal|last1=Lange|first1=Claudia|last2=Unittham|first2=Viswanath|last3=Larkham|first3=Elizabeth|last4=Latta|first4=Paula|title=Maximizing the benefits of Pilates-inspired exercise for learning functional motor skills|journal= Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies|date=April 2000|volume=4|issue=2|pages=99–108|doi=10.1054/jbmt.1999.0161|s2cid=16289816}}</ref>
In his youth, Pilates had practiced many of the physical training regimens available in Germany, and it was from these that he developed his own method. It has clear connections with the [[physical culture]] of the late nineteenth century, such as the use of special [[Sports equipment|apparatuses]], and claims that the exercises could cure ill health. It is also related to the tradition of "corrective exercise" or "medical gymnastics" as typified by [[Pehr Henrik Ling]].
[[File:Pilates_(9956534863).jpg|thumb|281x281px|A reformer Pilates class.]]
Pilates accompanied his method with a variety of equipment, which he called "apparatus". Each apparatus was designed to help accelerate the process of [[stretching]], [[strengthening]], body alignment and increased core strength started by mat work. The best-known and most popular apparatus today, the Reformer, was originally called the Universal Reformer, aptly named for "universally reforming the body". Eventually Pilates designed other apparatus, including the Cadillac, Wunda Chair, High "Electric" Chair, Spine Corrector, Ladder Barrel and Pedi-Pole.<ref name="Lange" />
He published two books related to his training method: ''Your Health: A Corrective System of Exercising That Revolutionizes the Entire Field of Physical Education'' (1934) and ''Return to Life Through Contrology'' (1945).
During his lifetime, Joseph Pilates directly trained and certified two assistants, [[Kathy Stanford Grant]] and [[Lolita San Miguel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Gina |last2=Author |last3=Teacher |date=2010-05-28 |title=Meeting Kathy Grant {{!}} Pilates4Fitness Movement Space |url=https://www.pilates4fitness.com/site/kathy-grant/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haywood |first=Kerry |date=2021-08-13 |title=Kathleen Stanford Grant: "Learning the skills." |url=https://www.pilates.org.au/kathleen-stanford-grant-learning-the-skills/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Pilates Association Australia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pont |first1=Javier Pérez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ot4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT513 |title=Joseph Hubertus Pilates. The Biography |last2=Romero |first2=Esperanza Aparicio |date=2012-11-01 |publisher=Hakabooks |isbn=978-84-15409-37-3 |language=en}}</ref>
== Description ==
[[File:Pilates Teacher.jpg|thumb|Pilates teacher using verbal and tactile feedback to ensure proper form]]
A [[systematic review]] of Pilates in 2012 examined its literature to form a consensus description of it, and found it could be described as "a mind-body exercise that requires core stability, strength, and flexibility, and attention to muscle control, posture, and breathing".<ref name=defining>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wells C, Kolt GS, Bialocerkowski A |title=Defining Pilates exercise: a systematic review |journal=Complement Ther Med |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=253–62 |date=August 2012 |pmid=22579438 |doi=10.1016/j.ctim.2012.02.005 |url=}}</ref>
According to The New York Times, Pilates "can be tailored to a spectrum of fitness goals, ages and abilities".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Danielle |date=2022-07-22 |title=Is Pilates as Good as Everyone Says? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/22/well/move/pilates-exercise-flexibility.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Pilates is not a cardiovascular workout, but rather a strength and flexibility workout. There are various elements that contribute to distinguishing Pilates from other forms of resistance training. For example, Pilates places a heavy emphasis on [[Breathwork (New Age)|breathwork]] and creating a mind-body connection. Joseph Pilates even states "Above all, learn how to breathe correctly."<ref name=":0" /> Participants consciously use the core and breath for all forms of movement.<ref name=":1" />
In his book ''Return to Life through Contrology'',<ref name="Contrology">{{cite book|title=Pilates' Return to Life through Contrology|last=Pilates|first=Joseph|publisher=Presentation Dynamics|year=1998|isbn=978-0-9614937-9-0|location=Incline Village|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pilatesreturntol00jose/page/12 12–14]|orig-year=1945|url=https://archive.org/details/pilatesreturntol00jose/page/12}}</ref> Joseph Pilates presented his method as the art of controlled movements, which should look and feel like a workout (not a therapy) when properly done. If practiced consistently, Pilates improves flexibility, builds strength, and develops control and endurance in the entire body.<ref name="mayo">{{cite web| url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pilates-for-beginners/MY01377| title = Pilates for Beginners: Explore the Core of Pilates| last = Mayo Clinic Staff| publisher = Mayo Clinic| year = 2012| access-date = 2012-11-04| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120918231344/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pilates-for-beginners/MY01377| archive-date = 2012-09-18}}</ref> It puts emphasis on alignment, breathing, developing a strong [[Core (anatomy)|core]], and improving coordination and balance. The core, consisting of the muscles of the abdomen, low back and hips, is often called the "powerhouse" and is thought to be the key to a person's stability.<ref name="Houglum">{{cite book|last1=Houglum|first1=Peggy|title=Therapeutic Exercise for Musculoskeletal Injuries|date=2016|publisher=Human Kinetics|isbn=978-1-4504-6883-1|pages=297–299|edition=4th}}</ref> Pilates' system allows for exercises to be modified in difficulty, from beginner to advanced or any other level, and to accommodate the instructor's and practitioner's goals and/or limitations. Their intensity can be increased as the body adapts itself to the exercises.<ref name=mayo/>
A number of versions of Pilates are taught today; most are based on up to nine principles.<ref name="Houglum" />
== Effectiveness ==
In 2015 the [[Department of Health (Australia)|Australian Government's Department of Health]] published a meta study which reviewed the existing literature on 17 alternative therapies, including Pilates, to determine whether any were suitable for being covered by [[health insurance]]. The review found that due to the small number and methodologically limited nature of the existing studies, the effectiveness of Pilates was uncertain.<ref name=aus17>{{cite web|url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf|title=Review of the Australian Government Rebate on Natural Therapies for Private Health Insurance|publisher=Australian Government &ndash; Department of Health|pages=110–118|author=Baggoley C|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626024750/http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/0E9129B3574FCA53CA257BF0001ACD11/$File/Natural%20Therapies%20Overview%20Report%20Final%20with%20copyright%2011%20March.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2016|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> Accordingly, in 2017, the Australian government named it a practice that would not qualify for insurance subsidy, saying this step would "ensure taxpayer funds are expended appropriately and not directed to therapies lacking evidence".<ref name=nosubsidy>{{cite journal |title=Homeopathy, naturopathy struck off private insurance list |author=Paola S |date=17 October 2017 |journal=Australian Journal of Pharmacy |url=https://ajp.com.au/news/homeopathy-naturopathy-struck-off-private-insurance-list/}}</ref>
For the treatment of lower back pain, low-quality evidence suggests that while Pilates is better than doing nothing, it is no more effective than other forms of physical exercise.<ref name="Lim">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim EC, Poh RL, Low AY, Wong WP |title=Effects of Pilates-based exercises on pain and disability in individuals with persistent nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis |journal=J Orthop Sports Phys Ther |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=70–80 |year=2011 |pmid=20972339 |doi=10.2519/jospt.2011.3393 |s2cid=6629951 }}</ref><ref name=Cochrane-LBP-2015>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yamato TP, Maher CG, Saragiotto BT, Hancock MJ, Ostelo RW, Cabral CM, Menezes Costa LC, Costa LO |title=Pilates for low back pain |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue= 7|pages=CD010265 |year=2015 |pmid= 26133923|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010265.pub2 |pmc=8078578 }}</ref> There is some evidence that regular sessions can help condition the abdominal muscles of healthy people, when compared to doing no exercise.<ref name=campos>{{cite journal |vauthors=Campos RR, Dias JM, Pereira LM, Obara K, Barreto MS, Siva MF, Mazuquin BF, Christofaro DG, Fernandes RA, Iversen MD, Cardoso JR |title=The effect of the Pilates method on the physical conditioning of healthy subjects: a systematic review with meta-analysis |journal=J Sports Med Phys Fitness |volume= 56|issue= 7–8|pages= 864–73|year=2015 |pmid=26004043 |type=Systematic review}}</ref> There is no good evidence that it helps improve balance in elderly people.<ref name=Barker>{{cite journal |vauthors=Barker AL, Bird ML, Talevski J |title=Effect of pilates exercise for improving balance in older adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis |journal=Arch Phys Med Rehabil |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=715–23 |year=2015 |pmid=25511371 |doi=10.1016/j.apmr.2014.11.021 }}</ref>
From the limited data available, it would seem from the statistically and clinically significant findings that Pilates has demonstrated efficacy as a tool for the rehabilitation of a wide range of conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Byrnes |first1=Keira |last2=Wu |first2=Ping-Jung |last3=Whillier |first3=Stephney |date=January 2018 |title=Is Pilates an effective rehabilitation tool? A systematic review |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.04.008 |journal=Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=192–202 |doi=10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.04.008 |pmid=29332746 |issn=1360-8592}}</ref>
== Mat and reformer Pilates ==
[[File:Reformer_apparatus_pilates_london.jpg|thumb|252x252px|A reformer apparatus in a Pilates studio in London]]
Pilates is continuously evolving through the use of modern equipment, but the core of the technique is tied to the movement patterns designed by Joseph Pilates.<ref name=":0" /> Pilates can be performed on both a mat or on specialized equipment. Pilates often incorporates spring-based resistance machines known as reformers, which consists of a box-like frame, sliding platform, springs, straps/ropes, and pulleys that help support the spine and target different muscle groups.<ref name=":1" /> For example, in order to target the upper back, a typical Pilates move on the reformer involves lying face-down on top of an accessory called a long box which is placed on top of the sliding platform. The participant then lifts their head and chest while pulling back the straps down toward their hips to slide forward with the moving platform and repeating a few times. The straps can be heavier or lighter depending on the resistance that is controlled by the springs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=15 Pilates Moves That Get Results |url=https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/ss/slideshow-15-pilates-moves |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref>
With mat Pilates, people sit or lie with their body weight as the main resistance, using gravity to stabilize their core.<ref name=":1" /> For example, a common mat Pilates exercise is called "roll-up", where participants start by sitting on the floor with their legs straight out in front of them and their arms extended over their legs. Participants then slowly{{px2}}{{mdash}}{{spcs|2|hair}}using the breath to control the motion{{px2}}{{mdash}}{{spcs|2|hair}}uncurl their upper bodies backward toward a [[Anatomical terms of motion#Pronation and supination|supinated]] lying down position, until they are indeed lying down on their backs with their arms out over their heads. They then curl back up into the starting position as they exhale, repeating this process multiple times.<ref name=":2" />
Accessories such as resistance circle rings or resistance bands may be used in both mat and reformer Pilates.
== Comparison with yoga ==
[[Modern yoga]], like Pilates, is a mind-and-body discipline, though yoga classes are more likely to address spiritual aspects explicitly. Both yoga and Pilates incorporate elements of stretching and breathing.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Pilates vs Yoga: what's the difference between the two? |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/body/fitness-workouts/a23379/yoga-pilates-difference-calories/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Cosmopolitan |language=en-GB}}</ref> Both are low-impact, low-intensity exercises, but there are key differences. When practicing yoga, individuals hold certain poses for longer periods of time and flow into others; when practicing Pilates, individuals move their arms or legs while in certain positions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Difference Between Pilates and Yoga |url=https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/difference-between-pilates-and-yoga |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> With yoga, breath is used for relaxation and to hold poses. With Pilates, breath is used to power the muscles with more energy. Most Pilates exercises start from laying down, whereas most yoga poses start from standing up.<ref name=":3" />
Some poses are similar in the two disciplines; for example, open leg balance closely resembles [[Navasana]] (boat pose); roll over is similar to [[Halasana]] (plough pose); and swan and push-up are essentially identical to [[Bhujangasana]] (cobra pose) and [[Chaturanga Dandasana]] (low plank pose). Both disciplines develop strength, flexibility and fitness. Pilates, however, emphasises core strength where yoga emphasizes flexibility.<ref name="Ogle 2019">{{cite news |last1=Ogle |first1=Marguerite |title=Differences and Similarities in Pilates and Yoga Poses |url=https://www.verywellfit.com/pilates-vs-yoga-exercises-2704754 |newspaper=VeryWell Fit |access-date=28 April 2019 |date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
==Legal status==
Pilates is not professionally regulated.<ref>{{Cite web| title = PMA Quick Facts - Pilates Method Alliance| access-date = 2015-07-30| url = http://www.pilatesmethodalliance.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=3295#regulated| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024130/http://www.pilatesmethodalliance.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=3295#regulated| archive-date = 2016-03-04}}</ref>
In October 2000 "Pilates" was ruled a generic term by a U.S. federal court, making it free for unrestricted use.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pilates, Inc. v. Current Concepts, Inc., No. 96 Civ. 43 MGC. |url=https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/pilates-inc-v-current-892376810 |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=vLex |language=en}}</ref> The term is still capitalized in writing due to its origin from the proper name of the method's founder.<ref>{{cite book|last=Favilla|first=Emmy|year=2017|title=A World Without Whom: The Essential Guide to Language in the Buzzfeed Age|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|location=New York|page=118|isbn=978-1-63286-757-5}}</ref>
As a result of the court ruling, the Pilates Method Alliance was formed as a professional association for the Pilates community. Its purpose is to provide an international organization to connect teachers, teacher trainers, studios, and facilities dedicated to preserving and enhancing the legacy of Joseph H. Pilates and his exercise method by establishing standards, encouraging unity, and promoting professionalism.<ref>{{Cite web|title = About the PMA|url = http://www.pilatesmethodalliance.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3278|publisher = Pilates Method Alliance|access-date = 2015-11-28|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123708/http://www.pilatesmethodalliance.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3278|archive-date = 2015-12-08}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Calisthenics]]
* [[Meditation]]
* [[Squatting position]]
* [[Yoga]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Mazzarino M, Kerr D, Wajswelner H, Morris ME |title=Pilates Method for Women's Health: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Arch Phys Med Rehabil |volume=96 |issue=12 |pages=2231–42 |year=2015 |pmid=25912668 |doi=10.1016/j.apmr.2015.04.005 }}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Pilates}}
{{Physical culture}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Pilates| ]]
[[Category:Bodyweight exercises]]
[[Category:Physical culture]]
[[Category:Physical exercise]]
[[Category:Mind–body interventions]]