View source for Pilus

{{Short description|A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria}}
{{for|the sea snail genus|Pilus (gastropod)}}
[[Image:Conjugation.svg|right|thumb|350px|Schematic drawing of bacterial conjugation. '''1-''' Donor cell produces pilus. '''2-''' Pilus attaches to recipient cell, brings the two cells together. '''3-''' The mobile plasmid is nicked and a single strand of DNA is then transferred to the recipient cell. '''4-''' Both cells recircularize their plasmids, synthesize second strands, and reproduce pili; both cells are now viable donors.]]
A '''pilus''' ([[Latin]] for 'hair'; {{plural form}}: '''pili''') is a hair-like [[cell-surface appendage]] found on many [[bacteria]] and [[archaea]].<ref>{{DorlandsDict|nine/000955836|pilus}}</ref>  The terms ''pilus'' and ''[[fimbria (bacteriology)|fimbria]]'' (Latin for 'fringe'; plural: ''fimbriae'') can be used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term ''pilus'' for the appendage required for [[bacterial conjugation]].  All conjugative pili are primarily composed of [[pilin]] – [[fibrous protein]]s, which are [[oligomer]]ic.
Dozens of these structures can exist on the bacterial and archaeal surface. Some bacteria, [[virus]]es or [[bacteriophage]]s attach to [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptors]] on pili at the start of their [[reproduction|reproductive]] cycle.
Pili are [[antigen]]ic. They are also fragile and constantly replaced, sometimes with pili of different composition, resulting in altered antigenicity. Specific host responses to old pili structures are not effective on the new structure. Recombination between genes of some (but not all) pili code for variable (V) and constant (C) regions of the pili (similar to [[immunoglobulin]] diversity).  As the primary antigenic determinants, virulence factors and impunity factors on the cell surface of a number of species of [[gram-negative]] and some [[gram-positive bacteria]], including ''Enterobacteriaceae'', ''Pseudomonadaceae'', and ''Neisseriaceae'', there has been much interest in the study of pili as an organelle of adhesion and as a vaccine component. The first detailed study of pili was done by Brinton and co-workers who demonstrated the existence of two distinct phases within one bacterial strain: pileated (p+) and non-pileated)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brinton |first1=Charles |title=Electrophoresis and phage susceptibility studies on a filament-producing variant of the E. coli bacterium |journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta |date=1954 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=533–542|doi=10.1016/0006-3002(54)90011-6 |pmid=13230101 }}</ref>
== Types by function ==
A few names are given to different types of pili by their function. The classification does not always overlap with the structural or evolutionary-based types, as [[convergent evolution]] occurs.<ref name="pmid24133488"/>
===Conjugative pili===
Conjugative pili allow for the transfer of [[DNA]] between bacteria, in the process of [[bacterial conjugation]]. They are sometimes called "sex pili", in analogy to [[sexual reproduction]], because they allow for the exchange of genes via the formation of "mating pairs". Perhaps the most well-studied is the F-pilus of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', encoded by the [[Fertility factor (bacteria)|F sex factor]].
[[File:Bacterial conjugation.png|thumb|''[[Escherichia coli]]'' undergoing [[Bacterial conjugation|conjugation]]. Bacteria produce long extracellular appendages called sex pili, which connect two neighbouring cells and serve as a physical conduit for transfer of DNA. Adapted from <ref>{{cite news |title=Gut bacteria use super-polymers to dodge antibiotics {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/244513/gut-bacteria-super-polymers-dodge-antibiotics/ |work=Imperial News |language=en}}</ref>
]]
A sex pilus is typically 6 to 7 [[nanometer|nm]] in diameter. During conjugation, a pilus emerging from the donor bacterium ensnares the recipient bacterium, draws it in close, and eventually triggers the formation of a [[mating bridge]], which establishes direct contact and the formation of a controlled pore that allows transfer of DNA from the donor to the recipient. Typically, the DNA transferred consists of the genes required to make and transfer pili (often encoded on a [[plasmid]]), and so is a kind of [[selfish DNA]]; however, other pieces of DNA are often co-transferred and this can result in dissemination of genetic traits throughout a bacterial population, such as [[antibiotic resistance]]. The connection established by the F-pilus is extremely mechanically and thermochemically resistant thanks to the robust properties of the F-pilus, which ensures successful gene transfer in a variety of environments. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Patkowski |first1=Jonasz B. |last2=Dahlberg |first2=Tobias |last3=Amin |first3=Himani |last4=Gahlot |first4=Dharmender K. |last5=Vijayrajratnam |first5=Sukhithasri |last6=Vogel |first6=Joseph P. |last7=Francis |first7=Matthew S. |last8=Baker |first8=Joseph L. |last9=Andersson |first9=Magnus |last10=Costa |first10=Tiago R. D. |title=The F-pilus biomechanical adaptability accelerates conjugative dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation |journal=Nature Communications |date=5 April 2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1879 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-37600-y |pmid=37019921 |pmc=10076315}}</ref> Not all bacteria can make conjugative pili, but conjugation can occur between bacteria of different species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petitjean |first1=Marie |last2=Condamine |first2=Bénédicte |last3=Burdet |first3=Charles |last4=Denamur |first4=Erick |last5=Ruppé |first5=Etienne |date=2021 |title=Phylum barrier and Escherichia coli intra-species phylogeny drive the acquisition of antibiotic-resistance genes |journal=Microbial Genomics |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=000489 |doi=10.1099/mgen.0.000489 |doi-access=free |issn=2057-5858 |pmc=8549366 |pmid=34435947}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gschwind |first1=Rémi |last2=Petitjean |first2=Marie |last3=Fournier |first3=Claudine |last4=Lao |first4=Julie |last5=Clermont |first5=Olivier |last6=Nordmann |first6=Patrice |last7=Mellmann |first7=Alexander |last8=Denamur |first8=Erick |last9=Poirel |first9=Laurent |last10=Ruppé |first10=Etienne |date=2024-04-03 |editor-last=Uhlemann |editor-first=Anne-Catrin |title=Inter-phylum circulation of a beta-lactamase-encoding gene: a rare but observable event |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=e0145923 |doi=10.1128/aac.01459-23 |issn=0066-4804 |pmc=10989005 |pmid=38441061}}</ref>
[[File:Beltran et al Fig5.png|thumb|Proposed conjugation mechanisms between donor and recipient cells in archaea (left) and bacteria (right). The schematic shows how ssDNA substrates are generated by the HerA-NurA machinery in the donor archaeal cells and by the plasmid-encoded relaxosome in bacteria. The figure is reproduced from <ref name=":2" />]]
Hyperthermophilic [[archaea]] encode pili structurally similar to the bacterial conjugative pili.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Beltran |first1=Leticia C. |last2=Cvirkaite-Krupovic |first2=Virginija |last3=Miller |first3=Jessalyn |last4=Wang |first4=Fengbin |last5=Kreutzberger |first5=Mark A. B. |last6=Patkowski |first6=Jonasz B. |last7=Costa |first7=Tiago R. D. |last8=Schouten |first8=Stefan |last9=Levental |first9=Ilya |last10=Conticello |first10=Vincent P. |last11=Egelman |first11=Edward H. |last12=Krupovic |first12=Mart |date=2023-02-07 |title=Archaeal DNA-import apparatus is homologous to bacterial conjugation machinery |journal=Nature Communications |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=666 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-36349-8 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=9905601 |pmid=36750723|bibcode=2023NatCo..14..666B }}</ref> However, unlike in bacteria, where conjugation apparatus typically mediates the transfer of mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids or transposons, the conjugative machinery of hyperthermophilic archaea, called Ced (Crenarchaeal system for exchange of DNA)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=van Wolferen |first1=Marleen |last2=Wagner |first2=Alexander |last3=van der Does |first3=Chris |last4=Albers |first4=Sonja-Verena |author-link4=Sonja-Verena Albers |date=2016-03-01 |title=The archaeal Ced system imports DNA |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=113 |issue=9 |pages=2496–2501 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.2496V |doi=10.1073/pnas.1513740113 |issn=1091-6490 |pmc=4780597 |pmid=26884154 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and Ted (Thermoproteales system for exchange of DNA),<ref name=":2" /> appears to be responsible for the transfer of cellular DNA between members of the same species. It has been suggested that in these archaea the conjugation machinery has been fully domesticated for promoting DNA repair through homologous recombination rather than spread of mobile genetic elements.<ref name=":2" />
=== Fimbriae ===
[[Image:E. coli fimbriae.png|thumb|''[[Escherichia coli]]''.]]
'''Fimbria''' ([[Latin]] for 'fringe', {{plural form}}: '''fimbriae''') is a term used for a short pilus, an [[Appendage#Types in prokaryotes|appendage]] that is used to attach the bacterium to a surface, sometimes also called an "attachment pilus"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Proft |first1=T. |last2=Baker |first2=E. N. |title=Pili in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria — structure, assembly and their role in disease |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |date=February 2009 |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=613–635 |doi=10.1007/s00018-008-8477-4|pmid=18953686 |s2cid=860681 |doi-access=free |pmc=11131518 }}</ref> or '''adhesive pilus'''. The term "fimbria" can refer to many different (structural) types of pilus. Indeed, many different types of pili have been used for adhesion, a case of [[convergent evolution]].<ref name="pmid24133488">{{cite journal |last1=Chagnot |first1=C |last2=Zorgani |first2=MA |last3=Astruc |first3=T |last4=Desvaux |first4=M |title=Proteinaceous determinants of surface colonization in bacteria: bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation from a protein secretion perspective. |doi-access=free |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=14 October 2013 |volume=4 |pages=303 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2013.00303 |pmid=24133488|pmc=3796261 }}</ref> The [[Gene Ontology]] system does not treat fimbriae as a distinct type of appendage, using the generic pilus (GO:0009289) type instead.
This appendage ranges from 3–10 nanometers in diameter and can be as much as several micrometers long. Fimbriae are used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and some inanimate objects. A bacterium can have as many as 1,000 fimbriae. Fimbriae are only visible with the use of an [[electron microscope]]. They may be straight or flexible.
Fimbriae possess [[bacterial adhesin|adhesins]] which attach them to some sort of substratum so that the bacteria can withstand [[shear force]]s and obtain nutrients.  For example, ''[[E. coli]]'' uses them to attach to [[Mannose receptor|mannose receptors]].
Some [[aerobic organism|aerobic bacteria]] form a very thin layer at the surface of a [[growth medium#Types|broth culture]]. This layer, called a [[wiktionary:pellicle|pellicle]], consists of many aerobic bacteria that adhere to the surface by their fimbriae. Thus, fimbriae allow the aerobic bacteria to remain both on the broth, from which they take nutrients, and near the air.
Fimbriae are required for the formation of [[biofilm]], as they attach bacteria to host surfaces for colonization during infection. Fimbriae are either located at the poles of a cell or are evenly spread over its entire surface.
This term was also used in a lax sense to refer to all pili, by those who use "pilus" to specifically refer to sex pili.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ottow |first1=JC |title=Ecology, physiology, and genetics of fimbriae and pili. |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |date=1975 |volume=29 |pages=79–108 |doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.29.100175.000455 |pmid=1180526}}</ref>
== Types by assembling system or structure ==
{{missing information|section|mention of other types: various [[chaperone-usher fimbriae]] built by T7SS, [[extracellular nucleation-precipitation pili]] built by T8SS (including [[curli]]), LPXTG including type 3 pilus (T3P; spaHIG)<ref name="pmid24133488">{{cite journal |last1=Chagnot |first1=C |last2=Zorgani |first2=MA |last3=Astruc |first3=T |last4=Desvaux |first4=M |title=Proteinaceous determinants of surface colonization in bacteria: bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation from a protein secretion perspective. |doi-access=free |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=14 October 2013 |volume=4 |pages=303 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2013.00303 |pmid=24133488|pmc=3796261 }}</ref>|date=December 2020}}
===Transfer===
{{main|Transfer gene}}
The Tra (transfer) family includes all known sex pili (as of 2010). They are related to the [[type IV secretion system]] (T4SS).<ref name="pmid24133488"/> They can be classified into the F-like type (after the F-pilus) and the P-like type. Like their secretion counterparts, the pilus injects material, DNA in this case, into another cell.<ref name="pmid20418394">{{cite journal |last1=Filloux |first1=A |title=A variety of bacterial pili involved in horizontal gene transfer. |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |date=July 2010 |volume=192 |issue=13 |pages=3243–5 |doi=10.1128/JB.00424-10 |pmid=20418394 |pmc=2897649}}</ref>
===Type IV pili===
[[File:Type_IV_Pilus_Twitching_Motility_Steps.svg|thumb|353x353px|'''<u>Type IV Pilus Twitching Motility</u>'''
'''1.''' Pre-PilA is made in the cytoplasm and moves into the inner membrane.
'''2.''' Pre-PilA is inserted into the inner membrane.
'''3.''' PilD, a [[Protease|peptidase]], removes a leader sequence, thus making the Pre-PilA shorter and into PilA, the main building-block protein of Pili.
'''4.''' PilF, a [[Nucleoside triphosphate|NTP]]-Binding protein that provides energy for Type IV Pili Assembly.
'''5.''' The secretin protein, PilQ, found on the outer membrane of the cell is necessary for the development/extension of the pilus. PilC is the first proteins to form the pilus and are responsible for overall attachment of the pilus.
'''6.''' Once the Type IV Pilus attaches or interacts with what it needs to, it begins to retract. This occurs with the PilT beginning to degrade the last parts of the PilA in the pilus. The mechanism of PilT is very similar to PilF.
'''7.''' Degradation of the pilus into the components to be utilized and synthesized into PilA again.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Microbiology : an evolving science|last=Joan|first=Slonczewski|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|others=Foster, John Watkins|year=2017|isbn=9780393614039|edition=Fourth|location=New York|pages=1000–1002|oclc=951925510}}</ref>
]]
[[File:Type IVa pilus machine architectural model.pdf|thumb|Type IVa pilus machine architectural model]]
Some pili, called '''type IV pili''' (T4P), generate [[motility|motile]] forces.<ref name="pmid12142488">{{cite journal |author=Mattick JS |title=Type IV pili and twitching motility |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=56 |issue= 1|pages=289–314 |year=2002 |pmid=12142488 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160938 }}</ref> The external ends of the pili adhere to a solid substrate, either the surface to which the bacterium is attached or to other bacteria. Then, when the pili contract, they pull the bacterium forward like a grappling hook. Movement produced by type IV pili is typically jerky, so it is called [[twitching motility]], as opposed to other forms of bacterial motility such as that produced by [[Flagellum|flagella]]. However, some bacteria, for example ''[[Myxococcus xanthus]]'', exhibit [[bacterial gliding|gliding motility]]. Bacterial type IV pili are similar in structure to the component proteins of [[archaellum|archaella]] (archaeal flagella), and both are related to the [[Type II secretion system]] (T2SS);<ref name= Jarelletal>{{cite book |author= Jarrell|year=2009|chapter=Archaeal Flagella and Pili|title=Pili and Flagella: Current Research and Future Trends|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn= 978-1-904455-48-6|display-authors=etal}}</ref> they are unified by the group of [[Type IV filament]] systems. Besides archaella, many archaea produce adhesive type 4 pili, which enable archaeal cells to adhere to different substrates. The N-terminal alpha-helical portions of the archaeal type 4 pilins and archaellins are homologous to the corresponding regions of bacterial T4P; however, the C-terminal beta-strand-rich domains appear to be unrelated in bacterial and archaeal pilins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=F |last2=Cvirkaite-Krupovic |first2=V |last3=Kreutzberger |first3=MAB |last4=Su |first4=Z |last5=de Oliveira |first5=GAP |last6=Osinski |first6=T |last7=Sherman |first7=N |last8=DiMaio |first8=F |last9=Wall |first9=JS |last10=Prangishvili |first10=D |last11=Krupovic |first11=M |last12=Egelman |first12=EH |title=An extensively glycosylated archaeal pilus survives extreme conditions. |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2019 |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1401–1410 |doi=10.1038/s41564-019-0458-x |pmid=31110358|pmc=6656605 }}</ref>
[[Transformation (genetics)|Genetic transformation]] is the process by which a recipient bacterial cell takes up DNA from a neighboring cell and integrates this DNA into its genome by [[homologous recombination]].  In ''[[Neisseria meningitidis]]'' (also called meningococcus),  DNA transformation requires the presence of short [[DNA uptake sequence]]s (DUSs) which are 9-10 monomers residing in [[coding region]]s of the donor DNA.  Specific recognition of DUSs is mediated by a type IV [[pilin]].<ref name="pmid23386723">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cehovin A, Simpson PJ, McDowell MA, Brown DR, Noschese R, Pallett M, Brady J, Baldwin GS, Lea SM, Matthews SJ, Pelicic V |title=Specific DNA recognition mediated by a type IV pilin |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=110 |issue=8 |pages=3065–70 |year=2013 |pmid=23386723 |pmc=3581936 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1218832110 |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.3065C |doi-access=free }}</ref> Menningococcal type IV pili bind DNA through the minor pilin ComP via an electropositive stripe that is predicted to be exposed on the filament's surface.  ComP displays an exquisite binding preference for selective DUSs. The distribution of DUSs within the ''N. meningitides'' genome favors certain genes, suggesting that there is a bias for genes involved in genomic maintenance and repair.<ref name="pmid14960717">{{cite journal |vauthors=Davidsen T, Rødland EA, Lagesen K, Seeberg E, Rognes T, Tønjum T |title=Biased distribution of DNA uptake sequences towards genome maintenance genes |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=1050–8 |year=2004 |pmid=14960717 |pmc=373393 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkh255 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19464092">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caugant DA, Maiden MC |title=Meningococcal carriage and disease--population biology and evolution |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 Suppl 2 |pages=B64–70 |year=2009 |issue=4 |pmid=19464092 |pmc=2719693 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.061 }}</ref>
This family was originally identified as "type IV fimbriae" by their appearance under the microscope. This classification survived as it happens to correspond to a clade.<ref name="Nuccio SP et al2007">{{cite journal  |vauthors=Nuccio SP, etal | title=Evolution of the chaperone/usher assembly pathway: fimbrial classification goes Greek | journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | year=2007 | volume=71 | issue=4 | pages=551–575 | doi=10.1128/MMBR.00014-07| pmc=2168650 | pmid=18063717}}</ref> It has been shown that some archaeal type IV pilins can exist in 4 different conformations, yielding two pili with dramatically different structures.<ref name=Liu2024NatCommun>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=J |last2=Eastep |first2=GN |last3=Cvirkaite-Krupovic |first3=V |last4=Rich-New |first4=ST |last5=Kreutzberger |first5=MAB |last6=Egelman |first6=EH |last7=Krupovic |first7=M |last8=Wang |first8=F |title=Two distinct archaeal type IV pili structures formed by proteins with identical sequence. |journal=Nature Communications |date=2024 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5049 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-45062-z |pmid=38877064 |pmc=11178852 }}</ref> Remarkably, the two pili were produced by the same secretion machinery. However, which of the two pili is formed appears to depend on the growth conditions, suggesting that the two pili are functionally distinct.<ref name=Liu2024NatCommun></ref>
===Type 1 fimbriae===
Another type are called type 1 fimbriae.<ref name="pmid_12398210"/> They contain FimH adhesins at the "tips". The [[chaperone-usher pathway]] is responsible for moving many types of fimbriae out of the cell, including type 1 fimbriae<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kolenda |first1=Rafal |last2=Ugorski |first2=Maciej |last3=Grzymajlo |first3=Krzysztof |title=Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Salmonella Type 1 Fimbriae, but Were Afraid to Ask |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |date=14 May 2019 |volume=10 |pages=1017 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01017|pmid=31139165 |pmc=6527747 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and the [[P fimbriae]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rice JC, Peng T, Spence JS, Wang HQ, Goldblum RM, Corthésy B, Nowicki BJ | title = Pyelonephritic Escherichia coli expressing P fimbriae decrease immune response of the mouse kidney | language = en-US | journal = Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 16 | issue = 12 | pages = 3583–91 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16236807 | doi = 10.1681/ASN.2005030243 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
===Curli===
[[File:Fimbriae Adhesion to a Host Cell.jpg|thumb|This figure depicts fimbriae adhesion. In this process the fimbriae of a bacterial cell (right) adhere to specific proteins, called receptors, found on the outer membrane of a host cell (left). They do this by a specific interaction between the receptors of the host cell and the perfectly matched adhesions found on the bacteria's fimbriae. This process of bacteria adhering to a host cell can result in the colonization of that host cell as more and more bacteria collect around it, and is integral to the continued survival of the bacteria, enabling them to infect tissues and entire organs.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/colonization.html|title=Colonization and Invasion by Bacterial Pathogens|last=WI|first=Kenneth Todar, Madison|website=www.textbookofbacteriology.net|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref>
]]
"Gram-negative bacteria assemble [[amyloid#Non-disease and functional amyloids|functional amyloid]] surface fibers called [[curli]]."<ref name="pmid_19011034">{{Citation |last1=Epstein |first1=EA |last2=Reizian |first2=MA |last3=Chapman |first3=MR |year=2009 |title=Spatial clustering of the curlin secretion lipoprotein requires curli fiber assembly. |journal=J Bacteriol |volume=191 |issue=2 |pages=608–615 |pmid=19011034 |pmc=2620823 |doi=10.1128/JB.01244-08 |postscript=.}}</ref> Curli are a type of fimbriae.<ref name="pmid_12398210">{{Citation |last1=Cookson |first1=AL |last2=Cooley |first2=WA |last3=Woodward |first3=MJ |year=2002 |title=The role of type 1 and curli fimbriae of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in adherence to abiotic surfaces |journal=Int J Med Microbiol |volume=292 |issue=3–4 |pages=195–205 |pmid=12398210 |doi= 10.1078/1438-4221-00203|postscript=.}}</ref> Curli are composed of proteins called curlins.<ref name="pmid_19011034"/> Some of the genes involved are ''CsgA'', ''CsgB'', ''CsgC'', ''CsgD'', ''CsgE'', ''CsgF'', and ''CsgG''.<ref name="pmid_19011034"/>
== Virulence ==
Pili are responsible for virulence in the pathogenic strains of many bacteria, including [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']], ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'', and many strains of ''[[Streptococcus]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Bacterial Pili: Structure, Synthesis, and Role in Disease|last1=Craig|first1=Lisa|last2=Taylor|first2=Ronald|publisher=C.A.B. International|year=2014|isbn=978-1-78064-255-0|editor-last=Barocchi|editor-first=Michèle|pages=1–16|chapter=Chapter 1: The Vibrio cholerae Toxin Coregulated Pilus: Structure, Assembly, and Function with Implications for Vaccine Design|editor-last2=Telford|editor-first2=John}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Bacterial Pili: Structure, Synthesis, and Role in Disease|last1=Rinaudo|first1=Daniela|last2=Moschioni|first2=Monica|publisher=C.A.B. International|year=2014|isbn=978-1-78064-255-0|editor-last=Barocchi|editor-first=Michèle|pages=182–202|chapter=Chapter 13: Pilus-based Vaccine Development in Streptococci: Variability, Diversity, and Immunological Resposes|editor-last2=Telford|editor-first2=John}}</ref> This is because the presence of pili greatly enhances bacteria's ability to bind to body tissues, which then increases replication rates and ability to interact with the host organism.<ref name=":0" /> If a species of bacteria has multiple strains but only some are pathogenic, it is likely that the pathogenic strains will have pili while the nonpathogenic strains do not.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://textbookofbacteriology.net/BSRP.html|title=Textbook of Bacteriology: Bacterial Structure in Relationship to Pathogenicity|last=Todar|first=Kenneth|website=Textbook of Bacteriology|access-date=24 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Bacterial Pili: Structure, Synthesis, and Role in Disease|last1=Georgiadou|first1=Michaella|last2=Pelicic|first2=Vladimir|publisher=C.A.B. International|year=2014|isbn=978-1-78064-255-0|editor-last=Barocchi|editor-first=Michèle|pages=71–84|chapter=Chapter 5: Type IV Pili: Functions & Biogenesis|editor-last2=Telford|editor-first2=John}}</ref>
The development of attachment pili may then result in the development of further virulence traits. Fimbriae are one of the primary mechanisms of [[virulence]] for ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'', ''[[Bordetella pertussis]]'', ''Staphylococcus'' and ''Streptococcus'' bacteria. Their presence greatly enhances the bacteria's ability to attach to the host and cause disease.<ref name="pmid8790416">{{cite journal |vauthors=Connell I, Agace W, Klemm P, Schembri M, Mărild S, Svanborg C |title=Type 1 fimbrial expression enhances Escherichia coli virulence for the urinary tract |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=93 |issue=18 |pages=9827–32 |date=September 1996 |pmid=8790416 |pmc=38514 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9827|bibcode=1996PNAS...93.9827C |doi-access=free }}</ref> Nonpathogenic strains of [[Vibrio cholerae|''V. cholerae'']] first evolved pili, allowing them to bind to human tissues and form [[microcolony|microcolonies]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> These pili then served as binding sites for the [[CTXφ bacteriophage|lysogenic bacteriophage]] that carries the disease-causing [[Cholera toxin|toxin]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The gene for this toxin, once incorporated into the bacterium's genome, is expressed when the gene coding for the pilus is expressed (hence the name "toxin mediated pilus").<ref name=":0" />
== See also ==
* [[Bacterial nanowires]]
* [[Flagellum]]
* [[Sortase]]
* [[P fimbriae]]
* [[PilZ domain]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{MeshName|Sex+Pilus}}
* {{MeshName|Bacterial+Pilus}}
* {{MeshName|Fimbriae+Proteins}}
{{Bacteria}}
[[Category:Organelles]]
[[Category:Bacteria]]
[[Category:Prokaryotic cell anatomy]]