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{{Short description|Computer output device that draws lines on paper by moving a pen}}
{{Other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Hp 9862a.jpg|thumb|Hewlett-Packard 9862A calculator plotter drawing a [[Lorenz attractor]]]]
A '''plotter''' is a machine that produces [[vector graphics]] drawings. Plotters draw lines on paper using a [[pen]], or in some applications, use a knife to cut a material like [[Polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]] or [[leather]]. In the latter case, they are sometimes known as a '''cutting plotter'''.
In the past, plotters were used in applications such as [[computer-aided design]], as they were able to produce line drawings much faster and of a higher quality than contemporary conventional printers. Smaller desktop plotters were often used for business graphics. Printers with graphics capabilities took away some of the market by the early 1980s, and the introduction of [[laser printer]]s in the mid-1980s largely eliminated the use of plotters from most roles.
Plotters retained a niche for producing very large drawings for many years, but have now largely been replaced by [[wide-format printer|wide-format conventional printer]]s. Cutting plotters remain in use in a number of industries.
=={{anchor|XY-writer}}Overview==
Digitally controlled plotters evolved from earlier fully analog '''XY-writers''' used as output devices for [[measurement instrument]]s and [[analog computer]]s.<!-- for example: Electronic Associates, Inc. 1110 VARIPLOTTER MODEL 99.600, manufactured in 1963 -->
Pen plotters print by moving a pen or other instrument across the surface of a piece of paper. This means that plotters are [[vector graphics]] devices, rather than [[raster graphics]] as with other [[computer printer|printers]]. Pen plotters can draw complex line art, including text, but do so slowly because of the mechanical movement of the pens. They are often incapable of efficiently creating a solid region of color, but can [[hatching|hatch]] an area by drawing a number of close, regular lines.
Plotters offered the fastest way to efficiently produce very large drawings or color high-resolution vector-based artwork when [[computer memory]] was very expensive and processor power was very limited, and other types of printers had limited graphic output capabilities.
Pen plotters have essentially become obsolete, and have been replaced by [[Wide-format printer|large-format]] [[inkjet printer]]s and LED [[toner (printing)|toner]]-based printers. Such devices may still understand vector languages originally designed for plotter use, because in many uses, they offer a more efficient alternative to raster data.
===X–Y plotter===
An '''X–Y plotter''' is a plotter that operates in two axes of motion ("X" and "Y") in order to draw continuous vector graphics. The term was used to differentiate it from standard plotters which had control only of the "y" axis, the "x" axis being continuously fed to provide a plot of some variable with time. Plotters differ from [[inkjet]] and [[laser printer]]s in that a plotter draws a continuous line, much like a pen on paper, while inkjet and laser printers use a very fine matrix of dots to form images, such that while a line may appear continuous to the naked eye, it in fact is a discrete set of points.
==Electrostatic plotters==
[[Electrostatic plotter]]s used a [[xerography|dry toner transfer process]] similar to that in many [[photocopier]]s. They were faster than pen plotters and were available in large formats, suitable for reproducing engineering drawings. The quality of image was often not as good as contemporary pen plotters. Electrostatic plotters were made in both flat-bed and drum types. The electrostatic plotter uses the pixel as a drawing means, like a [[raster graphics]] display device. The plotter head consists of a large number of tiny styluses (as many as 21760) embedded in it. This head traverses over the width of the paper as it rolls past the head to make a drawing. The resolutions available may be 100 to 508 dots per inch. Electrostatic plotters are very fast with plotting speed of 6 to 32&nbsp;mm/s, depending on the plotter resolution.<ref name="R1"/>
=={{anchor|cutting}} Cutting plotters==
{{Main| Vinyl cutter}}
[[File:Illustration flex-foil cutting-plotter english.svg|thumb|Illustration of the layers of flex and flock foils (used in textile printing): carrier foil, colour coat & covering layer (including hot melt)]]
Cutting plotters use knives to cut into a piece of material (such as [[paper]], [[mylar]] film, or [[polyvinyl chloride|vinyl]] film) that is lying on the flat surface area of the plotter.  The cutting plotter is connected to a computer, which is equipped with cutting design or drawing computer [[software]] programs.  Those computer software programs are responsible for sending the necessary cutting dimensions or designs in order to command the cutting knife to produce the correct project cutting needs.<ref name="R2"/><ref>{{cite news |title=DTF Drucker |url=https://www.dtflinko.com/de/dtf-transferdruck-revolution-im-t-shirt-druck/ |access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref>
In recent years the use of cutting plotters (generally called [[die cutting (web)|die-cut machines]]) has become popular with home enthusiasts of [[paper craft]]s such as [[cardmaking]] and [[scrapbooking]].  Such tools allow desired card and [[decal]] shapes to be cut out very precisely, and repeatably.
==Languages==
A number of [[printer control language]]s were created to operate pen plotters, and transmit commands like "lift pen from paper", "place pen on paper", or "draw a line from here to here". Three common [[ASCII]]-based plotter control languages are [[Hewlett-Packard]]'s [[HP-GL]], its successor HP-GL/2, and [[Houston Instruments]] [[DMPL]]. Here is a simple HP-GL script drawing a line:
<pre>
SP1;
PA500,500;
PD;
PR0,1000;
PU;
SP;
</pre>
This program instructs the plotter, in order, to take the first pen (SP1 = Select Pen 1), to go to coordinates X=500, Y=500 on the paper sheet (PA = Plot Absolute), to lower the pen against the paper (PD = Pen Down), to move 1000 units in the Y direction (thus drawing a vertical line - PR = Plot Relative), to lift the pen (PU = Pen Up) and finally to put it back in its stall.
Programmers using [[Fortran|FORTRAN]] or [[BASIC]] generally did not program these directly, but used software packages, such as the Calcomp library, or [[device independent]] graphics packages, such as Hewlett-Packard's [[A Graphics Language|AGL]] libraries or BASIC extensions or high end packages such as [[DISSPLA]]. These would establish scaling factors from world coordinates to device coordinates, and translate to the low level device commands. For example, to plot X*X in [[HP 9830]] BASIC, the program would be
<syntaxhighlight lang=BASIC>
10 SCALE -1,1,1,1
20 FOR X = -1 to 1 STEP 0.1
30 PLOT X, X*X
40 NEXT X
50 PEN
60 END
</syntaxhighlight>
[[File:Video of plotter marking on the samples.ogv|thumb|Label plotter]]
==History==
One of the earliest plotter was [[Konrad Zuse]]'s computer-controlled and transistorized Graphomat Z64 in 1958, also shown at the [[Hannover Messe]] in 1961.<ref name="Böttiger_2011"/>
Early pen plotters, e.g., the [[Calcomp plotter|Calcomp 565]] of 1959, worked by placing the paper over a roller that moved the paper back and forth for X motion, while the pen moved back and forth on a track for Y motion. The paper was supplied in roll form and had perforations along both edges that were engaged by sprockets on the rollers.
Another approach, e.g. [[Computervision]]'s Interact I, involved attaching ball-point pens to drafting [[pantograph]]s and driving the machines with [[stepper motor]]s controlled by the computer. This had the disadvantage of being somewhat slow to move, as well as requiring floor space equal to the size of the paper, but could double as a [[digitizer]]. A later change was the addition of an electrically controlled clamp to hold the pens, which allowed them to be changed, and thus create multi-colored output.
Hewlett Packard and [[Tektronix]] produced small, desktop-sized flatbed plotters in the late 1960s and 1970s. The pens were mounted on a traveling bar, whereby the y-axis was represented by motion up and down the length of the bar and the x-axis was represented by motion of the bar back and forth across the plotting table. Due to the mass of the bar, these plotters operated relatively slowly.
In the 1980s, the small and lightweight [[HP 7470]] introduced the "[[Sandpaper#Grit sizes|grit]] wheel" mechanism, eliminating the need for perforations along the edges, unlike the Calcomp plotters two decades earlier. The grit wheels at opposite edges of the sheet press against resilient [[polyurethane]]-coated rollers and form tiny indentations in the sheet. As the sheet is moved back and forth, the grit wheels keep the sheet in proper registration due to the grit particles falling into the earlier indentations, much like the teeth of two gears meshing. The pen is mounted on a carriage that moves back and forth in a line between the grit wheels, representing the orthogonal axis. These smaller "home-use" plotters became popular for desktop business graphics and in engineering laboratories, but their low speed meant they were not useful for general printing purposes, and different conventional printer would be required for those jobs. One category, introduced by Hewlett Packard's [[MultiPlot]] for the [[HP 2647]], was the "word chart", which used the plotter to draw large letters on a transparency. This was the forerunner of the modern Powerpoint chart. With the widespread availability of high-resolution [[inkjet printer|inkjet]] and [[laser printer]]s, inexpensive memory and computers fast enough to rasterize color images, pen plotters have all but disappeared. However, the grit wheel mechanism is still found in inkjet-based, large format engineering plotters.
[[File:Plotter Algotex.jpg|thumb|Inkjet plotter]]
Plotters were also used in the [[Create-A-Card kiosk]]s that were available for a while in the greeting card area of supermarkets that used the [[HP 7475]] six-pen plotter.
Plotters are used primarily in [[technical drawing]] and [[computer-aided design|CAD]] applications, where they have the advantage of working on very large paper sizes while maintaining high resolution. Another use has been found by replacing the pen with a cutter, and in this form plotters can be found in many garment and sign shops.
Changing the color or width of a line required the plotter to change pens. This was either done manually on small plotters, but more typically the plotter would have a magazine of four or more pens which could be automatically mounted.
A niche application of plotters is in creating tactile images for people with visual impairment on special thermal cell paper.
Unlike other printer types, pen plotter speed is measured by pen speed and acceleration rate, instead of by page printing speed. A pen plotter's speed is primarily limited by the type of pen used, so the choice of pen is a key factor in pen plotter output speed. Indeed, most modern pen plotters have commands to control slewing speed, depending on the type of pen currently in use.
There are many types of plotter pen, some of which are no longer mass-produced. [[Technical pen]] tips are often used, many of which can be renewed using parts and supplies for manual drafting pens. Early HP flatbed and grit wheel plotters used small, proprietary fiber-tipped or plastic nib disposable pens.
One type of plotter pen uses a cellulose fiber rod inserted through a circular foam tube saturated with ink, with the end of the rod sharpened into a conical tip. As the pen moves across the paper surface, capillary wicking draws the ink from the foam, down the rod, and onto the paper. As the ink supply in the foam is depleted, the migration of ink to the tip begins to slow down, resulting in faint lines. Slowing the plotting speed will allow the lines drawn by a worn-out pen to remain dark, but the fading will continue until the foam is completely depleted. Also, as the fiber tip pen is used, the tip slowly wears away on the plotting medium, producing a progressively wider, smudged line.
Ball-point plotter pens with refillable clear plastic ink reservoirs are available. They do not have the fading or wear effects of fiber pens, but are generally more expensive and uncommon. Also, conventional ball-point pens can be modified to work in most pen plotters.
==Vinyl cutter==
[[File:drag-knife cutting-plotter english.ogv|thumbtime=20|thumb|Drag-knife cutting plotter in action]]
A vinyl cutter (sometimes known as a '''cutting plotter''') is used to create posters, billboards, signs, T-shirt logos, and other weather-resistant graphical designs. The vinyl can also be applied to car bodies and windows for large, bright company advertising and to sailboat [[Transom (nautical)|transoms]]. A similar process is used to cut tinted vinyl for automotive windows.
Colors are limited by the collection of vinyl on hand. To prevent creasing of the material, it is stored in rolls. Typical vinyl roll sizes are 15-inch, 24-inch, 36-inch and 48-inch widths, and have a backing material for maintaining the relative placement of all design elements.
Vinyl cutter hardware is similar to a traditional plotter except that the ink pen is replaced by a very sharp knife to outline each shape, and may have a pressure control to adjust how hard the knife presses down into the vinyl film, preventing the cuts from also penetrating the backing material. Besides losing relative placement of separate design elements, loose pieces cut out of the backing material may fall out and jam the plotter roll feed or the cutter head. After cutting, the vinyl material outside of the design is peeled away, leaving the design on the backing material which can be applied using self-adhesion, glue, lamination, or a [[heat press]].
The vinyl knife is usually shaped like a plotter pen and is also mounted on a swivel head so that the knife edge self-rotates to face the correct direction as the plotter head moves.
Vinyl cutters are primarily used to produce single-color [[line art]] and lettering. Multiple color designs require cutting separate sheets of vinyl, then overlaying them during application; but this process quickly becomes cumbersome for more than a couple of hues.
Sign cutting plotters are in decline in applications such as general billboard design, where [[wide-format printer|wide-format]] inkjet printers that use solvent-based inks are employed to print directly onto a variety of materials. Cutting plotters are still relied upon for precision contour-cutting of graphics produced by wide-format inkjet printers – for example to produce window or car graphics, or shaped stickers.
Large-format inkjet printers are increasingly used to print onto heat-shrink plastic sheeting, which is then applied to cover a vehicle surface and shrunk to fit using a heat gun, known as a [[vehicle wrap]].
==Static cutting table==
A static cutting table is a type of cutting plotter used a large flat [[vacuum table]]. It is used for cutting non-rigid and porous material such as textiles, foam, or leather, that may be too difficult or impossible to cut with roll-fed plotters. Static cutters can also cut much thicker and heavier materials than a typical roll-fed or sheet-fed plotter is capable of handling.
The surface of the table has a series of small pinholes drilled in it. Material is placed on the table, and a coversheet of plastic or paper is overlaid onto the material to be cut. A vacuum pump is turned on, and air pressure pushes down on the coversheet to hold the material in place. The table then operates like a normal vector plotter, using various cutting tools to cut holes or slits into the fabric. The coversheet is also cut, which may lead to a slight loss of vacuum around the edges of the coversheet, but this loss is not significant.
==Contemporary uses of pen plotters==
[[File:Plotter_printer_homemade_crop.jpg|thumbtime=20|thumb|Homemade plotter using stepper motors and a ballpoint pen to draw.]]
In the mid-to-late 2000s artists and hackers<ref name="R3"/><ref name="R4"/> began to rediscover pen plotters as quirky, customizable output devices. The quality of the lines produced by pens on paper is quite different from other digital output techniques. Even 30-year-old pen plotters typically still function reliably, and many were available for less than $100 on auction and resale websites. While support for driving pen plotters directly or saving files as HP-GL has disappeared from most commercial graphics applications, several contemporary software packages<ref name="R5"/><ref name="R6"/><ref name="R7"/><ref name="R8"/> make working with HP-GL on modern operating systems possible.
As use of pen plotters has waned, the [[wide-format printer|large-format printers]] that have largely replaced them have sometimes come to be called "plotters" as well.
==See also==
* [[Chart recorder]]
* [[Photoplotter]]
* [[Polar plotter]]
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="R1">{{cite book |title=CAD/CAM Principles and application |publisher=P. N. RAO}}</ref>
<ref name="R2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cutcnccam.com/article-show-2011109950543.shtml |title=Cutting plotter |date=2011-10-09 |publisher=CUTCNC cam}}</ref>
<ref name="R3">{{Cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/4611451 |title=The Draftmasters |date=2009-05-12 |publisher=Vimeo |type=video}}</ref>
<ref name="R4">{{Cite web |url=http://www.digital.udk-berlin.de/en/projects/winter0405/main/hauptprojekt/elmuro.html |title=El Muro |publisher=UDK |place=Berlin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612182333/http://www.digital.udk-berlin.de/en/projects/winter0405/main/hauptprojekt/elmuro.html |archive-date=2007-06-12}}</ref>
<ref name="R5">{{Cite web |url=http://sites.music.columbia.edu/cmc/chiplotle/ |title=Chiplotle: an HPGL (Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language) Python API |publisher=Columbia}}</ref>
<ref name="R6">{{Cite web |url=https://processing.org/ |title=Processing}}</ref>
<ref name="R7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hv-a.com/hackaplot |title=Hackaplot |publisher=HV‐A |access-date=2010-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227132322/http://www.hv-a.com/hackaplot/ |archive-date=2011-02-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="R8">{{Cite web |url=https://www.slideshare.net/hpplotter/new-designjet-plotters-launches-by-hp-like-t730-t1530-t830 |title=New Designjet Plotters Launches by HP in 2015 |date=2015-11-25 |publisher=HP}}</ref>
<ref name="Böttiger_2011">{{cite book |title=Konrad Zuse: Erfinder, Unternehmer, Philosoph und Künstler |language=de |chapter=Der Erfinder - Kriegsbedingte Unterbrechung und Theorie |author-first=Helmut |author-last=Böttiger |author-link=:de:Helmut Böttiger (Autor, 1940) |editor-first=Adolf |editor-last=Rabenseifner |date=2011-10-26 |edition=1 |isbn=978-3-86568-743-2 |publisher=[[Michael Imhof Verlag]] |location=Petersberg, Germany |pages=37–43 [42–43] |quote-pages=42–43 |quote=Der erste Plotter Graphomat Z64: Die Rede war hier von der Entwicklung eines Zeichenhilfgerätes (Z60), aus dem dann um 1958 der Graphomat Z64 wurde, das erste computergesteuerte, mit Transistoren ausgestattete Zeichengerät (Plotter). Es wurde 1961 erfolgreich auf der [[Hannover-Messe]] vorgeführt. Es zeichnete sich durch eine hohe Zeichengenauigkeit von 1/16&nbsp;mm und 16 verschiedene Zeichengeschwindigkeiten aus und öffnete der Datenverarbeitung im Bereich der Graphik neue Anwendungsbereiche. Auch die Computerkunst erhielt den Startschuss mit dieser Maschine. Denn ab 1965 wurde die Z64 in der Bekleidungsindustrie zur Erstellung von Druck- und Schnittmustern eingesetzt. An der Entwicklung des Gerätes war der "optisch" orientierte [[Konrad Zuse]] naturgemäß besonders engagiert beteiligt. Vom ihm stammte der Gedanke eines "Binärstufengetriebes". Dabei wurden über das Addiergerät 15 verschiedene im Binärsystem abgestimmte Geschwindigkeitsstufen zur Führung des Stiftes auf der Zeichenbrücke rechnerisch überlagert und über Kupplungen zu- und abgeschaltet. Mit Hilfe des Gerätes ließen sich aufgrund von Berechnungen unterschiedliche Kurven sehr genau zeichnen.}} (128 pages)</ref>
}}
==External links==
{{Wiktionary|plotter}}
*{{Commonscatinline|Plotters}}
{{Basic computer components}}
[[Category:Plotters| ]]
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]