View source for Polish–Russian War of 1792

{{Short description|War between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire}}
{{For|other Polish–Russian conflicts|Polish–Russian Wars}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Polish–Russian War of 1792
| image             = PolishRuswar1792.PNG
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = Polish–Russian War of 1792
| date              = 18 May – 27 July 1792<br />(2 months and 9 days)
| partof            = the [[Polish–Russian Wars]]
| place             = Central and eastern parts of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
| result            = Russian victory
| combatant1        = {{flag|Russian Empire}}{{ubl|{{*}} [[Targowica Confederation|Targowica Confederates]]}}
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}
| commander1        = {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Mikhail Krechetnikov]]<br />{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Mikhail Kakhovsky]]<br />{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Wilhelm Derfelden]]<br />{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Ivan Fersen]]<br />{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Mikhail Kutuzov]]<br />{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} {{ill|Boris Mellin|pl|Borys Mellin}}<br />{{flagdeco|Russian Empire}} {{ill|Irakly Morkov|ru|Морков, Ираклий Иванович}}
| commander2        = [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław II of Poland.svg|24px]] King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] <br /> [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław II of Poland.svg|24px]] Prince [[Józef Poniatowski]] <br /> [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław II of Poland.svg|24px]] [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] <br /> [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław II of Poland.svg|24px]] [[Michał Wielhorski (younger)|Michał Wielhorski]] <br /> [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław II of Poland.svg|24px]] [[Józef Judycki]] <br /> [[File:Royal Banner of Stanisław II of Poland.svg|24px]] [[Stanisław Mokronowski]]
| strength1         = 98,000 men<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/>
| strength2         = 70,000 men<ref name=bardach317/>
| casualties1       = Around 2,000 ''according to Russian sources''
Above 7,000 ''according to Polish sources''
| casualties2       = Around 3,000 to 6,000
| territory         = [[Second Partition of Poland]]
}}
{{Polish-Russian Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Polish-Russian War of 1792}}
The '''Polish–Russian War of 1792''' (also, '''War of the Second Partition''',<ref name=davies/> and in Polish sources, '''War in Defence of the Constitution'''{{efn|{{langx|pl|Wojna w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja}}}}<ref name="Mikuła1995"/>) was fought between the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] on one side, and the [[Targowica Confederation]] (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new [[Constitution of 3 May 1791]]) and the [[Russian Empire]] under [[Catherine the Great]] on the other.<ref name="davies"/>
The war took place in two theaters: a northern in [[Lithuania]] and a southern in what is now [[Ukraine]]. In both, the Polish forces retreated before the numerically superior Russian forces, though they offered significantly more resistance in the south, thanks to the effective leadership of Polish commanders Prince [[Józef Poniatowski]] and [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]]. During the three-month-long struggle several battles were fought, but no side scored a decisive victory.<ref name="Łojek1986-304-306"/> The largest success of the Polish forces was the defeat of one of the Russian formations at the [[Battle of Zieleńce]] on 18 June; in the aftermath of the battle the Polish highest military award, [[Virtuti Militari]], was established. The Russians' greatest success in this war was the [[Battle of Mir (1792)|Battle of Mir]] on 11 June ([[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] 31 May). The war ended when the Polish King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]] decided to seek a diplomatic solution, asked for a [[ceasefire]] with the Russians and joined the Targowica Confederation, as demanded by the Russian Empire.<ref name="Skowronek 58, 60"/>
==Background==
===Decline of the Commonwealth===
By the early 18th&nbsp;century, the [[magnates of Poland and Lithuania]] controlled the state&nbsp;– or rather, they managed to ensure that no reforms would be carried out that might weaken their privileged status (the "[[Golden Freedoms]]").<ref name="Davies2005-274"/> Through the abuse of the ''[[liberum veto]]'' rule which enabled any deputy to paralyze the [[Sejm]] (Commonwealth's parliament) proceedings, deputies bribed by magnates or foreign powers or those simply content to believe they were living in an unprecedented "Golden Age", paralysed the Commonwealth's government for over a century.<ref name="Carsten1961"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-156"/>
The idea of reforming the Commonwealth gained traction from the mid-17th century;<ref name="Gierowski 60-63"/> it was however viewed with suspicion not only by its magnates but also by neighboring countries, which had been content with the deterioration of the Commonwealth and abhorred the thought of a resurgent and democratic power on their borders.<ref name="JPL"/> With the [[Army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth Army]] reduced to around 16,000, it was easy for its neighbors to intervene directly (The [[Imperial Russian Army]] numbered 300,000 troops overall; The [[Prussian Army]] and [[Army of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire]], 200,000 each).<ref name="Bauer1991"/>
===Attempts at reform===
A major opportunity for reform presented itself during the "[[Great Sejm]]" of 1788–92. Poland's neighbors were preoccupied with wars and unable to intervene forcibly in Polish affairs. The [[Russian Empire]] and [[Archduchy of Austria]] were engaged in hostilities with the [[Ottoman Empire]] (the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792]] and the [[Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)|Austro-Turkish War, 1787–1791]]); the Russians also found themselves simultaneously fighting in the [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)|Russo-Swedish War, 1788–1790]].<ref name="Sanford"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-176"/><ref name="BideleuxJeffries1998"/><ref name="Lukowski2010-226"/> [[Polish–Prussian alliance|A new alliance between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussia]] seeming to provide security against Russian intervention, and on 3 May 1791 the [[Constitution of 3 May 1791|new constitution]] was read and adopted to overwhelming popular support.<ref name="Sanford"/><ref name="Wandycz"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-172-173"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-184-185"/>
With the wars between [[Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792|Turkey and Russia]] and [[Gustav III's Russian War|Sweden and Russia]] having ended, [[Catherine II of Russia|Tsarina Catherine]] was furious over the adoption of the document, which she believed threatened Russian influence in Poland.<ref name="BideleuxJeffries1998"/><ref name="Lukowski2010-226"/><ref name="Schroeder"/> Russia had viewed Poland as a ''de facto'' protectorate.<ref name="luza84"/> "The worst possible news have arrived from Warsaw: the Polish king has become almost sovereign" was the reaction of one of Russia's chief foreign policy authors, [[Alexander Bezborodko]], when he learned of the new constitution.<ref name="Bauer167"/> The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] was also strongly opposed to the new Polish constitution, and Polish diplomats received a note that the new constitution changed the Polish state so much that Prussia did not consider its obligations binding.<ref name="Łojek1986-325-326"/> Just like Russia, Prussia was concerned that the newly strengthened Polish state could become a threat and the Prussian Foreign Minister, Friedrich Wilhelm von Schulenburg-Kehnert, clearly and with rare candor told Poles that Prussia did not support the constitution and refused to help the Commonwealth in any form, even as a mediator, as it was not in Prussia's interest to see the Commonwealth strengthened so that it could threaten Prussia in the future.<ref name="Łojek1986-325-326"/> The Prussian statesman [[Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg]] expressed the fears of European conservatives: "The Poles have given the ''coup de grâce'' to the Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution", elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the [[First Partition of Poland|First Partition]].<ref name=Bauer167/><ref name="buffaloquote"/>
The Constitution was not adopted without dissent in the Commonwealth itself, either. Magnates who had opposed the constitution draft from the start, namely [[Franciszek Ksawery Branicki]], [[Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki]], [[Seweryn Rzewuski]], and [[Szymon Marcin Kossakowski|Szymon]] and [[Józef Kossakowski (colonel)|Józef Kossakowski]], asked Tsarina Catherine to intervene and restore their privileges such as the Russian-guaranteed [[Cardinal Laws]] abolished under the new statute.<ref name="Jędruch1982-184-185"/> To that end these magnates formed the [[Targowica Confederation]].<ref name="Jędruch1982-184-185"/> The Confederation's proclamation, prepared in [[Saint Petersburg]] in January 1792, criticized the constitution for contributing to, in their own words, "contagion of democratic ideas" following "the fatal examples set in Paris".<ref name="Lord1915"/><ref name="Kopeček2006-282-284">{{cite book|author=Michal Kopeček|title=Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5Vsjg508EYC&pg=PA282|access-date=22 September 2011|year=2006|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-52-3|pages=282–284}}</ref> It asserted that "The parliament&nbsp;... has broken all fundamental laws, swept away all liberties of the gentry and on the third of May 1791 turned into a revolution and a conspiracy."<ref name="Kopeček2006-284-285">{{cite book|author=Michal Kopeček|title=Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5Vsjg508EYC&pg=PA284|access-date=22 September 2011|year=2006|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-7326-52-3|pages=284–285}}</ref> The Confederates declared an intention to overcome this revolution. We "can do nothing but turn trustingly to Tsarina Catherine, a distinguished and fair empress, our neighboring friend and ally", who "respects the nation's need for well-being and always offers it a helping hand", they wrote.<ref name="Kopeček2006-284-285"/> The Confederates aligned with Tsarina Catherine and asked her for military intervention.<ref name="Jędruch1982-184-185"/> On 18 May 1792, the Russian ambassador to Poland, [[Yakov Bulgakov]], delivered a declaration of war to the Polish Foreign Minister [[Joachim Chreptowicz]].<ref name="nadzieja38-39"/> Russian armies entered Poland and Lithuania on the same day, starting the war.<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-184-185"/>
==Opposing forces==
[[File:Polish soldiers of 3rd Lithuanian Infantry Regiment in 1792.PNG|thumb|Soldiers of the 3rd Lithuanian Infantry Regiment in 1792]]
The Russian army numbered nearly 98,000.<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/> It was commanded by [[General-in-chief|generals-in-chief]] [[Mikhail Krechetnikov]] and [[Mikhail Kakhovsky]].<ref name=nadzieja38-39/> The Russians also had an advantage in combat experience.<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/> The Russian plan called for Kakhovsky to advance through Ukraine, taking [[Kamieniec Podolski]], [[Chełm]] and [[Lublin]], and approach Polish capital of [[Warsaw]] from the south.<ref name="Derdej2008-35-36"/> Krechetnikov was to advance through [[Minsk]], [[Wilno]], [[Brześć Litewski]] and [[Białystok]], and approach Warsaw from the north, where he was to link with Kakhovsky.<ref name="Derdej2008-35-36"/> Whereas the Russians had good intelligence network in Poland, and were mostly aware of Polish army distribution and strength; the Poles had much less intelligence, receiving contradictory and often erroneous reports, and unsure whether the war would even start up to the point the Russian troops crossed the border.<ref name="Derdej2008-35-36"/><ref name="Derdej2008-52"/>
[[Stanisław August Poniatowski]], King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was the [[commander-in-chief]] of the Polish forces, but in practice he delegated this position to his nephew, Prince [[Józef Poniatowski]].<ref name=nadzieja38-39/> Poniatowski had in theory at his disposal a 48,000 strong [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Crown]] army and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuanian]] army more than half that size to confront them.<ref name="Skowronek 50-51"/> In practice, Polish forces, still forming following the reforms of the Constitution of 3 May (which specified an army size of 100,000) numbered only 37,000.<ref name="bardach317"/> The army was reorganizing, with key documents on unit numbers and composition passed as recently as in April; it was also short on equipment and experienced personnel.<ref name=nadzieja38-39/>
In the southeast corner of the country – the Ukrainian lands – the Polish forces were initially concentrated separately in three regions of the expected front, under [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]], [[Michał Wielhorski (younger)|Michał Wielhorski]] and Prince Poniatowski himself.<ref name="Skowronek 50-51"/> The Polish Crown army in Ukraine, led by Prince Poniatowski, and supported by Kościuszko, was about 17,000,<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/> 21,000<ref name="Łojek1986-298"/> or 24,000<ref name="Skowronek 50-51"/> strong (Derdej distinguishes between the primary force of 17,000 and Prince [[Michał Lubomirski]]'s reserve division, of 4,500<ref name="Derdej2008-51"/>). In the southeastern war theater, they faced a nearly four times larger enemy army under General Mikhail Kakhovsky, who had about 64,000 men under his command.<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/><ref name="Skowronek 50-51"/> Kakhovsky's forces were divided into four corps: 1st, 18,000 strong, under the command of General [[Mikhail Golenishchev-Kutuzov]], 2nd, under General [[Ivan Dunin]], 3rd, under General [[Wilhelm Derfelden]], and 4th, under General [[Andrei Levanidov]].<ref name="Derdej2008-51"/> The Targowica Confederates did not represent any real strength; and their attempts to gather popular support in Poland upon crossing borders failed miserably, with only few dozens joining at first; later the number would grow but not significantly, and even the Russians saw them as not having any military value, keeping them from the frontlines.<ref name="Derdej2008-55-57, 82"/>
In Lithuania, the Commonwealth Lithuanian Army numbered about 15,000, with an additional Crown detachment of about 3,000.<ref name="Derdej2008-97"/> They were commanded by [[Duke Louis of Württemberg]].<ref name=nadzieja38-39/> Württemberg made no plans for the war, and the troops were not readied for action by the time the war started.<ref name=nadzieja38-39/> The Russian army in that theatre under General Mikhail Krechetnikov was 33,700 strong<ref name="Łojek1986-299"/> or 38,000 strong.<ref name="Derdej2008-97"/> The Russian army was also divided into four corps: 1st under one of Targowica Confederate leaders, [[Szymon Kossakowski]] 7,300 strong, 2nd under General [[Boris Mellin]], 7,000 strong, 3rd under General [[Yuri Dolgorukov (author)|Yuri Dolgorukov]], 15,400 strong, and 4th under General [[Ivan Fersen]], 8,300 strong.<ref name="Derdej2008-97"/>
Additional Polish forces, about 8,000 strong, were to concentrate in Warsaw under the command of King Poniatowski as a reserve.<ref name="Łojek1986-302"/>
Tadeusz Kościuszko proposed a plan where the entire Polish army would be concentrated and would engage one of the Russian armies, to assure numerical parity and to boost the morale of mostly inexperienced Polish forces with a quick victory; this plan was however rejected by Prince Poniatowski.<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/> (Only a few months before, however, both commanders had the opposite idea – Poniatowski wanted the troops concentrated, and Kościuszko, dispersed).<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/><ref name="Storozynski2011-222"/> Poniatowski also planned to avoid serious engagements in the first phase of the war, hoping to receive the expected Prussian reinforcements of 30,000 which would bring parity to the two sides.<ref name="Łojek1986-302"/>
==War==
===Southern theater===
The first Russian forces crossed the border in Ukraine on the night of 18/19 May 1792.<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/><ref name="Derdej2008-50"/> The Russians in that theater would encounter significantly more resistance than they expected, as Commonwealth's top commanders, Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko were stationed there.<ref name="Storozynski2011-223"/> Kościuszko joined Prince Poniatowski near Janów on 29 May.<ref name="psb433"/> The Crown Army was judged too weak to oppose the four columns of enemy armies advancing into West Ukraine and began a fighting withdrawal to the western side of the [[Southern Bug|Southern Bug River]], towards [[Lubar]] and [[Połonne]], with Kośiuszko commanding the rear guard.<ref name="psb433"/><ref name="Storozynski2011-224"/> Poniatowski, in the face of significant numerical inferiority of his forces, and promised reinforcements by King Poniatowski, decided to abandon Ukraine and move to [[Volhynia]], where Połonne was to be fortified as a major defensive point, and where Lubomirski was tasked with gathering supplies.<ref name="Derdej2008-58"/>
[[File:Wojciech Kossak po bitwie pod Zieleńcami.jpg|thumb|400px|''After the [[Battle of Zieleńce]]'', by [[Wojciech Kossak]]]]
On 14 June Wielhorski's unit was defeated at the [[Battle of Boruszkowce]].<ref name="Derdej2008-63-65"/> On 17 June Poniatowski finally received awaited reinforcements, about 2,000 troops led by Michał Lubomirski.<ref name="Derdej2008-67"/> Next day the Poles, led by Prince Poniatowski, defeated one of the Russian formations of general [[Irakly Morkov]] at the [[Battle of Zieleńce]] on 18 June.<ref name="Storozynski2011-224"/><ref name="Storozynski2011-225"/> The victory was celebrated by King Poniatowski, who sent the new [[Virtuti Militari]] medals for the campaign leaders and soldiers, as "the first since [[John III Sobieski]]".<ref name="Skowronek 56-57"/>
The Russian forces, however, kept advancing. Under the command of Józef Poniatowski, the Polish army retreated in good order, yielding to the more powerful enemy as necessary to avoid annihilation.<ref name="Skowronek 60"/> In early July, near [[Dubno]], Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko were betrayed by Michał Lubomirski, who was tasked with King Poniatowski with resupplying the troops; instead Lubomirski joined the Russian side and either hid the supplies for the Polish army, or outright passed them to the Russians.<ref name="Derdej2008-58"/><ref name="Storozynski2011-226-227"/> Lubomirski, however, was a powerful magnate, and it took until late May for the King officially to relieve him of his command.<ref name="Derdej2008-79-83"/> Within about a month of the Russian invasion, the Poles had mostly retreated from Ukraine.<ref name="Storozynski2011-224"/> On 7 July Kościuszko's forces fought a delaying battle with the Russians at [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] ([[Battle of Włodzimierz]]).<ref name="psb433"/> Meanwhile, Poniatowski's army retreated to the [[Bug River]], where Kościuszko's units on 18 July fought the [[Battle of Dubienka]], which was a draw.<ref name="Skowronek 60"/> With about 5,300 troops Kościuszko defeated the attack of 25,000 Russians under General [[Mikhail Kakhovsky]].<ref name="Storozynski2011-228-229"/> Kośicuszko then had to retreat from Dubienka, as the Russians begun flanking his positions crossing the nearby Austrian border.<ref name="Storozynski2011-228-229"/> Although the Poles had to retreat from the Bug River line, they were not defeated so far, and a decisive battle or battles at more favorable locations closer to Warsaw were expected.<ref name="Skowronek 60"/><ref name="Derdej2008-95"/>
===Northern theater===
In the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] the Russians crossed the Commonwealth border four days later than in the south, on 22 May.<ref name="Derdej2008-98"/> Poland's ally, the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], broke its alliance with Poland and the Prussian commander of the Lithuanian army, Duke Württemberg, betrayed the Polish-Lithuanian cause by refusing to fight the Russians.<ref name="Łojek1986-304-306"/><ref name="Derdej2008-98-103"/> He never reached the frontlines, feigned illness in [[Vowchyn|Wołczyn]], and issued contradictory orders to his troops.<ref name="Derdej2008-98-103"/>
Thus the Army of Lithuania did little to oppose the advancing Russians, and kept withdrawing before their advance.<ref name="Łojek1986-304-306"/><ref name="Derdej2008-98-103"/> Minsk was abandoned, after some skirmishes, on 31 May.<ref name="Derdej2008-98-103"/> Only after a change of commander on 4 June, did the Army, now under General [[Józef Judycki]], try to stand and fight the Russians.<ref name="Łojek1986-304-306"/><ref name="Derdej2008-98-103"/> The Russians however defeated Judycki at the [[Battle of Mir (1792)|Battle of Mir]] on 11 June and kept advancing through the Grand Duchy.<ref name="Łojek1986-304-306"/> The Commonwealth army retreated towards [[Grodno]].<ref name="Derdej2008-108"/> On 14 June the Russians took Wilno, after only a small skirmish with local garrison; on 19 June, incompetently defended [[Nieśwież]]; and on 20 June, [[Kaunas]], this time without any opposition.<ref name="Derdej2008-108-110"/> Judycki, disgraced, was replaced by [[Michał Zabiełło]] on 23 June.<ref name="Łojek1986-304-306"/> Nonetheless, since Mir, no decisive engagements occurred in the northern theater, as Polish army withdrew in relative order towards Warsaw, after minor defeat at [[Zelva]],<ref name="Derdej2008-115-116"/> eventually taking defensive positions along the [[Bug river]] near [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]].<ref name="Łojek1986-304-306"/><ref name="Derdej2008-117"/> Russians took Grodno on 5 July<ref name="Derdej2008-115-116"/> and Białystok on 17 July.<ref name="Derdej2008-117"/> On 23 July the Russians took Brest, defeating the local garrison, but on 24 they were defeated near [[Krzemień-Wieś]]; this last battle was the first significant Commonwealth victory on the northern front.<ref name="Derdej2008-118-119"/>
===War ends===
While Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko considered the outcome of the war still open and were planning to use the combined Polish-Lithuanian forces to defeat the still separate Russian forces,<ref name="Derdej2008-130"/> King Poniatowski, with the consent of the [[Guardians of the Laws]] (cabinet of ministers) decided to ask for a ceasefire.<ref name="Storozynski2011-231"/><ref name="psb628"/> Tsarina Catherine demanded that King Poniatowski join the pro-Russian aristocratic faction, the Targowica Confederation; with his cabinet split, he gave in to her demand around 22–23 July, which effectively forced Prince Poniatowski to terminate military resistance.<ref name="psb628"/><ref name="Skowronek 60-62"/> The last military confrontation of the war was fought on 26 July at [[Markuszów]] in Lublin province, where an enemy attack was repelled by Polish cavalry led by Poniatowski.<ref name="Skowronek 60-62"/>
At the time King Poniatowski decided to sue for peace, the Polish army was still in a good fighting condition not having suffered from any major defeat nor lack of supplies. King Poniatowski thought that due to Russian numerical superiority defeat was nonetheless imminent, and more could be gained through negotiations with the Russians, with whom he hoped a new alliance could be formed. Although subsequent events would prove him wrong, the question of whether this could have been foreseen, and prevented through continued military resistance, has been [[Stanisław August Poniatowski#Conflicting assessments|subject to much debate among historians]].<ref name="Jędruch1982-184-185"/><ref name="psb628"/><ref name="Łojek1986-306318"/><ref name="Derdej2008-Pon"/>
The Polish military was widely dissatisfied with the ceasefire; Kościuszko, Prince Poniatowski and many others would criticize the King's decision and many, including Kościuszko, would resign their commission in the coming weeks.<ref name="Storozynski2011-232-233"/> Prince Poniatowski even considered rebelling against his uncle's orders, and even issued orders to bring the King to the army's camp by force if necessary, as was postulated by the more radical faction. Ultimately he decided not to continue fighting against his uncle's will, and the order was rescinded at the last moment before the departure of the group charged with capturing the King.<ref name="Skowronek 60-62"/>
==Aftermath==
Most Polish historians agree that the Polish capitulation was a mistake both from the military perspective, and the political one.<ref name="Łojek1986-402"/> In the realm of military, the Poles had reasonable chances to defend the [[Vistula]] river line, and exhaust the Russian invading forces.<ref name="Łojek1986-402"/><ref name="Derdej2008-160"/> From the political one, showing a willingness to fight could have persuaded the partitioning powers that their plan was too costly.<ref name="Łojek1986-402"/>
King Poniatowski's hopes that the capitulation would allow an acceptable diplomatic solution to be worked out were soon dashed. With new deputies bribed or intimidated by the Russian troops, a new session of parliament, known as the [[Grodno Sejm]], took place in fall 1793.<ref name="Jędruch1982-184-185"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-186-187"/> On 23 November 1793, it concluded its deliberations under duress, annulling the constitution and acceding to the [[Second Partition of Poland|Second Partition]].<ref name="Davies2005-254"/><ref name="Pickus2001"/> Russia took {{convert|250000|km2|sqmi}} of the Commonwealth's territory, while Prussia took {{convert|58000|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="Jędruch1982-186-187"/> This event reduced Poland's population to a third of what it was before the First Partition. The rump state was garrisoned by Russian troops and its independence was strongly curtailed.<ref name="Jędruch1982-184-185"/><ref name="Kopeček2006-282-284"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-186-187"/>
This outcome came as a surprise to most of the Targowica Confederates, who had wished only to restore the [[status quo ante bellum]] ([[magnates of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth magnate]]-favoring Golden Freedoms) and had expected that the overthrow of the 3 May Constitution would achieve that end, and nothing more.<ref name="Stone"/> The last bid to restore the reformed Commonwealth came with the [[Kościuszko Uprising]] in 1794. The uprising failed and resulted in the [[Third Partition of Poland|Third Partition]] in 1795, in which the country lost all its remaining territories and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist.<ref name="Derdej2008-160"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-186-187"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-188-189"/>
== List of battles ==
* [[Battle of Opsa]]
* {{Interlanguage link|Battle of Stołpce|lt=Battle of Stołpce|pl|Bitwa pod Stołpcami}}
* [[Battle of Mir (1792)|Battle of Mir]]
* [[Battle of Boruszkowce]]
* {{Interlanguage link|Battle of Zelwa|lt=Battle of Zelwa|pl|Bitwa pod Zelwą}}
* [[Battle of Zieleńce]]
* {{Interlanguage link|Battle of Wojszki|lt=Battle of Wojszki|pl|Bitwa pod Wojszkami}}
* [[Battle of Dubienka]]
* {{Interlanguage link|Battle of Krzemień|lt=Battle of Krzemień|pl|Bitwa pod Krzemieniem}}
* [[Battle of Brest (1792)|Battle of Brest]]
* {{Interlanguage link|Battle of Markuszów (1792)|lt=Battle of Markuszów|pl|Bitwa pod Markuszowem (1792)}}
==See also==
{{Commons category|Polish-Russian war 1792}}
* [[Partitions of Poland]]
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==Notes==
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==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Davies2005-254">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground: The origins to 1795|url=https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0|url-access=registration|access-date=13 August 2011|date=30 March 2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12817-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/254 254]}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-108">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA108|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=108|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-108-110">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA108|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=108–110|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-115-116">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA115|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=115–116|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-117">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA117|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=117|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-118-119">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA118|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=118–119|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-130">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA130|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=130|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-160">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA160|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=160|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-35-36">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA55|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=35–36|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-50">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA50|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=50|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-51">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA51|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=51|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-52">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA52|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=52|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-55-57, 82">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA55|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=55–57, 62|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-58">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA58|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=58|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-63-65">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA63|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=63–65|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-67">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA63|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=67|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-79-83">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA79|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=79–83|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-95">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA95|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=95|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-97">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA97|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=97|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-98">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA98|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|page=98|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-98-103">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA98|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=98–103|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Derdej2008-Pon">{{cite book|author=Piotr Derdej|title=Zieleńce – Mir – Dubienka 1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jwP2M5wuVIC&pg=PA130|access-date=1 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=Bellona|isbn=978-83-11-11039-7|pages=130–131, 144–145|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Bauer167">{{cite book|author=Krzysztof Bauer|title=Uchwalenie i obrona Konstytucji 3 Maja|trans-title=Passing and Fall of the 3 May Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLNGAAAAIAAJ|access-date=2 January 2012|year=1991|publisher=Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne|isbn=978-83-02-04615-5|page=16|language=pl}}</ref>
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<ref name="BideleuxJeffries1998">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bideleux|author2=Ian Jeffries|title=A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Eh9KQTrOckC&pg=PA160|access-date=11 September 2011|date=28 January 1998|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-16111-4|page=160}}</ref>
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<ref name="JPL">{{cite book|author=John P. LeDonne|title=The Russian empire and the world, 1700–1917: the geopolitics of expansion and containment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6ks6FSAMacC&pg=PA41|access-date=5 July 2011|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510927-6|pages=41–42}}</ref>
<ref name="Jędruch1982-156">{{cite book|author=Jacek Jędruch|author-link=Jacek Jędruch|title=Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ|access-date=13 August 2011|year=1998|publisher=EJJ Books|isbn=978-0-7818-0637-4|page=156}}</ref>
<ref name="Jędruch1982-172-173">{{cite book|author=Jacek Jędruch|author-link=Jacek Jędruch|title=Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ|access-date=13 August 2011|year=1998|publisher=EJJ Books|isbn=978-0-7818-0637-4|pages=172–173}}</ref>
<ref name="Jędruch1982-176">{{cite book|author=Jacek Jędruch|author-link=Jacek Jędruch|title=Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ|access-date=13 August 2011|year=1998|publisher=EJJ Books|isbn=978-0-7818-0637-4|page=176}}</ref>
<ref name="Jędruch1982-184-185">{{cite book|author=Jacek Jędruch|author-link=Jacek Jędruch|title=Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ|access-date=13 August 2011|year=1998|publisher=EJJ Books|isbn=978-0-7818-0637-4|pages=184–185}}</ref>
<ref name="Jędruch1982-186-187">{{cite book|author=Jacek Jędruch|author-link=Jacek Jędruch|title=Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ|access-date=13 August 2011|year=1998|publisher=EJJ Books|isbn=978-0-7818-0637-4|pages=186–187}}</ref>
<ref name="Jędruch1982-188-189">{{cite book|author=Jacek Jędruch|author-link=Jacek Jędruch|title=Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rmx8QgAACAAJ|access-date=13 August 2011|year=1998|publisher=EJJ Books|isbn=978-0-7818-0637-4|pages=188–189}}</ref>
<ref name="Lord1915">{{cite book|author=Robert Howard Lord|title=The second partition of Poland: a study in diplomatic history|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zp5pAAAAMAAJ|access-date=22 September 2011|year=1915|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zp5pAAAAMAAJ/page/n308 275]|oclc=579571081}}</ref>
<ref name="Lukowski2010-226">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Lukowski|title=Disorderly liberty: the political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAgRHvulnnUC&pg=PA226|access-date=23 September 2011|date=3 August 2010|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4411-4812-4|page=226}}</ref>
<ref name="Mikuła1995">{{cite book|author=Wojciech Mikuła|title=Zieleńce Dubienka: z dziejów wojny w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja|trans-title=Zieleńce Dubienka: From the History of the War in Defense of the 3 May Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG2YAAAACAAJ|access-date=25 October 2012|year=1995|publisher=Ajaks|isbn=978-83-85621-02-7|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Sanford">{{cite book|author=George Sanford|author-link=George Sanford (political scientist)|title=Democratic government in Poland: constitutional politics since 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOaXi0hX1RAC&pg=PA11|access-date=5 July 2011|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-77475-5|pages=11–12}}</ref>
<ref name="Schroeder">{{cite book|author=Paul W. Schroeder|author-link=Paul W. Schroeder|title=The transformation of European politics, 1763–1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC&pg=PA84|access-date=5 July 2011|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-820654-5|page=84}}</ref>
<ref name="Skowronek 50-51">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Skowronek|title=Książę Józef Poniatowski|trans-title=Prince Józef Poniatowski|language=pl|publisher=[[Ossolineum]]|location=Wrocław|year=1986|isbn=83-04-02321-0|pages=50–51}}</ref>
<ref name="Skowronek 56-57">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Skowronek|title=Książę Józef Poniatowski|trans-title=Prince Józef Poniatowski|language=pl|publisher=[[Ossolineum]]|location=Wrocław|year=1986|isbn=83-04-02321-0|pages=56–57}}</ref>
<ref name="Skowronek 58, 60">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Skowronek|title=Książę Józef Poniatowski|trans-title=Prince Józef Poniatowski|language=pl|publisher=[[Ossolineum]]|location=Wrocław|year=1986|isbn=83-04-02321-0|pages=58, 60}}</ref>
<ref name="Skowronek 60">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Skowronek|title=Książę Józef Poniatowski|trans-title=Prince Józef Poniatowski|language=pl|publisher=[[Ossolineum]]|location=Wrocław|year=1986|isbn=83-04-02321-0|pages=60}}</ref>
<ref name="Skowronek 60-62">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Skowronek|title=Książę Józef Poniatowski|trans-title=Prince Józef Poniatowski|language=pl|publisher=[[Ossolineum]]|location=Wrocław|year=1986|isbn=83-04-02321-0|pages=60–62}}</ref>
<ref name="Storozynski2011-222">{{cite book|author=Alex Storozynski|title=Kościuszko Książe chłopów|trans-title=Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ|access-date=2 January 2013|date=January 2011|publisher=W.A.B.|isbn=978-83-7414-930-3|page=222|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Storozynski2011-223">{{cite book|author=Alex Storozynski|title=Kościuszko Książe chłopów|trans-title=Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ|access-date=2 January 2013|date=January 2011|publisher=W.A.B.|isbn=978-83-7414-930-3|page=223|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Storozynski2011-224">{{cite book|author=Alex Storozynski|title=Kościuszko Książe chłopów|trans-title=Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ|access-date=2 January 2013|date=January 2011|publisher=W.A.B.|isbn=978-83-7414-930-3|page=224|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Storozynski2011-225">{{cite book|author=Alex Storozynski|title=Kościuszko Książe chłopów|trans-title=Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ|access-date=2 January 2013|date=January 2011|publisher=W.A.B.|isbn=978-83-7414-930-3|page=225|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Storozynski2011-226-227">{{cite book|author=Alex Storozynski|title=Kościuszko Książe chłopów|trans-title=Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ|access-date=2 January 2013|date=January 2011|publisher=W.A.B.|isbn=978-83-7414-930-3|pages=226–227|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Storozynski2011-228-229">{{cite book|author=Alex Storozynski|title=Kościuszko Książe chłopów|trans-title=Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ|access-date=2 January 2013|date=January 2011|publisher=W.A.B.|isbn=978-83-7414-930-3|pages=228–229|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Storozynski2011-231">{{cite book|author=Alex Storozynski|title=Kościuszko Książe chłopów|trans-title=Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ|access-date=2 January 2013|date=January 2011|publisher=W.A.B.|isbn=978-83-7414-930-3|page=231|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Storozynski2011-232-233">{{cite book|author=Alex Storozynski|title=Kościuszko Książe chłopów|trans-title=Kosciuszko Prince of Peasants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ|access-date=2 January 2013|date=January 2011|publisher=W.A.B.|isbn=978-83-7414-930-3|pages=232–233|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Wandycz">{{cite book|author=Piotr Stefan Wandycz|author-link=Piotr Stefan Wandycz|title=The price of freedom: a history of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5plR3x6jLAC&pg=PA128|access-date=5 July 2011|year=2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-25491-5|page=128}}</ref>
<ref name="bardach317">{{cite book|author1=Juliusz Bardach|author2=Boguslaw Lesnodorski|author3=Michal Pietrzak|title=Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego|trans-title=History of Polish State and Law|location=Warsaw|publisher=Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe|year=1987|page=317|oclc=654549824|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="buffaloquote">{{cite web |url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/constitution.html |title=Constitution Day: May 3, 1791 |publisher=Polish Academic Information Center |author=Hon. Carl L. Bucki |date=3 May 1996 |access-date=21 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205130036/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/constitution.html |archive-date=5 December 2008  }}</ref>
<ref name="davies">{{cite book|author=Norman Davies|title=God's Playground, a History of Poland: The origins to 1795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVulayG4I9QC&pg=PA535|access-date=26 April 2012|year=1982|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-05351-8|pages=535}}</ref>
<ref name="luza84">{{cite book|author1=Jerzy Lukowski|author2=Hubert Zawadzki|title=A concise history of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&pg=PA84|access-date=5 July 2011|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-55917-1|page=84}}</ref>
<ref name="nadzieja38-39">{{cite book|author=Jadwiga Nadzieja|title=Od Jakobina do księcia namiestnika|trans-title=From Jacobin to Prince Namestnik|year=1988|publisher=Wydawnictwo "Śląsk"|isbn=978-83-216-0682-8|pages=38–39|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="psb433">{{cite encyclopedia|first=Stanisław|last=Herbst|title=Tadeusz Kościuszko|encyclopedia=[[Polski Słownik Biograficzny]]|volume=14|location=Wrocław|publisher=Zakład narodowy im. Ossolińskich|year=1969|page=433|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="psb628">{{cite encyclopedia|first=Jerzy|last=Michalski|title=Stanisław August Poniatowski|encyclopedia=[[Polski Słownik Biograficzny]]|volume=41|year=2011|page=628|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Stone">{{cite book|author=Daniel Stone|title=The Polish-Lithuanian State: 1386–1795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA282|access-date=8 January 2013|year=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98093-5|pages=282–285}}</ref>
<ref name="Łojek1986-298">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Łojek|title=Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja|trans-title=Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=17 December 2011|year=1986|publisher=Wydawn. Lubelskie|isbn=978-83-222-0313-2|pages=298|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Łojek1986-299">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Łojek|title=Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja|trans-title=Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=17 December 2011|year=1986|publisher=Wydawn. Lubelskie|isbn=978-83-222-0313-2|pages=299|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Łojek1986-302">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Łojek|title=Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja|trans-title=Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=17 December 2011|year=1986|publisher=Wydawn. Lubelskie|isbn=978-83-222-0313-2|pages=302|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Łojek1986-304-306">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Łojek|title=Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja|trans-title=Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=17 December 2011|year=1986|publisher=Wydawn. Lubelskie|isbn=978-83-222-0313-2|pages=304–306|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Łojek1986-306318">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Łojek|title=Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja|trans-title=Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=17 December 2011|year=1986|publisher=Wydawn. Lubelskie|isbn=978-83-222-0313-2|pages=293–296, 306–307, 318, 418|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Łojek1986-325-326">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Łojek|title=Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja|trans-title=Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=17 December 2011|year=1986|publisher=Wydawn. Lubelskie|isbn=978-83-222-0313-2|pages=325–326|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Łojek1986-402">{{cite book|author=Jerzy Łojek|title=Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja|trans-title=Genesis and Fall of the 3 May Constitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=17 December 2011|year=1986|publisher=Wydawn. Lubelskie|isbn=978-83-222-0313-2|pages=402|language=pl}}</ref>
<ref name="Pickus2001">{{cite book|author=David Pickus|title=Dying With an Enlightening Fall: Poland in the Eyes of German Intellectuals, 1764–1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYTfgZCb7cC&pg=PA118|access-date=18 June 2012|year=2001|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0153-7|page=118}}</ref>
}}
==Further reading==
* Adam Wolański, ''Wojna polsko-rosyjska 1792 r'', Wydawnictwo Volumen, Warszawa 1996, {{ISBN|83-85218-48-3}}
* Andrzej Grabski et al., ''Zarys dziejów wojskowości polskiej do roku 1864''. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. Warszawa 1966.
* Antoni Juszczyński, Marian Krwawicz, ''Wypisy źródłowe do historii polskiej sztuki wojennej. Polska sztuka wojenna w latach 1764–1793''. Zeszyt dziewiąty. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. Warszawa 1957.
{{Lithuanian wars and conflicts}}
{{Polish wars and conflicts}}
{{Russian Conflicts}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Polish-Russian War Of 1792}}
[[Category:Battles of the Polish–Russian War of 1792| ]]
[[Category:Polish–Russian wars]]
[[Category:1792 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1792]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth–Russian Empire relations]]