View source for Pomerania in the Late Middle Ages

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{{Geographical imbalance|date=March 2011}}
{{History of Pomerania}}
'''Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages''' covers the [[history of Pomerania]] in the 14th and 15th centuries.
The [[Duchy of Pomerania]] gained the [[Principality of Rugia]] after two wars with [[Mecklenburg]],<ref name="Buchholz pp.115,116">Buchholz (1999), pp.115,116</ref> the [[Lands of Schlawe and Stolp]]<ref name="Buchholz p.106">Buchholz (1999), pp.106</ref> and the [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]].<ref name="Buchholz p.186">Buchholz (1999), p.186</ref> [[Pomerelia]] was integrated into the [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights]] after the [[Teutonic takeover of Danzig]] in 1308, and became a part of province of [[Royal Prussia]] within the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] in 1466.
The Duchy of Pomerania was internally fragmented into Pomerania-Wolgast, -Stettin, -Barth, and -Stolp.<ref name="Boockmann, pp.131,132">Boockmann (1992), pp.131,132</ref><ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147">Buchholz (1999), pp.143,146,147</ref> The dukes were in continuous warfare with the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] due to [[Uckermark]] and [[Neumark]] border disputes and disputes over formal overlordship of Pomerania.<ref name="Buchholz pp.160-166, 180ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.160–166,180ff</ref> In 1478, the duchy was reunited under the rule of [[Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw X]], when most of the other dukes had died of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]].<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X">[http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00008361/images/index.html?id=00008361&fip=217.184.132.98&no=&seite=51 ''Bogislaw X'' in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Buchholz p.189">Buchholz (1999), p.189</ref>
==Hanseatic towns==
{{further|Hanseatic League}}
[[File:Stralsund, KHM, Urkunde Friede von Stralsund (2007-03-10).JPG|thumb|The [[Treaty of Stralsund (1370)]] marked the high-water mark of Hanseatic power.<ref name=MedScan>Pulsiano (1993), p.265</ref><ref name=EncWH>Stearns (2001), p.265</ref><ref name=Atlas>MacKay (1997), p.171</ref>]]
The towns of Pomerania that had joined the [[Hanseatic League]] acted independently from the duchy, and sometimes opposed the dukes' interest.<ref name="Calhoun, pp.157,158">Calhoun (2002), pp.157,158</ref> The most powerful towns were [[Stralsund]], [[Greifswald]], and [[Stettin]], but also [[Demmin]], [[Anklam]] and [[Kolberg]]. Before the [[Treaty of Stralsund (1370)]], and during the reign of [[Eric of Pomerania]], the Hanseatic towns were in a state of war with Denmark for hegemony in the Baltic Sea.<ref name="Buchholz pp.130,160ff">Buchholz (1999), pp.130,166ff</ref>
Parts of the Pomeranian nobility were engaged in [[piracy]] against Hanseatic vessels. [[Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim VI of Pomerania-Wolgast]] did not only engage in piracy himself, he is also known for providing refuge and hideouts for the [[Likedeeler]] pirate organisation.<ref name="Buchholz pp.146,147">Buchholz (1999), pp.146,147</ref>
The relation between the towns and the nobility throughout the Middle Ages ranged from alliances and support ({{langx|de|Landfrieden}}) to cabalism, banditry and outright warfare.<ref name="Calhoun, pp.157,158"/><ref name="Buchholz pp.128-154,178-180">Buchholz (1999), pp.128–154,178–180</ref>
==Duchy of Pomerania==
{{further|Duchy of Pomerania|Pomeranian duchies and dukes|Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict}}
===Pomerania-Wolgast and -Stettin after the partition of 1295===
[[File:Bistum Cammin 1400.PNG|thumb|350px|The Duchy of Pomerania (yellow) in 1400, P.-Stettin and P.-Wolgast are indicated; purple: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin|Diocese of Cammin (BM. Cammin)]] and the [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Order state]]; orange: [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]]; pink: duchies of [[Mecklenburg]]]]
The [[Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania|last duke of Demmin]] had died in 1264, and the 1236 territorial losses left Demmin at the westernmost edge of the Duchy of Pomerania.
When [[Barmin I of Pomerania|Barmin I]], for a short period sole ruler of the duchy, died in 1278, his oldest son [[Bogislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw IV]] took his father's seat. When his half-brothers [[Otto I, Duke of Pomerania|Otto I]] and [[Barnim II, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim II]] reached adulthood in 1294, the brothers ruled in common until Barnim's death in 1295. Bogislaw and Otto now agreed on a partition of the duchy, that would last until 1464: Bogislaw's share was the area where the towns were under [[Lübeck law]], that was [[Vorpommern]] north of the [[Peene]] river (though including [[Anklam]] and [[Demmin]] on its southern bank) and [[Farther Pomerania]] north of the [[Ihna]] and [[Stepenitz (Trave)|Stepenitz]] rivers, both areas were connected by the islands of [[Usedom]] and [[Wollin]]. Bogislaw made [[Wolgast]] his residence, thus the partition became known as Pomerania-Wolgast. Otto's share was the remainder between [[Peene]] and [[Ihna]] centered around [[Stettin]], where the towns were under [[Magdeburg law]]. This partition became known as Pomerania-Stettin.<ref name="Buchholz pp.104-105">Buchholz (1999), pp.104–105</ref>
A series of wars was triggered by Denmark in the early 14th century, when [[Eric VI Menved]] attempted to reestablish Danish rule in Northern Germany. Pomeranian and Rugian towns and dukes were involved in these wars in various and often opposing coalitions. Since 1314, a coalition consisting mainly of [[Waldemar of Brandenburg]], [[Stralsund]], and the Pomeranian dukes opposed a Danish-led coalition joined by Rugian duke [[Wizlaw III]]. This war was ended by the [[Treaty of Templin]] in 1317. During this conflict, in 1315, [[Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw IV]] of Pomerania-Wolgast, grandson of Rugian Wizlaw II, made an agreement with Eric VI Menved's brother [[Christopher II of Denmark]] for inheritance of the [[Principality of Rügen]].<ref name="Buchholz p.107">Buchholz (1999), p.107</ref>
Waldemar of Brandenburg died in 1319. Heinrich, his heir, was still a minor, and died in 1320. The Pomeranian dukes and Cammin bishops tried to take advance of Brandenburg's weakness. They did not only envision territorial gains, but also aimed at changing the status of the duchy from a fief of Brandenburg to a fief directly from the emperor. To achieve these goals, the dukes allied with various neighboring states, mounted military campaigns of which the first [[Battle of Kremmer Damm]] in 1332 was the most important, and gave their lands to the Cammin bishops (in 1320)<ref name="Willoweit, p.257"/> and even to [[pope John XXII]] (in 1330).<ref name="Willoweit, p.257">Willoweit (2006), p.257</ref> In 1337, the Brandenburg margrave had to take the terrae [[Lippehne]], [[Schivelbein]] and [[Falkenberg]] (all in [[Neumark]]) as a fief from the Cammin bishops. In 1338, [[Barnim III, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim III]] of Pomerania-Stettin was granted his part-duchy as a fief directly from the emperor, while Pomerania-Wolgast remained under formal Brandenburgian overlordship.<ref name="Buchholz pp.107-109">Buchholz (1999), pp.107–109</ref>
The towns [[Stettin]], [[Greifenhagen]], and [[Gollnow]] in Pomerania-Stettin, concerned about a permanent division of the duchy in case Barnim III would not have children, rebelled in 1339 and sided with Pomerania-Wolgast in 1341.<ref>Boockmann (1992), p.126,
</ref> Barnim had to move his court to [[Gartz (Oder)]]. On 12 June 1348 German king and later emperor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Karl IV]] granted the Duchy of Pomerania as a whole and the Rugian principality as a fief to the dukes of both Pomerania-Stettin and Pomerania-Wolgast, erasing Brandenburg's claims. The Pomeranian dukes and towns reconciled in 1344/54.<ref name="Buchholz pp.110-111">Buchholz (1999), pp.110–111</ref>
Barnim III, against the will of the burghers, erected a [[Pomeranian Dukes' Castle, Szczecin|castle within Stettin's walls]] in 1346 (the old burgh had been leveled in 1249),<ref name="Buchholz p.121">Buchholz (1999), p.121</ref> and gained from Brandenburg the eastern parts of the [[Uckermark]], that was in 1354 [[Pasewalk]], in 1355 [[Schwedt]], [[Angermünde]], and [[Brüssow]], and in 1359 ([[Torgelow]]).<ref name="Buchholz pp.110-111"/>
===First and Second War for Rugian Succession===
The Rugian prince Wizlaw III died in 1325. Because of the earlier death of his son, he had no male heir, and [[Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw IV]] of Pomerania-Wolgast took over the principality according to the 1315 agreement with [[Christopher II of Denmark]]. Yet, in the meantime Christopher's throne had been challenged by [[Valdemar III of Denmark]], and Christopher had granted Rugia to Mecklenburg for her aid against his opponent. After Wartislaw died in 1326, Mecklenburg invaded the principality. Wartislaw's minor sons were aided by primarily by [[Greifswald]] and [[Demmin]], but also by [[Stralsund]], [[Anklam]], and Valdemar III, who decisively defeated the Mecklenburgian army in 1228 near [[Völschow]]. In the subsequent [[Treaty of Brudersdorf]], Mecklenburg withdrew her claims for 31,000 [[Mark (money)|mark]] in silver. In exchange, the terrae [[Tribsees]], [[Grimmen]] and [[Barth, Germany|Barth]] were pawned to her. When the Pomeranian dukes in 1340 were not able to bail out these lands, but refused to formally hand them over, a second war started. This time, the dukes of Pomerania-Wolgast were aided by those of Pomerania-Stettin and the [[Counts of Gützkow]]. After the Pomeranian forces defeated the Mecklenburgians in the [[Battle of Schopendamm]] near [[Loitz]] in 1351, they were able to take Grimmen and Barth in 1354 and Tribsees in 1356. Mecklenburg dropped her claims thereafter. Another party in these wars for Rugian succession was the bishop of Schwerin, who sought to enforce his claims by legal means, but was not successful in his appeals to various ecclesial courts.<ref name="Buchholz pp.115,116"/>
===After the partition of Pomerania-Wolgast (1368–72)===
After the death of [[Barnim IV, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim IV]] of Pomerania-Wolgast in 1366, an armed conflict arose when Barnim's brother [[Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw V]] refused to share his power with Barnim's sons, [[Wartislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw VI]] and [[Bogislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw VI]], and his other brother, [[Wartislaw V, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw V]], who in turn allied with Mecklenburg to enforce their claims. On 25 May 1368 a compromise was negotiated in [[Anklam]],<ref name="Boockmann, p.131">Boockmann (1992), p.131</ref> which was made a formal treaty on 8 June 1372 in [[Stargard Szczeciński|Stargard]],<ref name="Boockmann, p.132">Boockmann (1992), p.132 [https://books.google.com/books?id=A8cK-NY33twC&dq=%22kasimir+iv%22+pommern&pg=PA131 partial citation of the original document (Low German)]</ref> and resulted in a partition of Pomerania-Wolgast.<ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147"/><ref>Piskorski (1999), p.97</ref>
Bogislaw V received most of the [[Farther Pomerania]]n parts. Excepted was the land of [[Neustettin]], which was to be ruled by his brother Wartislaw V, and was integrated into Bogislaw's part-duchy only after his death in 1390. This eastern part duchy became known as Pomerania-Stolp. The western remainder of Pomerania-Wolgast was further partitioned between Bogislaw IV and Wartislaw VI on 6 December 1376. Wartislaw VI received Pomerania-(Wolgast)-Barth, the former principality of Rügen, and Bogislaw IV's Pomerania-Wolgast was reduced to an area between [[Greifswald]] and the [[Świna]] river. When Bogislaw VI died in 1393 and Wartislaw VI in 1394, the latter's sons [[Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim VI]] and [[Wartislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw VIII]] ruled in common.<ref name="Buchholz pp.143,146,147"/><ref name="Boockmann, p.131"/><ref name="Boockmann, p.132"/>
On 6 December 1425 the western part of Pomerania-Wolgast (without Pomerania-Stolp) was partitioned again at a congress in [[Eldena Abbey]], this time among the [[Wartislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw IX]] and his brother [[Barnim VII, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim VII]], who received the eastern part with [[Wolgast]], and their cousins [[Swantibor II, Duke of Pomerania|Swantibor II]] and his brother [[Barnim VIII, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim VIII]], who received the Rugian part with [[Barth, Germany|Barth]].<ref name="Buchholz p.154">Buchholz (1999), p.154</ref>
In 1456, the [[University of Greifswald]] was founded on behalf of [[Heinrich Rubenow]], becoming the first university of Pomerania and one of the oldest in northern Europe.<ref>Du Moulin Eckart (1976), p.109</ref>
[[File:Zamek slupsk.JPG|thumb|160px|[[Stolp]] (Słupsk) castle]]
The situation of the descendants of Bogislaw V, who ruled Pomerania-Stolp, differed somewhat from the situation of their western counterparts. The area was more sparsely settled and dominated by powerful noble families, so not much income could be derived by the dukes. On the other hand, the Stolpian branch of the House of Pomerania had relatives among the royal houses of Denmark and Poland. [[Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania|Casimir IV]] and Elisabeth, the children of Bogislaw V and his first wife Elisabeth, the daughter of [[Casimir III of Poland]], where both raised at the Polish court in [[Kraków]]. [[Elizabeth of Pomerania|Elisabeth would become Holy Roman Empress]] after her marriage with [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]], and Casimir was adopted by and designated heir of his grandfather. Yet, his ambitions were thwarted when [[Louis I of Hungary|Ludwig of Hungary]] overruled the testament of Casimir of Poland in 1370, Casimir of Pomerania-Stolp only for a short time took the land of [[Dobrzyń, West Pomeranian Voivodeship|Dobrin]] as a fief. [[Eric of Pomerania|Eric II of Pomerania-Stolp]], great-grandson of Danish king [[Valdemar IV of Denmark|Valdemar IV]] in contrast became king of the [[Kalmar Union]] in 1397.<ref name="Buchholz p.154-158">Buchholz (1999), p.154–158</ref>
[[File:Erik af Pommern.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Eric of Pomerania]] crowned king of the [[Kalmar Union]]]]
Eric however failed in his most ambitious plan, to make his first cousin [[Bogusław IX]] of Pomerania-Stolp, king of both the Kalmar Union and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. Eric had to leave Denmark in 1449 and ruled Pomerania-Rügenwalde, a small partition of Pomerania-Stolp, until his death in 1459.<ref name="Buchholz pp.168,170,173">Buchholz (1999), pp.168,170,173</ref>
Pomerania-Stolp was a crucial point in the knights' land supply route. [[Bogislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw VIII]] of Pomerania-Stolp allied with both the Teutonic Knights and Poland, but supported the latter after the war had started in 1409 by blocking his lands for the knights' troops and allowing his nobles to kidnap those who were traveling his lands. For his aid, he was granted the Lauenburg (now [[Lębork]]) and Bütow (now [[Bytów]]) areas ([[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]]) and others, but those were lost in the [[First Peace of Thorn]] in 1411.<ref name="Buchholz p.158">Buchholz (1999), p.158</ref>
[[File:Szczecin Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich (od pln-wsch).jpg|thumb|160px|[[Stettin]] (Szczecin) castle]]
[[Casimir V, Duke of Pomerania|Casimir V]] of Pomerania-Stettin at the same time allied with the Teutonic Knights and took part in the [[Battle of Grunwald]], where he was caught by the Poles and bailed out by the knights after the First Peace of Thorn.<ref name="Buchholz p.163">Buchholz (1999), p.163</ref>
The main concern of the Stettin dukes however was the [[Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict|conflict with Brandenburg]], primarily in the Neumark and Uckermark regions. [[Casimir III, Duke of Pomerania|Casimir III]] died in 1372 during a siege of [[Königsberg (Neumark)]], after he had managed to receive an imperial approval of his Uckermark possessions in 1370. On 17 May 1373 all dukes of Pomerania concluded an alliance in [[Kaseburg]], but situation eased when [[Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg]] abdicated on 15 August 1373, and the [[House of Luxembourg]] took over the march on 2 October that year. In 1374, the Luxembourgians allied with all branches of the [[House of Pomerania]]. Pomeranian dukes even held positions in the march's administration.<ref name="Buchholz p.161">Buchholz (1999), p.161</ref>
When Brandenburg changed hands from the House of Luxembourg to the [[House of Hohenzollern]] on 11 January 1411, the dukes of Pomerania-Stettin understood their position endangered and reacted with warfare. The first major battle was the second [[Battle of Kremmer Damm]] on 24 October 1412. While the dukes of Pomerania-Wolgast had sided with the emperor, disappointment over the emperors disapproval of ridding them of formal Brandenburgian overlordship in 1417 drove them to ally with their Stettin relatives and Mecklenburg. This coalition was backed by Denmark and Poland. A series of battles culminated in a decisive defeat on 26 March 1420 in the streets of [[Angermünde]], and the Uckermark possessions were lost once again.<ref name="Buchholz pp.160-166">Buchholz (1999), pp.160–166</ref>
On 15 September 1423 all Pomeranian dukes (including [[Eric of Pomerania|Eric]]) allied with the Teutonic Knights against Brandenburg and against the Hanseatic towns. In early 1425, this coalition was joined by Mecklenburg and Poland and successfully invaded Brandenburg. A [[Treaty of Eberswalde|peace treaty]], concluded on 22 May 1427 in [[Eberswalde]], left Pomerania with the Uckermark north of [[Angermünde]]. On 16 June 1427 this was confirmed by the [[Treaty of Templin]], which also included a coalition of Pomerania, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg. Yet, in 1440 Pomerania and Brandenburg invaded Mecklenburg, and in 1444 Brandenburg demanded from Pomerania to again hand over the Uckermark to her. When the Pomeranians refused, war broke out again. The first [[Treaty of Prenzlau]] in 1448 set the border south of [[Pasewalk]].<ref name="Buchholz p.180ff">Buchholz (1999), p.180ff</ref>
=== Polish–Teutonic Wars ===
{{further|Polish–Teutonic Wars|Jagiellon Poland|Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights}}
In 1320 and 1325, [[Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw IV of Pomerania-Wolgast]] allied with the [[Landmeister]] of the [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights]] in [[Prussia (region)|Prussia]] against king [[Casimir III of Poland|Casimir III]] of Poland.<ref name=Inachim35/> When the [[Treaty of Kalisz (1343)|Treaty of Kalisz]] had ended the subsequent [[Polish–Teutonic War (1326–32)]] in 1343, Wartislaw's sons [[Bogislaw V, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw V]], [[Barnim IV, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim IV]] and [[Wartislaw V, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw V]] changed sides, and Bogislaw V married Casimir III's daughter, [[Elizabeth of Poland, Duchess of Pomerania|Elisabeth]].<ref name=Inachim35/> [[Barnim III, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim III of Pomerania-Stettin]] joined this alliance in 1348.<ref name=Inachim35/> After Poland and [[Lithuania]] had formed the [[Union of Krėva]] in 1385, and Poland had rejected the claims of Casimir III's grandson [[Casimir IV, Duke of Pomerania|Casimir IV of Pomerania-Stolp]], [[Bogislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw VIII]] and [[Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw VII]] of [[Pomerania-Stolp]] in 1386 concluded an anti-Polish alliance with the [[Teutonic Knights]], after they had settled their common border.<ref name=Inachim35/> In 1388, this alliance was joined by [[Swantibor I, Duke of Pomerania|Swantibor I]] and [[Bogislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw VII]] of Pomerania-Stettin as well as [[Barnim VI, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim VI]] and [[Wartislaw VI, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw VI]] of Pomerania-Wolgast.<ref name=Inachim35>Inachin (2008), p.35</ref>
Later in 1388 however, the dukes of [[Pomerania-Stolp]] left this alliance and sided with Poland, who had promised to partially respect their claims as Casimir III's heirs.<ref name=Inachim36/> Thence, the nobles of Pomerania-Stolp [[Robber baron (feudalism)|robbed]] the Teutonic Knights and their supply routes, provoking a counter-attack that destroyed many [[Motte-and-bailey|noble strongholds]] and the fortifications of [[Köslin]] (now Koszalin).<ref name=Inachim36/> Bogislaw VIII, [[Barnim V, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim V]] and Wartislaw VII reacted by siding with Polish king [[Jogaila]] and concluding mutual trade alleviations.<ref name=Inachim36/>
When Wartislaw VII died, Bogislaw VIII and Barnim V concluded a treaty with the Teutonic Knights to safeguard their supply routes in turn for a financial credit.<ref name=Inachim36/> Swantibor I and Bogislaw VII of Pomerania-Stettin changed sides in 1395 and allied with the knights in turn for financial aid.<ref name=Inachim36/> Barnim V in 1397 concluded an alliance with Poland, married [[Vytautas]]' niece Hedwig and was in Jogaila's service in 1401 until he died in 1402 or 1404.<ref name=Inachim36/> Bogislaw VIII also entered into Jogaila's service, but changed sides in 1407/08, when he allied with the Teutonic Knights and settled their common border.<ref name=Inachim36/>
[[Nikolaus Bock]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin|Cammin bishop]] from 1398–1410, had also sided with the knights before and placed his bishopric under their suzerainty.<ref name=Inachim36/> Wartislaw VIII of Pomerania-Wolgast allied with the knights in return for an assumption of a debt and additional payments.<ref name=Inachim36/> Swantibor I and Bogislaw VII of Pomerania-Stettin joined this alliance in 1409, after they had concluded a ten-year truce with the knights in return for [[debt relief|debt cancellation]] before.<ref name=Inachim36/> When the knights lost the [[Battle of Grunwald|Battle of Tannenberg]] in 1410, Bogislaw VIII of [[Pomerania-Stolp]] changed sides again and allied with Poland<ref name=Inachim36>Inachin (2008), p.36</ref> in return for the [[Bütow]], [[Schlochau]], [[Preußisch-Friedland]], [[Baldenburg]], [[Hammerstein]] and [[Schivelbein]] areas, which Poland had gained from the [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights]] before.<ref name=Inachim37/> This was however cancelled by the [[First Peace of Thorn]] in 1411.<ref name=Inachim37/>
While Bogislaw VIII nevertheless upheld his alliance with Jogaila, [[Konrad Bonow]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kammin|Cammin diocese]] in 1414 concluded an alliance with the Teutonic Knights against both Bogislaw VIII and Jogaila, which was turned into a truce soon after.<ref name=Inachim37/> In 1417, Bogislaw VIII and the Teutonic Knights settled their common border in the [[Hammerstein]] area, ending their conflicts.<ref name=Inachim37/> Bogislaw VIII's son [[Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw IX]] together with all other [[Pomeranian duchies and dukes|Pomeranian dukes]] in 1423 allied with the Teutonic Knights.<ref name=Inachim37/>
==== Gain of Lauenburg and Bütow Land (1455–1467) ====
{{further|Lauenburg and Bütow Land}}
[[Eric II, Duke of Pomerania|Eric II]] of Pomerania-Wolgast and successor of [[Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw IX]] in [[Pomerania-Stolp]] again allied with [[Jogaila]]<ref name=Inachim37>Inachin (2008), p.37</ref> and his son and successor [[Casimir IV of Poland|Casimir IV]]<ref name="Buchholz p.186"/> in his [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]] against the [[Teutonic Knights]].<ref name="Buchholz p.186"/> On 3 January 1455 he in turn was granted the [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land]] at the Pomerelian frontier.<ref name="Buchholz p.186"/> When [[Lauenburg]] was retaken by the knights in 1459, the Polish king was upset and ravaged the [[Stolp]] area.<ref name="Buchholz p.186"/> Eric reconciled with the king on 21 August 1466, and bought the town from the knights on 11 October, six days before the [[Second Peace of Thorn]], that was signed by Eric in 1467.<ref name="Buchholz p.186"/><ref name=Inachim37/>
===Bogislaw X becomes sole ruler of the duchy of Pomerania (1478)===
Pomerania-Wolgast was reunited following the death of both Barnim VII and Barnim VIII in 1451. Both dukes died of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]].<ref name="Buchholz p.181">Buchholz (1999), p.181</ref> The same disease caused the death of [[Joachim, Duke of Pomerania|Joachim]] of Pomerania-Stettin (also in 1451),<ref name="Buchholz p.181"/> Ertmar and Swantibor, children of [[Wartislaw X, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw X]],<ref name="Buchholz p.183"/> and [[Otto III, Duke of Pomerania|Otto III]] of Pomerania-Stettin (all in 1464).<ref name="Buchholz p.183">Buchholz (1999), p.183</ref> Thus, the line of Pomerania-Stettin had died out.<ref name="Buchholz p.183"/>
The extinction of the House of Pomerania-Stettin triggered a conflict about inheritance with the [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]].<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X"/> In the [[Treaty of Soldin (1466)|Treaty of Soldin of 1466]], a compromise was negotiated: Wartislaw X and [[Eric II, Duke of Pomerania|Eric II]], the dukes of Pomerania, took over Pomerania-Stettin as a Brandenburgian fief. This was disputed already during the same year by the emperor, who intervened against the Brandenburgian overlordship of Pomerania. This led to a series of further warfare and truces, that were ended by the [[Treaty of Prenzlau]] of 1472, basically confirming the ruling of the Soldin treaty, but settling on a border north of [[Gartz (Oder)]] resembling Brandenburg's recent gains. This treaty was accepted by the emperor.<ref name="Buchholz pp.186,189">Buchholz (1999), pp.186,189</ref>
In 1474, Eric II died of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]], and his son [[Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw X]] inherited Pomerania-Stolp. Bogislaw's brothers had died the same year. After the death of his uncle Wartislaw X in 1478, he became the first sole ruler in the Duchy of Pomerania since almost 200 years.<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X"/><ref name="Buchholz p.189"/>
Eric II had left Pomerania in tense conflicts with Brandenburg and [[Mecklenburg]]. Bogislaw managed to resolve these conflicts by both diplomatic and military means. He married his sister, Sophia, to [[Magnus II, Duke of Mecklenburg]], and his other sister, Magarete, was married to Magnus's brother Balthasar. Bogislaw himself married Magarete, daughter of Brandenburg's [[Prince-elector]] [[Frederick II of Brandenburg|Frederick II]]. Also, in 1478, Bogislaw regained areas lost to Brandenburg by his father, most notably the town of [[Gartz]] and other small towns and castles north of the Brandenburgian [[Uckermark]]. During the confirmation of the [[Peace of Prenzlau]] in 1479, the border was finally settled north of [[Strasburg (Uckermark)|Strasburg]] and Bogislaw had to take his possessions as a fief from Brandenburg.<ref name="ADB_Bogislaw_X"/><ref name="Buchholz p.190">Buchholz (1999), p.190</ref>
==Pomerelia==
{{further|Pomerelia}}
===Brandenburg, Poland and the Teutonic Order compete for Pomerelia (1294–1309)===
{{main|Teutonic takeover of Danzig}}
After [[Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania|Mestwin II]], the last member of the [[Samborides]] that ruled the [[Pomeranian duchies and dukes|Duchy of Pomerelia]] died in 1294, disputes over succession arose. Involved in internal dynastic conflicts, Mestwin had promised his duchy to [[Conrad, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal]], for aiding him in his struggles with his brother, Wratislaw.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Yet, in the 1282 [[Treaty of Kępno]] he named his ally [[Przemyslaw II]], duke and later king of Poland, as his co-ruler and successor in Pomerelia. The [[Teutonic Order]], who also held claims regarding Pomerelia, had inherited [[Gniew|Mewe]] from [[Sambor II]], thus gaining a foothold on the left bank of the Vistula.<ref>Abulafia (1999)</ref>
At the beginning of the 14th century, the region was plunged into war involving local Pomeranian nobility and the principality of [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] to the west, which had acquired some rights to a few localities in the [[Treaty of Arnswalde]] of 1269. Brandenburg's claim to the harbour city and Pomerania was  partially based on a treaty of 8 August 1305 between the [[Rulers of Brandenburg]] and [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia|Wenceslaus III]], promising the [[Meissen]] territory to the [[Bohemia]]n crown in exchange for [[Pomerelia]], although that treaty was never finalized.
On becoming king of Poland, in summer 1300, [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]] asked the [[Teutonic Knights]] to protect Pomerania from the claims of Brandenburg. In 1306 [[Władysław I the Elbow-high|Władysław Łokietek]]'s forces garrisoned [[Gdańsk]]. Also in 1306–07, Brandenburg took the [[Land of Słupsk-Sławno|Sławno]], and in 1308 the land of [[Słupsk]].<ref name="Buchholz p.103">Buchholz (1999), p.103</ref> When Gdańsk was subsequently attacked by the Margrave of Brandenburg in 1308, Łokietek was unable to help and called in the Teutonic Knights for support. The Brandenburgers were repelled. The  Teutonic Knights however, [[Teutonic takeover of Danzig|took over the city]] and ousted the remaining Polish garrison from the castle. The Poles claimed that the Knights committed a massacre of 10,000 civilians; modern historians and archaeologists believe that while the number 10,000 is an exaggeration, an actual massacre of the populace did take place.
===Pomerelia in the Teutonic Knights' monastic state (1309–1466)===
[[File:Pommerellen.png|thumb|150px|right|Pomerelia within the [[monastic state of the Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Order]]]]
{{main|Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights}}
Teutonic Grandmaster [[Siegfried von Feuchtwangen]] joined Pomerelia to the [[Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights]]. The Margraves sold the area to the Teutonic Order in the 1309 [[Treaty of Soldin (1309)|Treaty of Soldin]]. [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor]] ratified the Soldin Treaty in 1313.
==Schlawe-Stolp as a part of Brandenburg, the Teutonic Knights' state and Pomerania-Wolgast==
{{further|Lands of Schlawe and Stolp}}
The districts of [[Sławno]] (Schlawe), [[Darłowo]] (Rügenwalde) and [[Słupsk]] (Stolp), however, remained with Brandenburg. Previously, they were part of [[Pomerelia]].
In 1316–17, the [[House of Pomerania|Griffin duke]] of Pomerania-Wolgast took over these areas as a fief from [[Waldemar of Brandenburg]]. In 1347, the area became fully attached to Pomerania-Wolgast.<ref name="Buchholz p.105">Buchholz (1999), p.105</ref> The lands of Stolp were pawned to the Teutonic Order from 1329 to 1341, the [[Bütow]] area was bought by the knights in 1329 and thus remained outside Pomerania-Wolgast.<ref name="Buchholz p.106"/> The [[Swenzones]] family was ''de facto'' ruling the area regardless of the respective overlord, their power was broken only by the dukes of Pomerania-Wolgast.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Piskorski|first1=Jan Maria|title= Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten |year=1999 |publisher=Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich |language=de|isbn= 83-906184-8-6|oclc=43087092}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last= Buchholz |editor1-first= Werner |title= Pommern |year=2002 |publisher= Siedler |language=de|isbn= 3-88680-780-0}}
*{{cite book |last1= Krause|first1= Gerhard |last2= Balz|first2= Horst Robert |first3= Gerhard |last3= Müller|title= Theologische Realenzyklopädie|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|year=1997|isbn= 3-11-015435-8}}
*{{cite book |title=Die Geschichte Pommerns |last=Inachin |first=Kyra|author-link=Kyra T. Inachin|year=2008 |publisher=Hinstorff |location=Rostock |isbn=978-3-356-01044-2|language=de}}
*{{cite book|first= Norbert|last=Buske|title=Pommern|publisher=Helms|location=Schwerin|year=1997|isbn=3-931185-07-9|language=de}}
*{{cite book|first1=Craig J. |last1=Calhoun|first2=Joseph |last2=Gerteis|first3=James |last3=Moody|first4=Steven |last4=Pfaff|first5=Indermohan |last5=Virk|title=Contemporary Sociological Theory|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2002| isbn= 0-631-21350-3 }}
*{{cite book|first1=Dietmar |last1=Willoweit|first2=Hans |last2=Lemberg|title=Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa: Historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation|publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag|year=2006| isbn=3-486-57839-1|language=de}}
*{{cite book|first=Hartmut|last= Boockmann|title=Die Anfänge der ständischen Vertretungen in Preussen und seinen Nachbarländern|publisher=Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag|year=1992| isbn=3-486-55840-4|language=de}}
*{{cite book|first=Richard|last= du Moulin Eckart|title=Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag|year=1976| isbn=3-487-06078-7|language=de}}
*{{cite book| first1=Peter N|last1=Stearns|first2=William Leonard|last2=Langer|title=The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2001|isbn= 0-395-65237-5}}
*{{cite book|first1=Angus|last1=MacKay|first2=David|last2=Ditchburn|title=Atlas of Medieval Europe|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=1997|isbn= 0-415-01923-0}}
*{{cite book| editor1-first=David|editor-last=Abulafia|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume 5|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC&dq=danzig+1308&pg=RA1-PA752 | isbn=978-0-521-36289-4 | publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{cite book|first1=Phillip|last1=Pulsiano|first2=Kirsten|last2=Wolf|title=Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Taylor&Francis|year=1993|isbn=0-8240-4787-7}}
==Further reading==
*[[Werner Buchholz (German historian)|Werner Buchholz]] et al., ''Pommern'', Siedler, 1999/2002, {{ISBN|3-88680-780-0}}, 576 pages; this book is part of the ''Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas'' series and primarily covers the history of the [[Duchy of Pomerania]] and [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]] from the 12th century to 1945, and [[Western Pomerania]] after 1945.
*[[Jan Maria Piskorski]] et al. (Werner Buchholz, [[Jörg Hackmann]], [[Alina Hutnikiewicz]], [[Norbert Kersken]], [[Hans-Werner Rautenberg]], [[Wlodzimierz Stepinski]], [[Zygmunt Szultka]], [[Bogdan Wachowiak]], [[Edward Wlodarczyk]]), ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich, 1999 . This book is a co-edition of several German and Polish experts on Pomeranian history and covers the history of Pomerania, except for [[Pomerelia]], from the earliest appearance of humans in the area until the end of the second millennium. It is also available in a Polish version, {{ISBN|83-910291-0-7}}.
{{Pomeranian history}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pomerania In The Late Middle Ages}}
[[Category:History of Pomerania by period| 3]]
[[Category:Late Middle Ages]]
[[de:Geschichte Pommerns]]