View source for Posek

{{Short description|Type of Jewish legal scholar}}
{{italic title}}
{{Eras of the Halakha}}
{{Judaism|1= roles}}
In [[Halakha|Jewish law]], a '''''posek''''' ({{langx|he|פוסק}} {{IPA|he|poˈsek|}}, pl. '''''poskim''''', {{Script/Hebrew|פוסקים}} {{IPA|he|posˈkim|}}) is a [[legal scholar]] who determines the application of ''[[halakha]]'', the [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[religious law]]s derived from the [[Torah|written]] and [[Oral Torah]], in cases of Jewish law where previous authorities are inconclusive, or in those situations where no clear ''halakhic'' precedent exists.
The decision of a posek is known as a '''''psak halakha''''' ("ruling of law"; pl. ''piskei halakha'') or simply a "psak". ''Piskei halakha'' are generally recorded in the [[responsa#In Judaism|responsa]] literature.
== Orthodox Judaism ==
Poskim play an integral role in [[Orthodox Judaism]].
* Generally, each community will regard one of its ''poskim'' as its ''Posek HaDor'' ("posek of the present generation").
* Most rely on the [[rav]] in their community (in [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] communities, sometimes the [[rebbe]]) or  the leading posek.
Poskim will generally not overrule a specific law unless based on an earlier authority: a posek will generally extend a law to new situations but will not change the Halakhah.
== Conservative Judaism ==
[[Conservative Judaism]] approaches the idea of ''posek'', and [[Conservative halakha|Halakha]] in general, somewhat differently: ''poskim'' here apply a relatively lower weighting to precedent, and will thus frequently re-interpret (or even change) a previous ruling through a formal argument. Although there are some ''poskim'' in the Conservative movement (e.g., [[Louis Ginzberg]], [[David Golinkin]], [[Joel Roth]], and [[Elliot N. Dorff|Elliot Dorff]]), the rulings of any one individual rabbi are considered less authoritative than a consensus ruling. Thus, the Conservative movement's [[Rabbinical Assembly]] maintains a [[Committee on Jewish Law and Standards]], whose decisions are accepted as authoritative within the American Conservative movement. At the same time, every Conservative rabbi has the right of ''[[mara d'atra]]'' to interpret Jewish law for his, her, or their own community regardless of the responsa of the Law Committee.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080109044437/http://uscj.org/Revised_Standards_fo7505.html]
== Progressive Judaism ==
Both [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] do not regard Halakha as binding.
Although Reform stresses the individual autonomy of its membership, it never completely abandoned the field of responsa literature, if only to counter its rivals' demands. Even Classical Reformers such as Rabbi [[David Einhorn (rabbi)|David Einhorn]] composed some. Rabbi [[Solomon Freehof]], and his successor Rabbi [[Walter Jacob]], attempted to create a concept of "Progressive Halacha", authoring numerous responsa based on a methodology laying great emphasis on current sensibilities and ethical ideals. Full text collections of Reform responsa are available on the website of the [[Central Conference of American Rabbis]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Walter |last=Jacob |title=Liberal Judaism and Halakhah |publisher=Rodef Shalom Press |year=1988 |pages=90–94 |isbn=0-929699-00-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Michael A. |last=Meyer |jstor=23536120 |title=Changing Attitudes of Liberal Judaism toward Halakhah and Minhag |journal=Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies |date=1993 }} See a collection of [https://www.ccarnet.org/rabbinic-voice/reform-responsa/ CCAR Responsa].</ref>
The Reconstructionist position is that if Jews had formed cohesive communities again, their rulings would be binding, but presently Judaism is in a "post-Halakhic state". Therefore, their basic policy is to allow tradition "a vote, not a veto" in communal and personal affairs.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jonathan |last=Sacks |title=Crisis and Covenant: Jewish Thought After the Holocaust |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1992 |page=158 |isbn=0-7190-4203-8 }}</ref>
== List of poskim and major works ==
In chronological order, by the year of birth, and if needed, secondarily, by year of death and surname.
=== Poskim of past years ===
[[File:Toledot Ha-Poskim.jpg|thumb|300px|''Toledot HaPoskim, History of the Jewish Codes'', by [[Chaim Tchernowitz]].]]
==== 1600-1900====
* [[Yoel Sirkis]] (1561–1640), ''Bach''
* [[David HaLevi Segal]] (1586–1667), ''Turei Zahav''
* [[Sabbatai ha-Kohen]] (1621–1662), ''Shach''
* [[Avraham Gombiner]] (1633–1683), ''Magen Avraham''
*[[Tzvi Ashkenazi]] (1668-1718), '' Chacham Tzvi''
*[[Jacob Emden]] (1797-1776)
* [[Yechezkel Landau]] (1713–1793), ''Noda Bihudah''
* [[Vilna Gaon]] (1720–1797), ''Gra''
* [[Shneur Zalman of Liadi]] (1745–1812), ''[[Shulchan Aruch HaRav]]''
* [[Aryeh Leib Heller]] (1745-1812), ''[[Ketzos HaChoshen]]''
* [[Avraham Danzig]] (1748–1820), ''[[Chayei Adam]]''
* [[Yaakov Lorberbaum]] (1762-1830), ''Nesivos HaMishpat''
* [[Moses Sofer]] (1762–1839), ''Chasam Sofer''
* [[Menachem Mendel Schneersohn]] (1789–1866), ''Tzemach Tzedek''
* [[Shlomo Ganzfried]] (1804–1886), ''[[Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (book)|Kitzur Shulchan Aruch]]''
* [[Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor]] (1817–1896)
* [[Yehoshua Leib Diskin]] (1818-1898), ''Maharil Diskin''
==== Orthodox ====
* [[Yechiel Michel Epstein]] (1829–1907), ''[[Aruch HaShulchan]]''
* [[Ben Ish Chai|Yoseph Chaim of Bagdad]] (1832–1909), ''Ben Ish Chai'', ''Rav Pealim''
* [[Yisrael Meir Kagan]] (1838–1933), ''[[Mishnah Berurah]]'', ''[[Chafetz Chaim]]''
* [[Moshe Greenwald]] (1853–1910), ''Arugath HaBosem''
* [[Chaim Ozer Grodzinski]] (1863–1940), ''Achiezer''
* [[Abraham Isaac Kook]] (1865–1935)
* [[Eliezer David Greenwald]] (1867–1928), ''Keren L'Dovid''
* [[Yaakov Chaim Sofer]] (1870–1939), ''Kaf HaChaim''
* [[Avraham Duber Kahana Shapiro]] (1870–1943)
* [[Yonasan Steif]], (1877–1958)
* [[Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz]] (1878–1953), ''Chazon Ish''
* [[Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg]] (1878–1966), ''Seridei Eish''
* [[Yosef Eliyahu Henkin]] (1881–1973)
* [[Eliezer Silver]] (1882–1968)
* [[Yehezkel Abramsky]] (1886–1976)
* [[Yoel Teitelbaum]] (1887–1979), ''[[Vayoel Moshe]]'', ''Divrei Yoel''
* [[Avraham Chaim Naeh]] (1890–1954) ''Ketzos HaShulchan'', ''Shiurei Mikveh'', ''Shiurei Torah''
* [[Zvi Yehuda Kook]] (1891–1982)
* [[Yaakov Kamenetsky]] (1891–1986)
* [[Aharon Kotler]] (1892–1962)
* [[Moshe Feinstein]] (1895–1986), ''[[Igros Moshe|Igrot Moshe]]''
* [[Yitzchok Yaakov Weiss]] (1902–1989), ''Minchas Yitzchak''
* [[Yosef Greenwald]] (1903–1984), ''Vayaan Yosef''
* [[Joseph B. Soloveitchik]] (1903–1993)
* [[Yitzchok Hutner]] (1906–1980)
* [[Chanoch Dov Padwa]] (1908–2000), ''Cheishev Ho'Ephod''
* [[Shlomo Zalman Auerbach]] (1910–1995), ''Minchat Shlomo''
* [[Yosef Shalom Eliashiv]] (1910–2012)
* [[Chaim Pinchas Scheinberg]] (1910–2012)
* [[Pinhas Hirschprung]] (1912–1998)
* [[Shmuel Wosner]] (1913–2015), ''Shevet HaLevi''
* [[Aharon Leib Shteinman]] (1913–2017)
* [[Ephraim Oshry]] (1914–2003)
* [[Avraham Shapira]] (1914–2007)
* [[Eliezer Waldenberg]] (1917–2006), ''Tzitz Eliezer''
* [[Shlomo Goren]] (1918–1994)
* [[Chaim Kreiswirth]] (1918–2001)
* [[Yaakov Yitzhak Neumann]] (1920–2007), ''Ogiro Be'Oholcho''
* [[Ovadia Yosef]] (1920–2013), ''Yabbia Omer''
* [[Baruch Ben Haim]] (1921–2005)
* [[Fishel Hershkowitz]] (1922–2017), [[Klausenburg (Hasidic dynasty)|Klausenburger]] ''[[Beth din#Officers of a beth din|dayan]]'' in [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]
* [[Hayim David HaLevi]] (1924–1998), Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv, author of the set of halakha ''Mekor Hayim''
* [[Menashe Klein]] (1924–2011), [[Ungvar]]er Rav; ''[[Mishneh Halachos]]''
* [[Gedalia Dov Schwartz]](1925–2020), [[av beit din]] of [[Beth Din of America]] and the [[Chicago Rabbinical Council]]
* [[Nissim Karelitz]] (1926–2019)
* [[Nahum Rabinovitch]], (1928–2020) rosh yeshiva of [[Yeshivat Birkat Moshe]]
* [[Chaim Kanievsky]] (1928–2022)
* [[Mordechai Eliyahu]] (1929–2010)
* [[Dovid Feinstein]] (1929–2020)
*[[Ephraim Greenblatt]] (1932–2014), ''Rivivos Efraim''
*[[Zalman Nechemia Goldberg]] (1932–2020), av beit din, rosh yeshiva of [[Jerusalem College of Technology|Machon Lev]], editor-in-chief of the [[Encyclopedia Talmudit]]
* [[Aharon Lichtenstein]] (1933–2015), [[rosh yeshiva]] of [[Yeshivat Har Etzion]]
* [[Meir Brandsdorfer]] (1934–2009), ''Kaneh Bosem''
* [[Yechezkel Roth]] (1936–2021) Karlsburger Rav, author of ''Emek HaTeshuvah''
* [[Shimon Eider]] (1938–2007)
* [[Yisroel Belsky]] (1938–2016)
* [[Yehuda Henkin]] (1945–2020)
* [[Haim Drukman]] (1932–2022)
==== Conservative and Reform ====
* [[Jacob Zallel Lauterbach]] (1873–1942)
* [[Louis Ginzberg]] (1873–1953), ''The Responsa of Professor Louis Ginzberg''
* [[Solomon Freehof]] (1892–1990), ''Reform Jewish Practice and its Rabbinic Background''
* [[Isaac Klein]] (1905–1979), ''A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice''
* [[Jacob Agus]] (1911–1986), ''Dialogue and Tradition''
=== Living poskim ===
* [[Shmuel Kamenetsky]] (1924- ), rosh yeshiva, [[Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia]]
* [[Yitzchak Abadi]] (1933- )
* [[Dov Lior]] (1933- )
* [[Avigdor Nebenzahl]] (1935- )
* [[Yaakov Ariel]] (1937- )
* [[Zephaniah Drori]] (1937- )
* [[Zalman Baruch Melamed]] (1937- )
* [[Yisrael Ariel]] (1939- )
* [[Eliyahu Ben Haim]] (1940- )
* [[Ephraim Padwa]] (1940-) rabbi of [[Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations]]
* [[Hershel Schachter]] (1941- ), rosh yeshiva at [[Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary|RIETS]]
* [[Shlomo Aviner]] (1943- )
* [[Mordechai Willig]] (1947- ), rosh yeshiva at [[Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary|RIETS]]
* [[Yitzhak Yosef]] (1952- ), Chief Sephardic Rabbi of the State of Israel, author of the set [[Yalkut Yosef]]
* [[Yitzchak Berkovits]] (1953- ), rosh kollel [[The Jerusalem Kollel]]
* [[Osher Weiss]] (1953- ), Minchas Osher
* [[Yitzchak Breitowitz]] (1954- ), Rav, Kehilas Ohr Somayach, Jerusalem
* [[Eliezer Melamed]] (1961- )
* [[Simcha Bunim Cohen]] (1957- ), prolific author and pulpit rabbi in Lakewood, New Jersey
* [[Yisroel Dovid Harfenes]] author of ''Yisroel Vehazmanim'', ''Mekadesh Yisroel'' and ''Nishmas Shabos''
* [[Pinchas Toledano]], [[hakham]] of the [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] of the Netherlands
* [[Gavriel Zinner]] author of the ''Nitei Gavriel'' series on halakha
== See also ==
* [[Dayan (rabbinic judge)]]
* [[Gemara]]
* [[History of responsa in Judaism]]
* [[Oral Torah]]
* [[Rabbinic authority]]
* {{slink|Semikhah#Concept}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |editor-first=N. S. |editor-last=Hecht |editor2-first=B. S. |editor2-last=Jackson |editor3-first=S. M. |editor3-last=Passamaneck |editor4-first=D. |editor4-last=Piattelli |editor5-first=A. M. |editor5-last=Rabello |display-editors=1 |title=An Introduction to the History and Sources of Jewish Law |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-826262-0 }}
* {{cite book |first=Louis |last=Jacobs |author-link=Louis Jacobs |title=A Tree of Life: Diversity, Creativity, and Flexibility in Jewish Law |edition=Second |series=Littman Library of Jewish Civilization |year=1999 |isbn=1-874774-48-X }}
* {{cite book |first=Mendell |last=Lewittes |author-link=Mendell Lewittes |title=Jewish Law: An Introduction |publisher=Jason Aronson |year=1994 |isbn=1-56821-302-6 }}
==External links==
* [http://www.aish.com/societyWork/sciencenature/Why_Jewish_Medical_Ethics.asp An introduction to the system of Jewish Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304152502/http://www.aish.com/societyWork/sciencenature/Why_Jewish_Medical_Ethics.asp |date=2009-03-04 }}, aish.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190902022924/http://www.askmoses.com/ AskMoses.com], Live answers
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220132007/http://www.nishmat.net/article.php?id=180&heading=0 |date=February 20, 2009 |title=Authority and Autonomy in Pesikat HaHalacha }}, archived from the 2004 [http://www.nishmat.net/article.php?id=180&heading=0 original] at nishmat.net <!-- The Wayback Machine has captured many versions of the article. But the 2009 capture I have linked to here is the most recent capture in which the ellipses in the article display properly on my screen. --[[User:Unforgettableid]]. -->
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070420074425/http://library.law.miami.edu/jewishlaw/jewishguide.html Jewish Law Research Guide], [[University of Miami]] Law Library
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081216015705/http://www.jlaw.com/ Jewish Law: Examining Halacha, Jewish Issues and Secular Law (online journal)]
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