View source for Prestige oil spill

{{Short description|2002 environmental disaster off the coast of Galicia, Spain}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Prestige'' oil spill}}
{{About|the spill|the oil tanker|Prestige (oil tanker)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox oil spill
| spill_name     = ''Prestige'' oil spill
| image          = Mascato-fuel2.jpg
| image_size     =
| image_caption  = A [[Sula bassana|gannet]] killed by the spill.
| location       = [[Atlantic Ocean]]; 130 miles from the coast of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]]
| coordinates    = {{Coord|42|53|00|N|9|53|00|W|display=inline,title}}
| spill_date     = {{start date and age|2002|11|13|df=y}}
| cause          = Hull breach
| operator       = Universe Maritime Ltd.
| volume	     = {{convert|17.8|e6USgal|oilbbl m3|abbr=on|lk=in}}(or a [[mass]] of 60,000 [[tonne]]s)
| area           =
| coast          = {{Convert|800|mi|abbr=on}}
}}
The '''''Prestige'' oil spill''' occurred off the coast of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]] in November 2002, caused by the sinking of the 26-year-old, structurally deficient [[oil tanker]] {{MV|Prestige}}, carrying 77,000 [[tonnes]] of [[heavy fuel oil]]. During a storm, it burst a tank on 13 November, and French, Spanish, and Portuguese governments refused to allow the ship to dock. The vessel subsequently sank on 19 November, about {{convert|130|mi|km|order=flip}} from the coast of Galicia. It is estimated that it [[oil spill|spilled]] 60,000 tonnes or a volume of {{convert|17.8|e6USgal|m3|order=flip|abbr=unit}} of heavy fuel oil.<ref name=pbs/>
The oil spill polluted 2300 kilometers (1429 miles) of [[coastline]]<ref name="BBC-19952329"/> and more than one thousand beaches on the Spanish, [[France|French]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] coast, as well as causing great harm to the local [[fishing|fishing industry]]. The spill is the largest [[environmental disaster]] in the history of both Spain and Portugal. The amount of oil spilled was more than the [[Exxon Valdez oil spill|''Exxon Valdez'' incident]] and the toxicity was considered higher, because of the higher water temperatures.
In 2007 the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]] dismissed a 2003 lawsuit by the Kingdom of Spain against the [[American Bureau of Shipping]], the international classification society which had certified the ''Prestige'' as in compliance with rules and laws, because ABS was a "person" per the [[International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage]] and exempt from direct liability for pollution damage. The 2012 trial of the Galicia regional High Court did not find the merchant shipping company, nor the insurer, the [[London P&I Club]] nor any Spanish government official, but only the captain of the ship guilty and gave him a nine-month suspended sentence for disobedience. In January 2016 the Spanish Supreme Court held the London P&I Club liable for damages up to the amount of its overall cover for the shipowner for pollution of $1 billion. On October 2023, the English High Court found the ruling incompatible to the arbitration terms of the insurance contract.
==Events==
[[File:MV Prestige.jpg|left|thumb|MV ''Prestige'' shortly before her sinking]]
The ''Prestige'' was a 26-year-old [[Greece|Greek]]-operated, single-[[hull (ship)|hulled]] oil tanker, officially registered in the [[Bahamas]], but with a [[Liberia]]n-registered single-purpose corporation as the owner.
The ship had a deadweight tonnage, or carrying capacity, of approximately 81,000 tons, a measurement that put it at the small end of the [[Aframax]] class of tankers, smaller than most carriers of crude oil but larger than most carriers of refined products. It was [[classification society|classed]] by the [[American Bureau of Shipping]] and insured by the [[London P&I Club]], a shipowners' mutual known as the London Club.
[[Image:Bay of Biscay map.png|thumb|right|300px|The French, Spanish and Portuguese governments refused to allow the ''Prestige'' to dock in their ports.]]
On 13 November 2002, the ''Prestige'' was carrying 77,000 tonnes of two different grades of heavy fuel oil, crude #4. It encountered a winter storm off [[Costa da Morte]], the Coast of Death, in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] northwestern Spain. The Greek captain, Apostolos Mangouras, reported a loud bang from the starboard side and as the ship began to take on water from high waves the engines shut down and he called for help from Spanish rescue workers. The Filipino crew was evacuated with rescue helicopters and the ship drifted within {{convert|4|mi|km|order=flip|sigfig=1}} of the Spanish coast, already leaking oil. A veteran captain, Serafin Diaz, was lowered onto the ship per the Spanish government's Industry Ministry, to navigate the ship off the Spanish coast northwest, and saw the gaping {{convert|50|ft|m|order=flip}} hole on the starboard side. Mangouras argued the ship should be brought into port where the leaking oil might be confined but under the threat of the Spanish navy Mangouras relented.<ref name=pbs/> After pressure from the French government, the vessel was forced to change its course and head south into Portuguese waters in order to avoid endangering France's southern coast. Fearing for its own shore, the Portuguese authorities ordered its navy to intercept the ailing vessel and prevent it from approaching further.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2002/11/27/sociedade/noticia/prestige-quebrouse-depois-de-ordens-da-marinha-portuguesa-diz-jornal-alemao-198734|title="Prestige" quebrou-se depois de ordens da Marinha portuguesa, diz jornal alemão|language=pt|date=27 November 2002|publisher=[[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|agency=[[Lusa News Agency|Lusa]]|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329225220/https://www.publico.pt/2002/11/27/sociedade/noticia/prestige-quebrouse-depois-de-ordens-da-marinha-portuguesa-diz-jornal-alemao-198734|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.presseportal.de/pm/6329/400796|title=Portugiesische Marine verantwortlich für Auseinanderbrechen des Öltankers "Prestige"|language=de|publisher=[[Stern (magazine)|Stern]]|date=27 November 2002|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329230212/https://www.presseportal.de/pm/6329/400796|url-status=live}}</ref> The decision to tow the damaged tanker offshore rather than escort to a sheltered anchorage has been described as a criminal act and the reason why such a large area was polluted.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jan Camphuysen |first1=Cornelis |title=The Prestige oil spill in Spain |journal=Atlantic Seabirds |date=January 2002 |pages=131–140 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287331956 |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
With the French, Spanish, and Portuguese governments refusing to allow the ship to dock, and after several days of sailing and towing, it split in half on 19 November 2002. It sank only about {{convert|250|km|mi}} from the Spanish coast, releasing over {{convert|17|e6USgal|m3|order=flip|abbr=unit}} of oil into the sea. An earlier oil slick had already reached the coast. The captain of the ''Prestige'' was taken into custody, accused of not cooperating with [[marine salvage]] crews and of harming the environment.<ref name=pbs/>
==Leakage and environmental contamination==
The ''Prestige'' oil spill is Spain's worst ecological disaster.<ref name=pais2012/> After the sinking, the wreck continued to leak approximately 125 [[tonne]]s of oil a day, polluting the seabed and contaminating the coastline, especially along the territory of Galicia. The environmental damage was most severe on the coast of Galicia. The affected area is an important ecological region, supporting [[coral reef]]s and many species of [[shark]]s and [[bird]]s, and the fishing industry. The heavy coastal pollution forced the region's government to suspend offshore fishing for six months.<ref name=pbs/>
Initially, the government thought only 17,000 of the tanker's 77,000 tonnes of oil had been lost, and that the remaining 60,000 tonnes would freeze and not leak from the sunken tanker. In early 2003, it announced that half of the oil had been lost. As of August 2003, the figure had risen to about 63,000 tonnes, and more than eighty percent of the tanker's 77,000 tonnes of fuel oil have been spilled off Spain's northwest coast.<ref name=new/>
{{Cquote|The environmental devastation caused is at least on a par, if not worse, than the [[Exxon Valdez Oil Spill|''Exxon Valdez'']]. The amount of oil spilled is more than the ''Valdez'' and the toxicity is higher, because of the higher temperatures.|20px|20px|Simon Walmsley|the [[World Wildlife Fund|World Wildlife Fund's]] senior policy officer for shipping.<ref name=new>Gaia Vince [https://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994100 Prestige oil spill far worse than thought]' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041208063142/http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994100 |date=2004-12-08 }}. ''New Scientist'', August 27, 2003</ref>}}
In March 2006, new oil slicks were detected near the wreck of the ''Prestige'', slicks which investigators found to match the type of oil the ''Prestige'' carried. A study released in December 2006 led by José Luis De Pablos, a physicist at Madrid's Center for Energetic and Environmental Research, concluded that 16,000 to 23,000 tonnes of oil remained in the wreck, as opposed to the 700 to 1300 tonnes claimed by the Spanish government; that [[bioremediation]] of the remaining oil failed; and that bacteria corroding the hull could soon produce a rupture and quickly release much of the remaining oil and create another catastrophic spill. The report urged the government to take "prompt" action.<ref>''Science'', Vol. 314, December 22, 2006, p.&nbsp;1861.</ref>
Experts{{who|date=November 2011}} predicted marine life could suffer from the pollution for at least ten years due to the type of oil spill, which contained light fractions with [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon|polyaromatic hydrocarbon]]s and could poison plankton, fish eggs and crustaceans with [[carcinogen]]ic effects in fish and potentially humans as well.
==Cleanup==
[[Image:Historias del Chapapote 03.jpg|thumb|Volunteers cleaning the coastline in Galicia in the aftermath of the Prestige catastrophe, March 2003]]
In the subsequent months, thousands of volunteers joined the public company TRAGSA (the firm chosen by the regional government to deal with the cleanup) to help clean the affected coastline. The massive cleaning campaign was a success, recovering most portions of coastline from not only the effects of the oil spill but also the accumulated "regular" contamination. Galician activists founded the environmental movement ''[[Plataforma Nunca Máis|Nunca Máis]]'' (Galician for "Never Again"), to denounce the passiveness of the conservative government regarding the disaster. A year after the spill, Galicia had more [[Blue Flag beach|Blue Flags]] for its beaches (an award for those beaches with the highest standards in the world) than in the previous years.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
In 2004, [[remotely operated vehicle]]s (ROVs) like the one which originally explored the wreck of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] drilled small holes in the wreck and removed the remaining 13,000 m<sup>3</sup> of cargo oil from the wreck, at 4000 meters below the sea surface. The ROVs also sealed cracks in the tanker's hull, and slowed the leakage to a trickle of 20 litres a day. In total, {{convert|20|e6USgal|m3}} of oil were spilled.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} The oil was then pumped into large aluminium shuttles, specially manufactured for this salvage operation. The filled shuttles were then floated to the surface. The original plan to fill large bags with the oil proved to be too problematic and slow. After the oil removal was completed, a slurry rich in microbiologic agents was pumped into the hold to speed up the breakdown of any remaining oil. The total estimated cost of the operation was over €100 million.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
==Aftermath==
[[Image:Nunca Máis Flag.jpg|thumb|[[Plataforma Nunca Máis|Nunca Máis]] Flag]]
===Investigation===
The massive environmental and financial costs of the spill resulted in an inquiry into how a structurally deficient ship was able to travel out to sea. The ''Prestige'' had set sail from [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], [[Russia]], without being properly inspected. It traveled to the [[Atlantic]] via the shallow and vulnerable [[Baltic Sea]]. A previous captain in St. Petersburg, Esfraitos Kostazos, who complained to the owners about numerous structural deficiencies within the ship was rebuffed, later resigned in protest, and rather than repairing the defects, he was replaced with Mangouras.<ref name=pbs/>
The ownership of the ''Prestige'' was unclear, making it difficult to determine exactly who was responsible for the oil spill and exposing the difficulties in regulations posed by [[flags of convenience]].<ref name=pbs>{{cite web|work=PBS Frontline/World|url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/spain/thestory.html|title=Spain, the Lawless Sea|date=January 2004|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref>
Spanish investigators found that the failure in the hull of the ''Prestige'' had been predicted already: her two sister ships, ''Alexandros'' and ''Centaur'', had been submitted to extensive inspections under the "Safe Hull" program in 1996. The organization in charge of the inspections, the [[American Bureau of Shipping]], found that both ''Alexandros'' and ''Centaur'' were in terminal decline. Due to metal fatigue in their hulls, modeling predicted that both ships would fail between frames 61 and 71 within five years. ''Alexandros'', ''Centaur'' and a third sister-ship, ''Apanemo'', were scrapped between 1999 and 2002. Little more than five years after the inspection, ''Prestige''{{'}}s hull failed between frames 61 and 71.<ref>Mercado, Francisco, [http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/fallo/estructural/hundio/Prestige/era/conocido/1996/elppgl/20080609elpepinac_12/Tes "El fallo estructural que hundió al 'Prestige' era conocido desde 1996"] ''El Pais'', June 9, 2008, retrieved June 9, 2008</ref>
The Spanish government was criticized for its decision to tow the ailing wreck out to sea— where it split in two—rather than into a port. The refusal to allow the ship to take refuge in a sheltered port has been called a major contributing factor to the scale of the disaster.<ref name=pais2012/> The [[World Wildlife Fund]]'s senior policy officer for shipping Simon Walmsley believed most of the blame lay with the classification society. "It was reported as being substandard at one of the ports it visited before Spain. The whole inspection regime needs to be revamped and double-hulled tankers used instead," he said. According to the ABS classification society, the fact that it took 6 days for the ship break-up and sink in heavy sea is "proof positive that the vessel was not in a substandard condition".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Paper Trail. Examinining the Case of the Prestige|work=PBS Frontline/World|url=https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/spain/response.html|date=January 2004|access-date=2024-12-02}}</ref> The US and most other countries were planning to phase out single-hulled tankers by 2012.<ref name=new/>
===Plan Galicia===
{{main|Plan Galicia}}
[[Plan Galicia]] was a set of economic measures adopted by the Spanish [[Council of Ministers (Spain)|Council of Ministers]] on 23 January 2003, in an attempt to mitigate the consequences of the ''Prestige'' disaster. Plan Galicia was presented as complementary to the one approved days before by the [[Xunta de Galicia]].
===Cleanup cost===
A report by the Galicia-based Barrie de la Maza economic institute in 2003 criticised the Spanish government's handling of the catastrophe. It estimated the cost of the clean-up to the Galician coast alone at €2.5 billion.<ref name=new/>
The 2013 court ruling put the cost of the disaster at 368 million euros ($494 million) to the Spanish state, 145 million euros to the Spanish region of Galicia and 68 million euros to France.{{Dead link|date=October 2015}}<ref name="google1">[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ga6-UD76aZAF5ZUi7I0y7w6wqiaA?docId=4b6751f1-d8dd-4fca-9e47-486f34b709a7 AFP, 21 November 2013]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The clean-up of the ''[[Exxon Valdez]]'' cost US$3 billion (almost €2.2 billion).
Since the disaster, oil tankers similar to the ''Prestige'' have been directed away from the French and Spanish coastlines. The European Commissioner for Transport at the time, Spaniard [[Loyola de Palacio]], pushed for the ban of single-hulled tankers.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
===Legal consequences===
Captain Mangouras sought refuge for his seriously damaged vessel in a Spanish port. Although the obligation of Spanish shipping authorities to provide a [[Place of refuge for ships|port of refuge]] has deep historic roots, in this case the authorities decided to apply the exemptions of [[international maritime law]] for situations where the ship would cause environmental or other damage to the port. The Captain had been ordered to restart the engines and steam offshore, but refused to comply. A replacement captain, Serafin Diaz, was lowered onto the ship per the Spanish government's Industry Ministry, to navigate the ship off the Spanish coast northwest. Magouras was arrested and faced criminal charges. Bringing the ship into port and booming around her to contain the leaking oil would have been less harmful than sending her back to sea and almost inevitable sinking.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/2496101.stm |title=Monitoring &#124; Media reports &#124; Press condemns tanker disaster |work=BBC News |date=2002-11-20 |access-date=2014-07-15 |archive-date=2014-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718043935/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/not_in_website/syndication/monitoring/media_reports/2496101.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
In May 2003, the Kingdom of Spain brought a civil suit in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]] against the [[American Bureau of Shipping]] (ABS), the Houston-based international classification society which had certified the "Prestige" as "in class" for its final voyage.  The "in class" status states that the vessel is in compliance with all applicable rules and laws, not that it is safe, fit for purpose, or [[seaworthy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Classification societies – their key role |url=http://www.iacs.org.uk/media/3784/iacs-class-key-role.pdf |website=International Association of Classification Societies |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205205047/http://www.iacs.org.uk/media/3784/iacs-class-key-role.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> For the world maritime industry, a key issue raised by the incident was whether classification societies could be held responsible for the consequences. International maritime trade publications including [[TradeWinds (newspaper)|TradeWinds]], [[Fairplay (magazine)|Fairplay]] and [[Lloyd's List]] regularly presented the dispute as a possibly precedent-setting one which could prove fateful for international classification societies, whose assets are dwarfed by the scale of claims to which they could become subject. On 2 January 2007, the docket in that lawsuit (SDNY 03-cv-03573) was dismissed. The presiding judge ruled that ABS is a "person" as defined by the [[International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage]] (CLC) and, as such, is exempt from direct liability for pollution damage. Additionally, the Judge ruled that, since the United States was not a signatory to the International CLC, the US courts lack the necessary jurisdiction to adjudicate the case. Spain's original damage claim against ABS was some $700 million.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}
The Galicia regional High Court set the ''Prestige'' oil spill trial date for October 16, 2012, against officers, the insurer London Club, International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, the ship's owner, Liberia-based Mare Shipping Inc with its director general. The harbor master of A Coruña at the time, Ángel del Real, and a Galician government delegate, Arsenio Fernández de Mesa, had also been charged with "aggravating the disaster by ignoring technical advice".<ref name =pais2012/> the hearing began on 16 June 2012 and expected to adjourn in November, the tenth anniversary of the disaster. The trial was held in a specially constructed courtroom in A Coruña's exhibition complex. It considered evidence from 133 witnesses and 98 experts.<ref name =pais2012>[http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/06/21/inenglish/1340280280_830619.html Prestige oil spill trial date set 10 years after Galicia coast blighted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621210152/http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/06/21/inenglish/1340280280_830619.html |date=2012-06-21 }} El País, 21 June 2012</ref><ref name="BBC-19952329">{{Cite news | title = Spain Prestige oil spill disaster case in court | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 16 October 2012 | access-date = 2016-02-04 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19952329 | archive-date = 2019-03-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190330103125/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-19952329 | url-status = live }}</ref> Plaintiffs asked the Greek captain to be sentenced up to 12 years and demanded more than 4 billion euros ($5.0 billion) in damages overall.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2013-07-trial-spain-prestige-oil-disaster.html#nRlv Trial over Spain Prestige oil disaster ends.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113223030/https://phys.org/news/2013-07-trial-spain-prestige-oil-disaster.html#nRlv |date=2017-11-13 }} Phys.org July 10, 2013</ref>
The insurer refused to participate in the Spanish proceedings on the basis that the parties should submit arbitration in England, as per the insurance contract.<ref name="Rogers" /> On 16 January 2012, the insurer commenced arbitration in London and on 13 February 2013 (Spain) and 3 July 2013 (France) the Arbitration tribunal upheld the insurers' claims for arbitration in England.<ref name="Dixson">{{cite journal |last1=Dixson |first1=Erika |title=WHEN SOVEREIGN NATIONS ARE FORCED TO ARBITRATE: SPAIN AND FRANCE AND THE PRESTIGE OIL SPILL |journal=Arbitration Law Review |date=2014 |volume= 6 - Yearbook on Arbitration and Mediation |pages=316–327 |url=https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=arbitrationlawreview |access-date=31 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154914/https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1066&context=arbitrationlawreview |url-status=live }}</ref> This was subsequently converted into a judgement by the High Court of England and Wales.<ref name="Dixson" /><ref name="Rogers" />
In November 2013, the three Galicia High Court judges concluded, it was impossible to establish criminal responsibility, and captain Apostolos Mangouras, chief engineer Nikolaos Argyropoulos and the former head of Spain's Merchant Navy, Jose Luis Lopez, were found not guilty of crimes against the environment. The captain was however accused of disobeying government authorities who wanted the tanker as far from the coast as possible. According to the court, that decision was correct and Mangouras, 78 at the time, was found guilty of disobedience and given a nine-month suspended sentence.<ref>Reuters [http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/130109/Spain_Court_Clears_Captain_Merchant_Navy_in_Prestige_Oil_Spill Spain Court Clears Captain, Merchant Navy in Prestige Oil Spill ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125103314/http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/130109/Spain_Court_Clears_Captain_Merchant_Navy_in_Prestige_Oil_Spill |date=2013-11-25 }} RigZone, 13 November 2013</ref> The Spanish government decided to launch an appeal to the ruling against the exemption from civil liability of the captain.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2013-11-spain-appeal-prestige-oil.html Spain to appeal for damages over Prestige oil spill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113222648/https://phys.org/news/2013-11-spain-appeal-prestige-oil.html |date=2017-11-13 }} Phys.org, Science X network, November 18, 2013</ref>
On 26 January 2016, Spain's Supreme Court convicted Mangouras of recklessness resulting in catastrophic environmental damage, and sentenced him to two years in prison.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shipsandports.com.ng/captain-of-sunken-prestige-oil-tanker-sentenced-to-prison-over-2002-wreck/ | agency = Reuters | title = Captain of sunken prestige oil tanker sentenced to prison over 2002 wreck | date = 28 January 2016 | website = shipsandports.com.ng | access-date = 16 November 2017 | archive-date = 17 November 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171117002250/http://shipsandports.com.ng/captain-of-sunken-prestige-oil-tanker-sentenced-to-prison-over-2002-wreck/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The criminal conviction against the captain allows far higher compensation claims against the insurers.<ref name="Rogers">{{cite news |last1=Rogers |first1=Marie |title=The "Prestige" 16 years on…. |url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=06758c2e-00b6-4abf-878a-3d5c8bc36282 |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=Rogers & Co Abogados, Lawyers |date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818044952/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=06758c2e-00b6-4abf-878a-3d5c8bc36282 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15 November 2017, London Club was ordered to pay a $1 billion fine over the oil spill.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/11/15/British-insurer-faces-1B-fine-for-Prestige-oil-spill/1721510788116/ | title = British insurer faces $1B fine for Prestige oil spill | date = 15 November 2017 | website = upi.com | publisher = United Press International, Inc. | access-date = 16 November 2017 | archive-date = 16 November 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171116033718/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2017/11/15/British-insurer-faces-1B-fine-for-Prestige-oil-spill/1721510788116/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The overall damages awarded by the court in A Coruña in 2017 was just over €1.5bn, a figure confirmed by the Spanish Supreme Court in December 2018.<ref name="Rogers" /> In October 2023, the English High Court declined to enforce the ruling,  according to established precedent that the arbitration must happen in English courts in whole.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court rules in favour of London P&I Club in oil spill case against Spain|url=https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/uk/news/marine/court-rules-in-favour-of-london-pandi-club-in-oil-spill-case-against-spain-462478.aspx|work=Insurance Business|first=Terry|last=Gangcuangco|date=2023-10-10|accessdate=2024-11-19}}</ref>
===Legacy===
In 2003, the sculpture ''[[A Ferida]]'' (''The Wound'') by {{ill|Alberto Bañuelos|nl|Alberto Bañuelos Fournier}} was erected as a monument to the volunteers who cleaned the Galician beaches of tar and symbolizing the wound to the sea after the massive oil spill.<ref name="sculptwebsite">{{cite web|url=http://www.banuelos-fournier.com/en/the-Ferida/|title=A Ferida, The Process|last=Fournier|first=Alberto Bañuelos|website=Alberto Bañuelos Sculptor|access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>  At 400 tons, this is the largest sculpture in Spain.<ref name="sculptwebsite"/>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Portugal|Spain|France}}
* [[Flag of convenience]]
* [[List of oil spills|List of oil spills worldwide]]
* [[Manfred Gnädinger]], human victim of spill
* [[Manuel Rivas]], Galician writer
==References==
<references/>
==External links==
{{Commons category|Prestige oil spill}}
* [http://www.beamer-france.org/BanqueDocument/pdf_100.pdf Perte totale suite à avarie de coque du petrolier bahaméen Prestige survenue dans l'ouest de la Galice]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120323131333/http://www.beamer-france.org/BanqueDocument/pdf_100.pdf Archive]) - [[Bureau d'Enquêtes sur les Événements de Mer]] - 13–19 November 2002 {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://www.plataformanuncamais.org/ Plataforma Nunca Máis], ''Prestige'' activists {{In lang|gl}}
* [http://otvm.uvigo.es/ Coordination Technical Bureau of Scientific Intervention Program against Accidental Marine Spills]—This bureau is responsible for management and coordination works of research projects.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312085434/http://www.spreex.net/ Spill Response Experience Coordination Action - SPREEX]—This project is responsible for management and coordination research needs in Europe.
* Raul Garcia, [https://wwf.fi/mediabank/1085.pdf The ''Prestige'': one year on, a continuing disaster]—WWF, November 2003, 23 pp.
*[http://www.panda.org/news_facts/newsroom/crisis/spain_oil_spill/index.cfm WWF crisis response page on Prestige]
*[http://TarotCanada.tripod.com/PrestigeOilSpillNuncaMais.html Prestige Oil Spill]—First hand story of a Canadian volunteer, with photos
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080804040519/http://terrestrial.eionet.europa.eu/en_Prestige Maps and statistics of affected coastal area]
* [http://www.shipstructure.org/case_studies/prestige/Prestige.pdf Prestige Ship Structure Casse Study]
* [http://consellodacultura.gal/publicacion.php?id=284 Efectos económicos, sociais e ambientais da marea negra do Prestige - Economic, Social and Environmental Effects of the Prestige Spill], Seminario científico internacional, Consello da Cultura Galega, 7-8 marzo 2003, edición bilingüe galego-inglés, PDF en acceso abierto
* [http://www.banuelos-fournier.com/en/the-Ferida/ Sculpture by Alberto Bañuelos Fournier erected in 2003]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prestige Oil Spill}}
[[Category:2002 disasters in Europe]]
[[Category:Environmental issues in Spain]]
[[Category:Oil spills in Europe]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 2002]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Galicia (Spain)]]
[[Category:Culture of Galicia]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in Spain]]
[[Category:2002 in Spain]]
[[Category:2002 industrial disasters]]
[[Category:2002 in the environment]]
[[Category:Economy of Galicia (Spain)]]
[[Category:November 2002 events in Spain]]