View source for Prikaz

{{Short description|Military government agencies in Tsardom of Russia, 16th-17th centuries}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2010}}
[[File:В приказе московского времени.jpg|right|250px|thumb| ''In a Prikaz of the Muscovite Times'', by [[Sergey Ivanov (painter)|Sergey Ivanov]]]]
[[File:Pskov asv07-2018 Kremlin Prikaz House img5.jpg|thumb|250px|In the {{ill|Prikaz Palace|ru|Приказные палаты (Псков)}} in [[Pskov]] (reconstruction)]]
A '''prikaz''' ({{langx|ru|прика́з}}; {{IPA|ru|prʲɪˈkas|IPA|Ru-приказ.ogg}}, plural: {{Italic correction|''prikazy''}}) was an administrative, judicial, territorial, or executive [[bureaucracy |office]] functioning on behalf of palace, civil, military, or church authorities in the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] and the [[Tsardom of Russia]] from the 15th to the 18th centuries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=prikaz {{!}} historical Russian administrative department {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/prikaz |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The term usually suggests the functionality of a modern "[[ministry (government department)|ministry]]", "[[office]]", "department", or "bureau"; however, in practice ''prikaz'' was historically applied to most governmental organizations regardless of their function or authority.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Peter B. |date=1983 |title=Muscovite Government Bureaus |journal=Russian History |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=269–330 |doi=10.1163/187633183X00163 |jstor=24652754 |issn=0094-288X}}</ref> In modern Russian, [[wikt:приказ|''prikaz'']] literally means an 'order' in the meaning of 'directive' or 'command'.
Most of the ''prikazy'' were subordinated to the [[boyar duma]]. Some of them, palace ''prikazy'' ({{langx|ru|links=no|дворцовые приказы|translit=dvortsovyje prikazy}}), were subordinated to the {{lang|ru-Latin|taynyi prikaz}} or {{lang|ru-Latin|pervyi prikaz}}, which answered directly to the [[tsar of Russia]]. The [[patriarch of Moscow and all Rus']] had his own ''prikazy''.
==History==
Originally, ''prikazy'' were created by private orders given by the tsar to a certain person. The functions of the ''prikazy'' would be led by boyars and professional administrators. From 1512, the term "''prikaz''" started to be used to refer to offices. There were 22 ''prikazy'' (departments) in 1613, however this number would balloon to 80 by the mid-17th century.<ref name=":0" />
=== Abolition ===
The ''prikazy'' were abolished by [[Peter the Great]] as part of his [[Government reform of Peter the Great|governmental reform program]] and replaced them, beginning in 1717, with administrative organs known as [[Collegium (ministry)|Collegium]]s. This process would undergo a long span of time; the Siberian Prikaz, for example, was restored in 1730 and existed until 1755. At the beginning of the 18th century, Peter the Great even established some new ''prikazy''. The system was only fully eliminated by [[Catherine the Great]] in 1775.{{cn|date=July 2023}}
==List of Russian prikazy==
{{anchor|List of Russian prikazes}}{{Expand list|date=November 2014}}
*Foreign affairs
**Ambassadorial Prikaz ({{ill|Posolsky Prikaz|ru|Посольский приказ}}) — in charge of international affairs, a kind of a [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], 1549-1718
**Captive Prikaz, (Polonyanichy Prikaz from archaic {{langx|ru|полон, плен}} 'polon', 'plen' meaning "captive") — for the redemption of Russian captives and prisoners of war
**Prikaz of [[Slavic honorifics#Usage of Pan|Pans]] (Panskiy Prikaz) — office of Polish affairs
*Administrative
**Prikaz of the Seal (Pechatny Prikaz) — placed the tsar's [[seal (device)|seal]] on various documents granting various things to private individuals, and collected the corresponding [[duties]]
**Stone Prikaz (Kamennyi Prikaz)
**Coachman Prikaz (Courier Prikaz, [[Yam (route)|Yam]] Prikaz: Yamskoy Prikaz)
**Book Printing Prikaz
**Prikaz of Hospice Construction
**Pharmaceutical Prikaz (Aptekarskiy prikaz)
**Monk Prikaz (Monasheskiy Prikaz)
*Judicial Prikazes
**[[Moscow]]
**[[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]]
**Dmitrov
**[[Ryazan]]
*Military Prikazes
**Prikaz of Riflemen ([[Streletsky Prikaz]])
**Artillery Prikaz , (Pushkarsky Prikaz)
**Prikaz of Admiralty, (Admiralteysky Prikaz)
**Prikaz of Cossacks ({{ill|Kazachy Prikaz|ru|Казачий приказ}}), 1618–1646
**Armored Prikaz (Bronniy Prikaz)
**Conscription Prikaz (Prikaz sbora ratnykh i datochnykh lydei ({{langx|ru|сбора ратных и даточных людей}})
**Foreigners' Prikaz ([[Inozemsky Prikaz]])
**Arsenal Prikaz (Oruzheiniy Prikaz)
** [[Preobrazhensky prikaz]] ([[:ru:Тайная канцелярия|ru]]) — oversaw the Preobrazhensky and Semyonovsky regiments in the 18th century
**Prikaz of German feeds — probably, paid a salary to foreigners (known as "Germans" ({{langx|ru|немцы|translit=niemtsy|links=no}}, which also means "mute people")) in Russian military or state service
**Ritter Prikaz
*Financial Prikazes
**Domestic Prikaz (Pomestny Prikaz)
**Accounting Prikaz
**Prikaz of Grand Treasury
**Prikaz of Grand Income
*Security
**Prikaz of Petitions (Chelobitny Prikaz) — considered complaints or petitions addressed to the Tsar; the adjective ''chelobitnaya'' ({{langx|ru|челобитная}}) comes from the expression ''bit' chelom'', "to knock with one's forehead (on the ground)", meaning a very humble submission of a petition, with an [[zemnoy poklon|extremely low bow]]. The standard form of such complaint included the words "Slave of God ... (or: 'Your slave') is beating with the forehead", or "Slaves and orphans are beating with foreheads"
**{{anchor|Tayny Prikaz}}Privy Prikaz ({{ill|Prikaz tainyh del|ru|Приказ тайных дел}}, Tayny Prikaz) — secret police (1654–1676)
**Robbery Prikaz (Razboiniy Prikas) — criminal police
**Prikaz of Investigations (Sysknoy prikaz)
*Regional Prikazes
**[[Little Russian Office|Little Russia]], Ministry of the Ukrainian ([[Malorossiya]]) Affairs (Малороссийский приказ, Malorossiyskiy prikaz)
**[[Kazan]] (Казанский приказ, Приказ Казанского дворца, Kazan Palace Prikaz), [[Volga Region]] (Поволжье) Affairs (South-West of Russia, territories of former [[Kazan Khanate]])
**[[Siberia]] ([[Sibirskiy prikaz]]), (1637–1763)
**[[Great Russia]]
**Grand Duchy of [[Lithuania]]
**[[Smolensk]] (disbanded on Poland's conquest of Smolensk (1611); restored when Smolensk returned to Russian control in 1654)
**[[Livonia]] Affairs
**[[Novgorod]] quarter
**[[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] quarter
**[[Veliky Ustyug|Ustyug]] quarter
**[[Kostroma]] quarter
**[[Galich, Russia|Galich]] quarter
**[[Smolensk]] quarter
*Palace Prikazes
**Prikaz of Stables [[Konyushenny Prikaz]]
**Palace Prikaz ({{ill|Dvortsovyi Prikaz|ru|Дворцовый приказ}}, 1627–1709)
**Prikaz of Stone Palace (Prikaz kamennogo dvortsa)
**Prikaz of Gold and Silver Affairs
**Prikaz of Requiem (Panihydniy prikaz) - requiems for members of the tsar's family
*Patriarchal Prikazes
**Patriarchal Prikaz-in-charge
**Patriarchal Treasury Prikaz
**Patriarchal Palace Prikaz
*Other
**Order-in-charge (Razryadny Prikaz) — in charge of higher military and civil administration personnel
**Kholop Prikaz (Kholopskiy Prikaz) — considered the affairs of [[kholop]]s
==Classification==
The classification of the various prikazes is a very difficult task. In fact, each major historian tries to build their own system of classification. Major variants include prikazes of a territory, of a class of population, or of an area of affairs. Another method of classification is to rank prikazes by subordination.
==See also==
*[[Dyak (clerk)|Dyak]], clerk
*[[Podyachy]], clerk assistant
*[[List of Russian foreign ministers]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://old-rus.narod.ru/gosud.html State administration in Russia 16th-17th centuries, in Russian]
[[Category:Tsardom of Russia]]
[[Category:Government of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Russia]]