View source for Primacy of the Spains

{{Short description|Primacy covering the Iberian Peninsula}}
{{Expand Spanish|Primacía de la Diócesis de Toledo|date=March 2009}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
The '''Primacy of the Spains''' ({{langx|pt|Primaz das Espanhas}}; {{langx|es|Primado de las Españas}}, {{langx|ca|Primat de les Espanyes}}) is the [[primate (bishop)|primacy]] of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], historically known as [[Hispania]] or in the plural as the Spains. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga|Archbishop of Braga]], in [[Portugal]], has claimed this primacy over the whole Iberian Peninsula since the middle ages, however today his primacy is only recognized in Portugal. The [[Archdiocese of Toledo|Archbishop of Toledo]] in [[Spain]] has claimed the '''Primacy of Spain''', as the primate above all other episcopal sees in  Spain.  In addition, the [[Archdiocese of Tarragona|Archbishop of Tarragona]] in [[Catalonia]] also makes use of the title. The Archbishops in Braga, Toledo and Tarragona, if raised to the rank of [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]], are known as '''Cardinal-Primates'''.
== Primacy of Braga ==
[[File:Braga Cathedral (1).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Cathedral of Braga]].]]
The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga|Archbishop of Braga]] has claimed the title of ''Primate of the Spains'' ({{langx|pt|Primaz das Espanhas}}) both for being the oldest diocese on the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and for its role in the [[christianization]] of the [[Kingdom of the Suebi|Suebi Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=José Marques |title=O problema da primazia arquiepiscopal das Espanhas: Toledo ou Braga? |place=Lisbon|year=1999 }}</ref> Bishop Balconius (440-446) was the first to claim the title after being elevated to [[Archbishop]] for converting King [[Rechiar]]. For the newly created [[Kingdom of Portugal]], Braga, capital of the former [[Kingdom of the Suebi]] and of the [[County of Portugal|County of Portucale]] (that more immediately preceded the Kingdom) was the biggest religious site and fundamentally resisted by its jurisdiction over the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Coimbra|Coimbra]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamora in Spain|Zamora]]. Bishops such as [[:pt:João Peculiar|João Peculiar]] and [[:pt:Estêvão Soares da Silva|Estêvão Soares da Silva]] protest before the Pope, and [[Pope Honorius III|Honorius III]] left the matter unresolved ([[papal bull]]s of January 19, 1218).
In 1364, the bishop of Braga [[:pt:João de Cardaillac|João de Cardaillac]] decided to bear the title of Primate of the Spains. The prelation conflicts that took place during the [[Council of Trent]] (with Bishop Friar [[Bartholomew of Braga|Bartolomeu dos Martyrs]]) produced a papal resolution to take into account the date of elevation of each bishop, with only protocolary consequences. In the brief «''Reddite nobis»'' (January 10, 1562) he insists the maintenance of the traditional rights of Braga.
However, during the 14th century, the dioceses of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[Leon (Spain)|Leon]] ceased giving precedence to the Archbishop-Primate of Braga.
Despite this, the Archbishop-Primate of Braga still holds rank above all other archbishops in [[Portugal]], except for the [[Patriarch of Lisbon]] ever since the latter was created in 1716.
== Primacy of Toledo ==
[[File:Toledo_Cathedral,_from_Plaza_del_Ayuntamiento.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Cathedral of Toledo]].]]
[[File:Provincias de la Hispania Romana (Diocleciano).svg|thumb|left|upright|The Diocletianic provinces of Hispania]]
Originally, after the provincial division by [[Diocletian]] in the 3rd century, the city of Toletum (now Toledo) was within the Roman province of [[Carthaginensis]], whose capital was Carthago Nova (now [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]]). Hispania's division into ecclesiastical dioceses was based on the Roman provincial divisions, so that the episcopal seat at [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] was originally a dependent of the seat at Cartagena.
The problem arose in the mid 6th century when the Byzantine emperor [[Justinian]] seized control of an important strip of Hispania, including diocesan seats as important as Cartagena (renamed Carthago Spartaria by Justinian), [[Córdoba, Andalusia|Corduba]], [[Begastri]] and [[Illici]]. The metropolitan seat and provincial capital were in the territory occupied by the Byzantines and so, shortly after taking the throne, the [[Visigoth]] king [[Gundemar]] promoted the holding of a synod in Toledo. That synod agreed that Toledo was the metropolitan of the whole province, seizing that title from the episcopal seat at Cartagena - that agreement was then endorsed by the king in a decree of 23 October 610.
The Islamic invasion in 711 left Toledo as a city under [[Emirate of Cordoba|Islamic rule]] for the next 350 years, first way away from the frontier by the geographic boulder of the [[Duero river]] in the northern high plains, and later by the Central Sierras, as the frontier itself [[Taifa of Toledo|Taifa]] realm for another 80 years where contacts with the Christian kingdoms north would resume closer. That position left the See under Islamic suzerainty, tolerated as a ''heretic church of Allah'' but subject as [[dhimmis|Dhimmi]] or client as Jews were too, what would make it be respected but seen by Christian kings and their bishops with suspicion on its policies, influenced by the policies of Cordoba. After the re-conquest Toledo was held or contested by the [[Kingdom of Castille]] and the [[Kingdom of León]] and sometimes as [[Infantazgo]] by semi-independent queens of the royal house. During the [[Reconquista]], the alliance between the monarchs and the church concentrated on the distinct privileges that one offered the other. Soon after [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]]'s conquest of Toledo, the [[pope]] issued the [[Papal bull|bulla]] ''Cunctis Sanctorum'' in 1088/1089, recognising the holders of the diocese of Toledo as "primates" and "metropolitans" as they had been during the Visigothic era, and dubiously and unofficially under Islamic rule. <!---
La especial dignidad que se ofrece a Toledo viene a confirmar la alianza europeísta que se establece entre la casa [[Jimena]] (de origen navarro) a la que pertenece Alfonso VI, la francesa de [[Borgoña]] (enlazada matrimonialmente, de modo que heredará los reinos de Portugal y Castilla) y el papado, mediando sus principales agentes: los [[benedictino]]s de la [[orden de Cluny]] (a la que pertenece el obispo, también francés), especialmente interesada en mantener su presencia por todo el eje del [[camino de Santiago]] (en un momento en que hay otro ojo estratégico puesto en [[Jerusalén]] con la [[Cruzada]]). Queda desplazado el [[clero]] toledano [[mozárabe]], que hasta entonces mantenía el prestigio sobre todos los cristianos peninsulares aun estando sometido al [[Emir]] o al [[Califa]] (cuestión discutida desde [[Alfonso III]] de Asturias, teniendo su momento álgido en el enfrentamiento de [[Beato de Liébana]] al [[adopcionismo]] o [[herejía adopcionista]] toledana, que posiblemente era un intento de transacción con el [[monoteísmo]] estricto [[islámico]] y un vago recuerdo del [[arrianismo]] [[visigodo]]).<ref>[[Menéndez y Pelayo]], siguiendo a [[Renán]], hablan del enfrentamiento del Obispo Raimundo y los cluniacenses con los mozárabes [http://www.alyamiah.com/cema/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=184]</ref> El estilo [[prerrománico]] y mozárabe queda superado por el estilo internacional, [[románico]], de las [[iglesias de peregrinación]], que repiten modelos franceses ([[San Sernin de Toulouse]]) o los propios [[monasterio]]s dependientes de Cluny. Muchas propiedades de las familias mozárabes terminarán siendo absorbidas como mandas testamentarias, dotes e incluso transacciones por la diócesis toledana, que termina consolidando una gigantesca cantidad de propiedades que constituyen la llamada [[Mesa arzobispal de Toledo]].
Estos privilegios le permitieron a la Dives toledana administrar un gran patrimonio y obtener cuantiosas rentas, que aún aumentaron más su poder religioso y civil. Así, abarcaba el mayor espacio de gobierno de toda la península, que alcanzaba las actuales [[provincia de Toledo|provincias de Toledo]], [[provincia de Ciudad Real|Ciudad Real]], [[provincia de Madrid|Madrid]] y una parte sustancial de las de [[provincia de Albacete|Albacete]], [[provincia de Guadalajara|Guadalajara]], [[provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]] y [[provincia de Cáceres|Cáceres]], lindando con las empobrecidas diócesis de [[Sigüenza]] y [[Cuenca (España)|Cuenca]] cuyo territorio apenas permitía sufragar sus propios gastos.
En el [[siglo XV]], la diócesis toledana creció en jurisdicción, quedando sometidas bajo su provincia eclesiástica [[Palencia]], [[Osma]], [[Segovia]], [[Sigüenza]], [[Cuenca (España)|Cuenca]], [[Córdoba]] y [[Jaén]]. El arzobispo de Toledo se había convertido, así, en ''Consejero Mayor del Rey'' y el [[Cabildo catedralicio]] de la [[Catedral de Toledo|sede toledana]] en el consejo asesor. Las rentas de la primatura alcanzaban en esta época los ciento cincuenta y cuatro mil ducados, el doble que la díocesis [[Sevilla]]na. La catedral estaba servida por 70 canónidos y más de cien capellanes, siendo en total más de 400 los servidores de la misma en pleno apogeo con [[Felipe II]] y más de doscientas las villas tributarias.
Desde entonces, mantuvo su condición aunque fuera disminuyendo su poder político, -que no eclesiástico- en beneficio del poder de la Corona. --->
== See also ==
*[[Council of Toledo]]
*[[Archdiocese of Toledo]]
*[[Cathedral of Toledo]]
== External links ==
*{{in lang|es}} [http://www.canalsocial.net/GER/ficha GER.asp?id=11456&cat=religioncristiana Archdiocese of Toledo on Canal Social, Gran Enciclopedia Rialp]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
== References ==
*{{in lang|es}} Izquierdo Benito, Ricardo. ''Privilegios reales otorgados a Toledo durante la Edad Media (1101-1494)'', Toledo, 1990.
*{{in lang|es}} Nieto Siria, José Manuel. ''Iglesia y génesis del Estado Moderno en Castilla (1369–1480)'', Madrid, 1993.
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[[Category:Catholic Church in Spain]]