View source for Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale

{{Short description|French prince; fifth son of Louis Philippe I}}
{{Expand French|topic=bio|Henri d'Orléans (1822-1897)|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Henri d'Orléans
| title        = [[Duke of Aumale]]
| image        = Aumale Duc Henri.JPG
| caption      = Portrait by [[Ernest Eugène Appert|Appert]], {{circa}} 1870
| full name    = Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans
| spouse       = [[Princess Maria Carolina Augusta of Bourbon-Two Sicilies|Carolina Augusta of the Two Sicilies]]
| issue        = [[Louis d'Orléans, Prince of Condé|Louis, Prince of Condé]]<br />[[François d'Orléans (1854–1872)|François Louis, Duke of Guise]]
| issue-link   = Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale#Marriage and children
| issue-pipe   = Among others...
| house        = [[House of Orléans|Orléans]]
| father       = [[Louis Philippe I]]
| mother       = [[Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily]]
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1822|1|16|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Palais Royal]], [[Paris]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1897|5|7|1822|1|16|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Giardinello]], [[Sicily]]
| place of burial = [[Chapelle royale de Dreux|Royal Chapel]], Dreux, France
| signature    = Signature of Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale.png
}}
'''Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale''' (16 January 1822 – 7 May 1897) was a leader of the [[Orleanist]]s, a political faction in 19th-century France associated with [[constitutional monarchy]]. He was born in [[Paris]], the fifth son of King [[Louis Philippe I|Louis-Philippe I of the French]] and [[Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily]] and used the title [[Duke of Aumale]].
Aumale became an infantry officer and saw active service in the [[French conquest of Algeria]] and in 1847 was appointed as its [[List of French governors of Algeria|Governor-General]]. After the [[French Revolution of 1848]], he went to live in England, where he pursued historical interests. The [[Franco-Prussian War]] enabled him to return to France, where he was elected to parliament and the [[Académie française]]. In 1872, he returned to the army as a Divisional General, and from 1879 to 1883 was inspector-general of the army.
An important art collector, Aumale left his [[Château de Chantilly]] to the [[Institute of France]], to display his collection.
==Early life==
[[File:Queen Marie Amélie with her youngest sons, the Dukes of Montpensier and Aumale by Louis Hersent (1835, Versailles) .jpg|thumb|right|Henri (left) with his brother [[Antoine, Duke of Montpensier|Antoine]] and his mother [[Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily|Queen Marie Amélie]].]]
[[File:Henri d'Orléans, Duc D'Aumale, Studio of Franz-Xaver Winterhalter.jpg|thumb|Portrait by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]]]]
Born at the [[Palais Royal]] in [[Paris]], the young Henri was brought up by his parents in relative simplicity. At the age of eight, he inherited a fortune of 66 million [[French livre|livres]] (approximately [[Pound sterling|£]]200 million today), the lands and wealth of his godfather, [[Louis Henry II, Prince of Condé|Louis Henri de Bourbon, Prince of Condé]], the last [[Prince of Condé]]. This inheritance included the famous [[Château de Chantilly]], the [[Château d'Écouen]], and the domaines of Saint-Leu, Taverny, Enghien, Montmorency, and Mortefontaine.
He was educated at the [[Lycée Henri-IV|Collège Henri IV]], then at the age of seventeen entered the French army with the rank of a captain of infantry.{{sfn|Prinet|1911|p=920}}
==Marriage and children==
On 25 November 1844, aged 22, Aumale married in [[Naples]] his first cousin [[Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1822–1869)|Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies]], a daughter of [[Leopold, Prince of Salerno|Leopold of the Two Sicilies, Prince of Salerno]], and [[Archduchess Clementina, Princess of Salerno|Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria]]. The couple had several children, of whom two reached adulthood, but still predeceased him:
#[[Louis d'Orléans, Prince of Condé|Louis Philippe Marie Léopold d'Orléans, Prince of Condé]] (15 November 1845 &ndash; 24 May 1866), died unmarried and childless.
#Henri Léopold Philippe Marie d'Orléans, Duke of Guise (11 September 1847 &ndash; 10 October 1847), died in infancy.
#Stillborn daughter (16 August 1850).
#François Paul d'Orléans, Duke of Guise (11 January 1852 &ndash; 15 April 1852), died in infancy.
#[[François d'Orléans (1854–1872)|François Louis Philippe Marie d'Orléans, Duke of Guise]] (5 January 1854 &ndash; 25 July 1872), died unmarried.
#Stillborn son (May 1857).
#Stillborn son (15 June 1861).
#Stillborn son (June 1864).
==Career==
Aumale distinguished himself during the [[French conquest of Algeria|French invasion of Algeria]] and, in 1847, he became lieutenant-general and was appointed [[Colonial Heads of Algeria|Governor-General of Algeria]], a position he held from 27 September 1847 to 24 February 1848.
In this capacity, he received the submission of the emir [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|Abdel Kadir]], in December 1847. After the [[The Revolutions of 1848 in France|Revolution of 1848]], he retired to [[England]] and busied himself with historical and military studies, responding in 1861 to [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]]'s violent attacks upon the [[Duc d'Orléans|House of Orléans]] with a ''Letter upon History of France''.{{sfn|Prinet|1911|p=920}}
After the Bavarian-born [[King Otto of Greece]] was overthrown in October 1862,<ref>H. A. Lidderdale, ed. and trans., ''Makriyannis: The Memoirs of General Makriyannis 1797–1864'' (Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 212</ref> the Greeks still favoured a monarchy and wanted [[Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh]], as their new king,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/default.asp |title=History of the Constitution|website=Official web-site of the Hellenic Parliament |access-date=12 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210051957/http://www.parliament.gr/english/politeuma/default.asp |archive-date=10 February 2007 }}</ref> but he declined. In the search for a king, the French put forward the name of Aumale, while other contenders included [[Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]], the [[Ernst Leopold, 4th Prince of Leiningen|Prince of Leiningen]], and [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Archduke Maximilian of Austria]]. Eventually, the choice fell on [[George I of Greece|Prince William of Denmark]], aged only seventeen, and the Greek National Assembly elected him as the new King of the Hellenes in March 1863.<ref>[[John Van der Kiste]],''Kings of the Hellenes'' (Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1994), {{ISBN|0-7509-0525-5}}, pp. 6–11</ref><ref>Walter Christmas, ''King George of Greece'' (New York: McBride, Nast & Company, 1914), pp. 39–41</ref>
At the outbreak of the [[Franco-Prussian War]], Aumale volunteered for service in the French army, but his offer was declined. Elected to parliament as deputy for the [[Oise]], he returned to France.{{sfn|Prinet|1911|p=920}} He also succeeded to the seat of the [[Charles Forbes René de Montalembert|Count Montalembert]] in the [[Académie française]].
In March 1872, he returned to the army as a [[Divisional General]] and in 1873 presided over the court-martial which condemned [[François Achille Bazaine|Marshal Bazaine]] to death.{{sfn|Prinet|1911|p=920}}
At this time, having been appointed commander of the VII Army Corps at [[Besançon]], Aumale retired from political life. In 1879, he became inspector-general of the army. The act of exception, passed in 1883, deprived all members of families who had reigned in France of their military commissions. Consequently, Aumale was placed on the unemployed supernumerary list.{{sfn|Prinet|1911|p=920}}
In 1886, another law was promulgated which expelled from French territory the heads of former reigning families and provided that, henceforward, all members of those families should be disqualified from holding any public position or function and from election to any public body. Aumale protested energetically but was nonetheless expelled from France.{{sfn|Prinet|1911|p=920}}
{{wide image|Prise de la smalah d Abd-El-Kader a Taguin 16 mai 1843 Horace Vernet.jpg|800px|The Duc d'Aumale [[Battle of the Smala|capturing the Smalah]] of [[Abdelkader El Djezairi|Abdelkader]] with his [[chasseurs d'Afrique]] (1843), by [[Horace Vernet]]}}
In his will, written on 3 June 1884, Aumale had bequeathed his [[Chantilly, Oise|Chantilly]] estate to the [[Institute of France]], including the [[Château de Chantilly]], which was to be turned into a museum displaying his large art collection. After this act of generosity was revealed, the French government withdrew the decree of exile, and the duke returned to France in 1889.{{sfn|Prinet|1911|p=920}}
==Bibliophile==
[[File:Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans, Vanity Fair, 1891-02-28.jpg|thumb|The duc d'Aumale in his final years, portrait by [[Jean Baptiste Guth]] in ''Vanity Fair'', 1891]]
[[File:Chateau de Chantilly 01.jpg|thumb|The [[Château of Chantilly]] houses one of the finest art collections in France.]]
{{Infobox French Royalty styles|own
| name     = Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale
|image=Blason duché fr Orléans (moderne).svg
| dipstyle = His Royal Highness
| offstyle = Your Royal Highness
| altstyle = Sir
}}
Aumale was a notable collector of antique books and manuscripts and owned the important medieval [[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]]. Most of his collection is still at Chantilly.<ref>Frédéric Vergne. ''La Bibliothèque du Prince; Château de Chantilly, Les Manuscrits''. Editions Editerra (1995) {{ISBN|978-2-908597-10-3}} (In French)</ref>
==Death==
Henri d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale, died in [[Lo Zucco]], [[Sicily]]. After the fire of the [[Bazar de la Charité]] on 4 May 1897, which killed 126 people, mostly aristocratic women, he wanted to send his condolences to the families of the victims. After writing twenty letters, he suffered a cardiac arrest and died. He was buried in [[Dreux]], in the chapel of the Orléans.
== Honours ==
* '''1842''': Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]]
* '''22 March 1842''': Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi|volume=1|author=H. Tarlier|year=1854|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p35NAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA37 37]|language=fr}}</ref>
* '''6 September 1845''': Knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] (Spanish branch)<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es|chapter=Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1887|access-date=21 March 2019|page=146|language=es}}</ref>
* '''1864''': Grand Cross of the [[Saxe-Ernestine House Order]]<ref>''Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha'' (1884), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00244601/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_497472023_497472813_1884_8_0073.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00483785 31]</ref>
* '''22 May 1886''': Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Tower and Sword]]<ref>Marquis de Flers, ''The Count of Paris'', quoted in ''Moi Amélie, Last Queen of Portugal'' by Stéphane Bern, pp. 112-113</ref>
* '''1887''': Member of the [[Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium]].<ref>Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769-2005). p 65</ref>
* '''1890''': Charles Oberthür described & named parnassian butterfly ''P. orleans'' from China, named after the Duke who discovered it.
* Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Ferdinand and Merit]]<ref>[http://www.icar.beniculturali.it/biblio/pdf/Almanacco/051capXIIIsezII_401_418partI.pdf Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20200219103954/http://www.icar.beniculturali.it/biblio/pdf/Almanacco/051capXIIIsezII_401_418partI.pdf |date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
* Recipient of the Husainid family order, [[:fr:Nichan ad-Dam|Nichan ad-Dam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beaussant-lefevre.com/lot/86924/8138236?|title = Nichan ad-Dam, ou ordre du Sang, institué... - Lot 198}}</ref>
* Member of the [[Académie Française]]
* Member of the [[Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques]]
==Arms==
The duke of Aumale did not have a personal coat of arms, so used the traditional arms of the [[House of Orléans]], consisting of:
* '''Blazon :''' Azure, three fleurs de lys or, a label argent
* '''Coronet :''' of a [[fils de France]]
* '''Supporters :''' two angels
* '''Personal motto (after 1871) :''' ''J'attendrai'' (I'll be waiting)
[[File:Blason duché fr Orléans (moderne).svg|120px|upright]]
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale'''
|2= 2. [[Louis Philippe I|Louis Philippe I of France]]
|3= 3. [[Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily]]
|4= 4. [[Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]]
|5= 5. [[Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans|Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon]]
|6= 6. [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]
|7= 7. [[Maria Carolina of Austria]]
|8= 8. [[Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]]
|9= 9. [[Louise Henriette de Bourbon]]
|10= 10. [[Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre|Louis Jean Marie, Duke of Penthièvre]]
|11= 11. [[Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este]]
|12= 12. [[Charles III of Spain]]
|13= 13. [[Maria Amalia of Saxony]]
|14= 14. [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|15= 15. [[Maria Theresa|Maria Theresa of Austria]]
}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Sources==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Aumale, Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d'Orléans, Duc d'|volume=2|pages=920–921|first=Léon Jacques Maxime|last=Prinet}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Henri d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale}}
* [http://www.19e.org/biographies/A/aumale.htmDetailed Biography on 19ème Siècle site]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in French)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080503224512/http://www.academie-francaise.fr/immortels/base/academiciens/fiche.asp?param=430 ''Académie française'' Website]
{{Académie française Seat 21}}
{{Princes of Orléans}}
{{Prince of the Blood (House of Bourbon)}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Henri d'Orleans}}
[[Category:1822 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:Nobility from Paris]]
[[Category:Princes of France (Orléans)]]
[[Category:Dukes of Aumale]]
[[Category:French art collectors]]
[[Category:French book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie Française]]
[[Category:Burials at the Chapelle royale de Dreux]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[Category:Governors general of Algeria]]
[[Category:Collectors from Paris]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Paris]]
[[Category:Children of Louis Philippe I]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]