View source for Protestantism in Indonesia

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[[File:Blenduk Church.jpg|thumb|[[Blenduk Church]] in [[Semarang]], built in European architecture]]
[[File:Wamena Church Betlehem.jpg|thumb|Betlehem Church in [[Wamena]], [[Highland Papua]]]]
[[File:Protestant Indonesia Percentage Sensus2010.svg|thumb|350px|Protestants in each [[Regencies of Indonesia|regency of Indonesia]]]]
'''Protestantism''' ({{langx|id|Protestanisme}}) is one of the six approved [[religion]]s in Indonesia, the others being [[Islam in Indonesia|Islam]], [[Roman Catholicism in Indonesia|Roman Catholicism]], [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Hinduism]], [[Buddhism in Indonesia|Buddhism]], and [[Confucianism in Indonesia|Confucianism]]. It constitutes the bulk of [[Christianity in Indonesia]], which is the second largest religion in the country after Islam.
According to [[CIA]] statistics, in 2000 5.7% of the population of Indonesia were [[Protestant]].<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/indonesia/ CIA Factbook]</ref> A nationwide census of 2018 noted that 7.6% (20,250,000) of the population considering themselves Protestant, largest in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="RELIGIO">{{cite web|url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|title=Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia|publisher=[[Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia]]|date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|archive-date=3 September 2020|access-date=15 November 2020|language=id|quote=Muslim 231.069.932 (86.7), Christian 20.246.267 (7.6), Catholic 8.325.339 (3.12), Hindu 4.646.357 (1.74), Buddhist 2.062.150 (0.77), Confucianism 117091 (0.03), Other 299617 (0.13), Not Stated 139582 (0.06), Not Asked 757118 (0.32), Total 266.534.836}}</ref>
[[Protestantism]] in Indonesia is largely a result of [[Calvinist]] ([[Continental Reformed|Reformed]]) and [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] missionary efforts during the country's colonial period.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|pp=28, 62}}{{sfn|Vickers|2005|p=22}}<ref>{{cite book | last = Goh | first = Robbie B.H. | title = Christianity in Southeast Asia | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | page = 80 | isbn = 981-230-297-2 | year = 2005 }}</ref> The [[Dutch East India Company]] regulated the missionary work so it could serve its own interests and restricted it to the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago.<ref>Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set by Hans J. Hillerbrand, chapter on Indonesia, p. 824</ref> Although these two branches are the most common, a multitude of other denominations can be found elsewhere in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web | title = Indonesia - (Asia) | work = Reformed Online | publisher = Reformed Online | url = http://www.reformiert-online.net/weltweit/64_eng.php | access-date = 7 October 2006 }}</ref> The [[Batak Protestant Christian Church]], founded in 1861 by [[Germans|German]] Lutheran missionary [[Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen]], is the largest one.<ref>Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set by Hans J. Hillerbrand, chapter on Indonesia, p. 337</ref>
== History ==
Protestantism arrived in Indonesia during the Dutch East Indies colonization. By the mid-1700s a significant [[Lutheran]] presence was found in [[Jakarta]], with a Lutheran church built by the Lutheran Governor General [[Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff]] in 1749.<ref>{{Citation |editor1-last=Aritonang |editor1-first=Jan Sihar |editor2-last=Steenbrink |editor2-first=Karel |title=A history of Christianity in Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC |access-date=30 November 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-17026-1 |pages=122–123 }}</ref>  In 1817, the Dutch founded the Protestantsche Kerk in Nederlandsch-Indie ("Indische Kerk") as a union of [[Reformed church|Reformed]], [[Lutheran]], [[Baptists]], [[Arminian]] and [[Mennonite]] denominations.<ref>{{Citation |editor1-last=Aritonang |editor1-first=Jan Sihar |editor2-last=Steenbrink |editor2-first=Karel |title=A history of Christianity in Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC |access-date=30 November 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-17026-1 |page=384 }}</ref>  In 1835, the Dutch king decreed that one church council would fuse and oversee the Protestant denominations in the Dutch colony.<ref>{{Citation |editor1-last=Aritonang |editor1-first=Jan Sihar |editor2-last=Steenbrink |editor2-first=Karel |title=A history of Christianity in Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC |access-date=30 November 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-17026-1 |page=647 |quote=Protestants - European or Indonesian - living in the major cities mostly belonged to the Protestant Church in the Dutch East Indies, the Indische Kerk. The status of this church was in some respects quite different from that of the Catholic community, because it was placed more directly under government authority. By a decree of 11 December 1835 the Dutch king, Willem I, commanded the fusion of the Lutheran and Reformed denominations (only effected in 1854), and the establishment of one church council for the whole colony (realised in 1844). }}</ref>
== Demographics ==
In 2018, Protestants made up 7.43% of the population.<ref name="RELIGION">{{cite web|url=https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|title=Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia|publisher=[[Kementerian Agama Republik Indonesia]]|date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903221250/https://data.kemenag.go.id/agamadashboard/statistik/umat|archive-date=3 September 2020|access-date=15 November 2020|language=id|quote=Muslim 231.069.932 (86.7), Christian 20.246.267 (7.6), Catholic 8.325.339 (3.12), Hindu 4.646.357 (1.74), Buddhist 2.062.150 (0.77), Confucianism 71.999 (0.03), Others/Traditional faiths 112.792 (0.04), Total 266.534.836}}</ref>
On the island of [[Sulawesi]], 17% of the citizens are Protestant, particularly in [[Tana Toraja]] and [[North Sulawesi]]. Up to 65% of the Torajan population is Protestant. In some parts of the country, entire villages belong to a distinct denomination, such as [[Adventism|Adventist]], [[Lutheran]], [[Presbyterian]] or [[Salvation Army]]. Two provinces have Protestant majorities: North Sulawesi (64%) and Papua (60%). [[Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa]] is the largest [[Protestant]] church in North Sulawesi. [[Gereja Injili di Tanah Jawa]] is a Mennonite-related denomination. [[Huria Kristen Batak Protestant]] is a Lutheran denomination founded by [[Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen]]. It is the largest Protestant denomination in Indonesia and has over 4 million congregants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/LWF-Statistics-2010.pdf | title = 2010 World Lutheran Membership Details | first = Colette | last = Muanda | date = January 2011 | work = LWF Statistics 2010 | publisher = [Lutheran World Federation] | location = Geneva, Switzerland | page = 7 | access-date = 15 July 2011 | url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110926215127/http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/LWF-Statistics-2010.pdf | archive-date = 26 September 2011 }}</ref>  The relatively large number of "denominations" per capita in Indonesia may be due to the significant number of different [[ethnic groups in Indonesia]]. Many Indonesian Protestants tend to congregate based more on ethnicity than liturgical differences.<ref>{{Citation |editor1-last=Aritonang |editor1-first=Jan Sihar |editor2-last=Steenbrink |editor2-first=Karel |title=A history of Christianity in Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC |access-date=30 November 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-17026-1 |page=617 |quote=It is remarkable that in the merger of the BKP with the BNKP the choice for unification was made on cultural rather than denominational grounds. While the Batunese congregations show distinctly Lutheran traits, especially in liturgical matters, the sense of communion is determined by ethno-cultural relations. Similar language and customary law, and especially family links between Nias and the Batu Islands, by far outweigh eccliastical tradition. }}</ref>
== Reformed denominations ==
[[Image:Messiah Cathedral in Night.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Messiah Cathedral]] [[megachurch]], captured from [[Kemayoran]] Street, [[Jakarta]]]]
The [[Reformed church|Reformed]] faith was brought by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] missionaries beginning in the 17th century. Many of these churches are members of the [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcrc.ch/node/164 |title=Member churches &#124; Bringing together 80 million Reformed Christians worldwide |access-date=2013-08-18 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808192417/http://www.wcrc.ch/node/164 |archive-date=2012-08-08 }}</ref>
* [[Christian Evangelical Church in Sangihe-Talaud]] (GMIST)
* [[Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa]] (GMIM)
* [[Christian Church in East Timor]]
* [[Christian Church in Luwuk Banggai]]
* [[Christian Church in Central Sulawesi]]
* [[Christian Church of Southern Sumatra]]
* [[Christian Church of Sumba]]
* [[Church of Toraja Mamasa]]
* [[East Java Christian Church]]
* [[Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera]]
* [[Evangelical Christian Church in Papua]]
* [[Evangelical Church in Bolaang Mongondow]]
* [[Evangelical Church in Kalimantan]]
* [[Indonesian Christian Church]]
* [[Indonesian Protestant Church in Buol Toli-Toli]]
* [[Indonesian Protestant Church in Donggala]]
* [[Indonesian Protestant Church in Gorontalo]]
* [[Javanese Christian Church]] (Sinode Gereja-gereja Kristen Jawa, GKJ)
* [[Karo Batak Protestant Church]]
* [[Pasundan Christian Church]]
* [[Protestant Christian Church in Bali]]
* [[Protestant Church in Indonesia]]
* [[Protestant Church of Maluku]]
* [[Protestant Church in Southeast Sulawesi]]
* [[Protestant Church in West Indonesia]]
* [[Protestant Evangelical Church in Timor]]
* [[Toraja Church]]
=== Members of the International Conference of Reformed Churches ===
*[[Gereja-Gereja Reformasi Calvinis]]
*[[Gereja-Gereja Reformasi di Indonesia]]<ref>[[International Conference of Reformed Churches]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://icrconline.com/members.html |title=The International Conference of Reformed Churches |access-date=2013-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827004312/http://icrconline.com/members.html |archive-date=2014-08-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Members of World Reformed Fellowship ===
*[[Reformed Evangelical Church in Indonesia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wrfnet.org/web/guest/aboutwrf/membershiplist |title=The World Reformed Fellowship - Membership List |access-date=2013-02-17 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730014055/http://wrfnet.org/web/guest/aboutwrf/membershiplist |archive-date=2012-07-30 }}</ref>
== Lutheran denominations ==
[[File:Balige church.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|A [[Batak Christian Protestant Church]]
in [[Balige]], [[North Sumatra]], built circa 1917.]]
Indonesian churches recognized by the [[Lutheran World Federation]] as Lutheran or affiliated with Lutheran are:
* [[Protestant Christian Church of Nias|Banua Niha Keriso Protestan]] (BNKP) – The Protestant Church in Nias Island
* Gereja Angowuloa Masehi Indonesia Nias (AMIN) – Christian Communion of Indonesia in Nias
* Gereja Kristen Luther Indonesia (GKLI) – Indonesian Christian Lutheran Church
* Gereja Kristen Protestan Angkola (GKPA) – Christian Protestant Angkola Church
* Gereja Kristen Protestan di Mentawai (GKPM) – Protestant Christian Church in Mentawai
* Gereja Kristen Protestan Indonesia (GKPI) – Christian Protestant Church in Indonesia
* Gereja Kristen Protestan Pakpak Dairi (GKPPD) – Pakpak Dairi Protestant Christian Church
* [[Simalungun Protestant Christian Church|Gereja Kristen Protestan Simalungun]] (GKPS) – Simalungun Protestant Christian Church
* Gereja Punguan Kristen Batak (GPKB) – Batak Christian Community Church
* Gereja Protestan Persekutuan (GPP) – The United Protestant Church
* [[Batak Christian Protestant Church|Huria Kristen Batak Protestan]] (HKBP) – Protestant Christian Batak Church
* Huria Kristen Indonesia (HKI) – The Indonesian Christian Church
* [[Communion of Protestant Christian Church of Nias|Orahua Niha Keriso Protestan]] (ONKP) - Communion of Protestant Christian Church
HKI, GMB, GKPS, GKPI, GKLI, GKPA, GPP, and GKPPD all split from HKBP.<ref>{{Citation |editor1-last=Aritonang |editor1-first=Jan Sihar |editor2-last=Steenbrink |editor2-first=Karel |title=A history of Christianity in Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC |access-date=30 November 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-17026-1 |page=558 }}</ref>  GKLI maintains a strong relationship with the [[Church of Norway|Norwegian Lutheran Church]]. GKPM was founded by HKBP missionaries.<ref>{{Citation |editor1-last=Aritonang |editor1-first=Jan Sihar |editor2-last=Steenbrink |editor2-first=Karel |title=A history of Christianity in Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC |access-date=30 November 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-17026-1 |page=619 }}</ref>  Although the BNKP and HKBP have historically cooperated, no official relationship exists between those entities. AMIN split from BNKP and retains more of a Lutheran identity.<ref>{{Citation |editor1-last=Aritonang |editor1-first=Jan Sihar |editor2-last=Steenbrink |editor2-first=Karel |title=A history of Christianity in Indonesia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUoGJSs9yOUC |access-date=30 November 2010 |year=2008 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-17026-1 |page=611 }}</ref>
Gereja Lutheran Indonesia (GLI) is affiliated with the [[Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference]]. GLI is closely associated with the [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] in the [[United States]]. GLI has offices in Jakarta and operates a seminary, Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Lutheran (STTL), in [[Yogyakarta]]. GLI has large congregations on Java and in [[West Timor]], as well as posts in [[Papua (province)|Papua]] and [[Kalimantan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180034429 |title=Gereja Lutheran Indonesia |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference |access-date=24 Oct 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wels.net/missions/indonesia |title=Indonesia |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher= Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Syno |access-date=24 Oct 2014}}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Christianity in Indonesia]]
*[[Religion in Indonesia]]
*[[Batak (Indonesia)#Christianity|Christianity among the Batak]]
*[[Pentecostal Church in Indonesia]]
*[[Protestantism by country]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
*{{cite journal | last1 = Kipp | first1 = Rita Smith |date=November 1995 | title = conversion by affiliation: the history of the Karo Batak Protestant Church | journal = American Ethnologist | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 868–882 | location = Arlington, VA | publisher = [[American Anthropological Association]] | doi = 10.1525/ae.1995.22.4.02a00110 | jstor = 646390}}
*{{cite book |last1=Pedersen |first1=Paul |title=Batak Blood and Protestant Soul: The Development of National Batak Churches in North Sumatra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHFLAAAAIAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.]] |location=Grand Rapids |doi=10.2307/3163048 |jstor=3163048 |s2cid=162473934 |ol=5753747M }}
== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020957/http://www.persecution.org/suffering/countryinfodetail.php?countrycode=6  Persecution.org website (archived)]
{{Asia in topic|Protestantism in}}
{{Churches in Indonesia}}
[[Category:Protestantism in Indonesia| ]]
[[Category:Protestantism by country|Indonesia]]
[[Category:History of the Dutch East India Company]]
[[de:Christentum in Indonesien#Protestantismus]]