View source for Puntland

{{short description|Federal state in northeastern Somalia}}
{{About|the region in Somalia|the ancient kingdom|Land of Punt}}
{{Distinguish|Putland}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| native_name        = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|so|Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland ee Soomaaliya}}
|{{native name|ar|ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية|italics=off}} |''{{transliteration|ar|Wilāyat Arḍ al-Bunṭ aṣ-Ṣūmāliyyah}}''}}
| image_flag         = Flag of Puntland.svg
| image_shield       = Coat of Arms of Puntland.svg
| image_map          = LocationPuntland2.png
| map_caption        =
| coordinates        = {{Coord|8|24|N|48|29|E|type:city}}
| seat_type          = Capital
| seat               = [[Garowe]]
| government_type    = '''[[De jure]]''' [[federated state]] of [[Somalia]] <br> '''[[De facto]]'''[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential republic]]
| leader_title1      = [[President of the Puntland|President]]
| leader_name1       = [[Said Abdullahi Deni]]
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.populationdata.net/rankings/population/|title=Rankings – Countries and Territories of the World • PopulationData.net|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629181040/https://en.populationdata.net/rankings/population/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 212510
| area_water_km2     = 21,711
| leader_title2      = [[Vice President of Puntland|Vice-President]]
| leader_name2       = [[Ilyas Osman Lugator]]
| leader_title3      = [[House of Representatives of Puntland#Speakers|House Speaker]]
| leader_name3       = [[Abdirizak Ahmed Said]]
| established_date1  = 1 August 1998
| area_rank          =
| population_est     = 4,334,633
| pop_est_as_of      = 2016
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref name="PLFactsandFigures2012-2017">{{cite web |title=Puntland Facts and Figures 2012-2017 |url=https://bareedo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Puntland-Facts-and-Figures-2017-Year-book-2018-1.pdf |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731042558/https://bareedo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Puntland-Facts-and-Figures-2017-Year-book-2018-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_demonym = Puntlander
| timezone           = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset         = +3
| utc_offset_DST     = +3
| motto              =
| area_code          = [[+252]]90 (Somalia)
| area_code_type     = Calling code
| iso_code           = SO
| settlement_type    = [[States and regions of Somalia|Federal Member State]]
| name               = Puntland
| official_name      = Puntland State of Somalia<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Puntland-const2010.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=30 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610044838/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Puntland-const2010.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''Puntland''' ({{langx|so|Puntland}}, {{langx|ar|أرض البنط}}, {{langx|it|Terra di Punt}} or ''Paese di Punt''), officially the '''Puntland State of Somalia''' ({{langx|so|Dowlad Goboleedka Puntland ee Soomaaliya}}, {{langx|ar|ولاية أرض البنط الصومالية}}), is an [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous]] territory formed in 1998 that became a [[States and regions of Somalia|Federal Member State]]. Puntland is located in the northeastern part of [[Somalia]] and its state capital is the city of [[Garoowe]] in the [[Nugal, Somalia|Nugal]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-state-of-somalia |title=Puntland State of Somalia |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202641/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-state-of-somalia/ |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The region had a population of 4,334,633 in 2016.<ref name="PLFactsandFigures2012-20172">{{cite web |title=Puntland Facts and Figures 2012-2017 |url=https://bareedo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Puntland-Facts-and-Figures-2017-Year-book-2018-1.pdf |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731042558/https://bareedo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Puntland-Facts-and-Figures-2017-Year-book-2018-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
Puntland is bordered by [[Somaliland]] to its west, the [[Gulf of Aden]] in the north, the [[Guardafui Channel]] in the northeast, the [[Indian Ocean]] in the southeast, the central [[Galmudug]] region in the south, and [[Ethiopia]] in the southwest. There are several major geographical apexes in Puntland, including the [[Cape Guardafui]], which forms the tip of the Horn of Africa, [[Ras Hafun]] the easternmost place on the entire African continent, and the beginning of the [[Karkaar]] mountain range. It also has the northernmost major city in Somalia, [[Bosaso]], located at a line of latitude higher than [[11th parallel north|11° north]].
The name "Puntland" is derived from the [[Land of Punt]] mentioned in [[ancient Egypt]]ian sources, although the exact location of the fabled territory is still a mystery. Many studies suggest that the Land of Punt was located in present-day Somalia,<ref>Dan Richardson, ''Egypt'', (Rough Guides: 2003), p. 404 {{ISBN|1858281881}}</ref><ref>Ian McMahan, ''Secrets of the Pharaohs'', (HarperCollins: 1998), p. 92 {{ISBN|0380797208}}</ref> whereas others propose that it was situated elsewhere.<ref>David B. O'Connor, Stephen Quirke, Quir O'Connor, ''Mysterious lands'', (UCL Press: 2003), p. 64 {{ISBN|1598742078}}</ref>
On 31 March 2024, following changes to the [[Constitution of Somalia]], the government of Puntland stated that it no longer recognises the authority of the Somali federal government and would no longer participate in Somali federal institutions. Furthermore, it was stated that Puntland would "operate as a state that's independent from Somalia until there is a federal government with a constitution agreed upon in a referendum in which Puntland participates".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/04/somalia-puntland-refuses-to-recognise-fg-after-disputed-constitutional-changes/ |title=Somalia: Puntland refuses to recognise FG after disputed constitutional changes |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422164905/https://www.tvcnews.tv/2024/04/somalia-puntland-refuses-to-recognise-fg-after-disputed-constitutional-changes/ |url-status=live |work=TVC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-01/puntland-to-operate-independently-from-somalia-after-law-change |title=Puntland to Operate Independently from Somalia after Law Change |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=2 April 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401203339/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-01/puntland-to-operate-independently-from-somalia-after-law-change |url-status=live |url-access=limited |last=Ahmed |first=Mohamed Omar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/04/somalia-state-of-puntland-rejects-constitutional-amendments-and-withdraws-from-federal-government/ |title=Somalia state of Puntland rejects constitutional amendments and withdraws from federal government |access-date=15 September 2024 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408134809/https://www.jurist.org/news/2024/04/somalia-state-of-puntland-rejects-constitutional-amendments-and-withdraws-from-federal-government/ |url-status=live |work=Jurist News |last=Ben Mariem |first=Salma}}</ref>
== History ==
{{main|History of Puntland}}
=== Majeerteen and Hobyo Sultanates ===
The [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) [[Osman Mahamuud]].<ref name="Metz">[[Helen Chapin Metz]], ''Somalia: a country study'', (The Division: 1993), p. 10 {{ISBN|0844407755}}.</ref> Centred in [[Aluula]], it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. [[Osman Mahamuud|Boqor Osman]] was one of the prominent Darood clan chiefs who ruled the ancient towns of [[Alula]], [[Bargaal]], [[Bosaso]] and [[Hafun]] and subsequently emerged as a powerful traditional elder who fully controlled areas under his rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BiyoKulule Online Bosaso |url=https://www.biyokulule.com/Bosaso_history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707083415/http://biyokulule.com/Bosaso_history.htm |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=19 May 2019}}</ref> The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.<ref>''Horn of Africa'', Volume 15, Issues 1–4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p. 130.</ref><ref>''Transformation towards a regulated economy'', (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p. 62.</ref>
[[File:Garesadihafun.jpg|thumb|left|One of the forts of the [[Majeerteen Sultanate]] (Migiurtinia) in [[Hafun]]]]
The Majeerteen Sultanate was nearly destroyed in the mid-1800s by a power struggle between Boqor Osman and his ambitious cousin, [[Yusuf Ali Kenadid]]. After almost five years of battle, the young upstart was finally forced into exile in [[Yemen]]. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] with a band of [[Hadhramaut|Hadhrami]] [[musketeer]]s and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local clans and establish the [[Sultanate of Hobyo]] in 1878.<ref name="Metz" /><ref>Lee V. Cassanelli, ''The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600–1900'', (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p. 75 {{ISBN|0812278321}}.</ref>
In late 1889, Boqor Osman entered into a treaty with [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], making his realm an Italian [[protectorate]]. His rival Sultan Kenadid had signed a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the year before. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Boqor Osman looking to use Italy's support in his ongoing power struggle with Kenadid over the Majeerteen Sultanate. Boqor Osman and Sultan Kenadid also hoped to exploit the conflicting interests among the European imperial powers that were then looking to control the Somali peninsula, so as to avoid direct occupation of their territories by force.<ref name="Majsult">The Majeerteen Sultanates</ref>
With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of European colonial rule, all three sultanates were annexed to [[Italian Somaliland]] in the early 20th century.<ref name="Majsult"/>
===Establishment of Puntland===
[[File:Darawiish territory according to Somali historian Muxamed Ibraahim Muxamed,.png|thumb|left|160px|The territory of Dervish [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan|Sayid Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan]] (marked out in black ink delineation), according to Somali historian [[Muxamed Ibraahim Muxamed]], included [[Ciid-Nugaal]] regions of [[Nugal, Somalia|Nugaal province]], [[Las Anod District]], [[Xudun District]], [[Taleh District]], [[Boocame District]] and [[Boh (woreda)|Bookh District]].]]
[[File:Abdullahi Jusuf Ahmed - September 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]], one of the founders of Puntland]]
Following the outbreak of the [[Somali Civil War]] in 1991, a home-grown constitutional conference was held in [[Garoowe]] in 1998 over a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (''Issims''), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners.<ref>His Excellency Abdirahman Mohamed Mohamud (Farole). President of Puntland State of Somalia [http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_s_Experience_in_Peace-building_and_State-building.shtml Somalia: Puntland's Experience in Peace-building and State-building] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017121333/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_s_Experience_in_Peace-building_and_State-building.shtml |date=17 October 2013 }}. garoweonline.com (3 April 2012)</ref> [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]] served as the fledgling state's founding president.<ref>{{cite book|title=Somalia Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws|date=2013|publisher=International Business Publications|isbn=978-1438771045|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUIdWpwofCcC&pg=PA102|access-date=15 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=January 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
As stipulated in Article 1 of the [[Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic]], Puntland is a part of the Federal State of Somalia. As such, the region seeks the unity of [[Somalis]] and adheres to a federal system of government.<ref name="MOPIC">{{cite web|url=http://mopicpl.com/Application/Puntland.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219140709/http://mopicpl.com/Application/Puntland.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-12-19|title=Ministry of Planning and International Corporation}}</ref> Unlike the republic of [[Somaliland]] to its west, Puntland is not trying to obtain international recognition as a separate nation.<ref name="RRPuntland">{{cite web|title=Range Resources: Speculative Buy at 25.5p – Target price 56p |url=http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/research_Reports/gecr_29Nov07_RangeResources_mainnote.pdf |publisher=Range Resources |access-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120100415/http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/research_Reports/gecr_29Nov07_RangeResources_mainnote.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-20 |url-status=dead |quote=The Puntland State of Somalia has considered itself autonomous since 1998, with its own capital city of Garoowe and has designated regions with recognized regional capitals. The Putland authorities, headed by President Adde Muse Hersi, maintain a low profile and do not seek independence from the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia (Mogadishu being the capital). The autonomous State of Puntaland emerged after the fall of President Siyad Barre in 1991. In the south of Somalia, Islamic courts, warlords and regional tribes jostle for power and control whilst the State of Puntland experiences relative political stability with one dominant clan currently and historically controlling the region.The stability of Puntland is largely a product of its clan system that creates an established order based on family loyalty and cultural bonds and creates a more proactive and solution oriented politi-cal system.}}</ref> However, both regions have one thing in common: they base their support upon clan elders and their organizational structure along lines based on clan relationships and [[kinship]].<ref name="RRPuntland"/><ref>[http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/March/18_somaliland_faisal.pdf Local and Global Norms: Challenges to "Somaliland's" Unilateral Secession] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606161640/http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/March/18_somaliland_faisal.pdf |date=6 June 2013 }}. (PDF) . Retrieved on 20 May 2012.</ref> However, a key difference was that Puntland was formed as a descendant-based entity unlike in Somaliland.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Lund|first1=Christian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEe6DgAAQBAJ&q=puntland+harti&pg=PA196|title=Rule and Rupture: State Formation Through the Production of Property and Citizenship|last2=Eilenberg|first2=Michael|date=2017-07-11|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-38473-1|language=en}}</ref> The state was established as a "homeland" for the [[Harti]] community of Northern Somalia, whereby the [[Majeerteen|Majeerten]] were deemed as the "chief architects" of the entity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISSAfrica.org|date=2009-09-05|title=The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland|url=https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-political-development-of-somaliland-and-its-conflict-with-puntland|access-date=2020-08-02|website=ISS Africa|language=en|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028071534/https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-political-development-of-somaliland-and-its-conflict-with-puntland|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2QwAQAAIAAJ&q=puntland+harti|title=Remarks on the 1998 Charter of Puntland State of Somalia|date=1999|publisher=United Nations Development Programme Somalia, United Nations Development Office for Somalia|language=en}}</ref> Since its establishment in 1998, Puntland has also been in [[Puntland–Somaliland dispute|territorial disputes with Somaliland]] over the [[Sool, Somalia|Sool]], [[Sanaag]] and Ayn regions.
The legal structure of Puntland consists of the judiciary, legislative ([[House of Representatives of Puntland|House of Representatives]]) and the executive (the President and his nominated Council of Ministries) branches of government.<ref name="MOPIC"/> Though relatively peaceful, the region briefly experienced political unrest in 2001 when then President of Puntland, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, one of the founding fathers of the Puntland State and its first president, wanted his term extended. Ahmed and [[Jama Ali Jama]] fought for control of the region, with Ahmed emerging victorious the following year. Ahmed served his second term as president until October 2004, when he was elected [[List of Presidents of Somalia|President of Somalia]]. He was succeeded in office by [[Mohamed Hashi]], who served until January 2005 when he lost a re-election bid in parliament to General [[Mohamud Muse Hersi]] "Adde".
== Politics ==
{{main|Government of Puntland}}
Puntland uses a parliamentary system in which the [[President of Puntland|president]] and the [[Vice President of Puntland|vice president]] are elected by the unicameral [[Parliament of Puntland]].<ref name="const">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Puntland State of Somalia |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/som197962.pdf |website=FAOLEX Database |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523121127/https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/som197962.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== General Adde Muse administration ===
[[File:Cadde1.jpg|thumb|[[Mohamud Muse Hersi]]]]
In March 2005, President Muse began an ambitious plan to build an airport in Puntland's commercial capital of Bosaso, a project that is now complete and referred to as [[Bender Qassim International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puntlandgovt.com/en/currentissues/information/further_information_add.php?id=27 |title=Puntland State of Somalia |publisher=Puntlandgovt.com |date=18 March 2005 |access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420151618/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/en/currentissues/information/further_information_add.php?id=27 |archive-date=20 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puntlandgovt.com/en/currentissues/information/current_issues_more.php?id=412 |title=The President Tours the Bossaso Airport Construction Site |publisher=Puntlandgovt.com |date=31 August 2007 |access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107090353/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/en/currentissues/information/current_issues_more.php?id=412 |archive-date=7 November 2007 }}</ref>
In April 2007, Muse held meetings with Sheikh [[Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi]], the crown prince and deputy ruler of [[Ras al-Khaimah]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE), where the two leaders signed an agreement on a deal for setting up of a dedicated livestock quarantine facility to facilitate the import of [[livestock]] from Somalia to the UAE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/116856.html |title=RAK and Puntland State of Somalia sign agreements to boost bilateral cooperation &#124; Government of Ras Al Khaimah |publisher=AMEinfo.com |access-date=29 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728101945/http://www.ameinfo.com/116856.html |archive-date=28 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In October 2008, Muse also signed a [[United Arab Emirates dirham|Dh]]170 million agreement with [[Dubai]]'s [[Lootah Group]] to support the construction of an airport, seaport and free zone in the coastal city of Bosaso. Muse indicated that "I believe that when we finish all these projects our people will benefit by getting good health services, education and overall prosperity."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2008/Nov/puntland_the_land_of_opportunity.aspx |title=Puntland: The land of opportunity |publisher=Hiiraan.com |date=November 2008 |access-date=29 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055313/http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2008/Nov/puntland_the_land_of_opportunity.aspx |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Farole administration ===
[[File:Abdirahman Farole.jpg|thumb|left|[[Abdirahman Farole]]]]
In January 2009, [[Abdirahman Farole]] was elected the new president of Puntland. Upon assuming office, the Farole administration implemented a number of reforms, particularly in the security and judicial sectors. To bolster the region's justice system, numerous new prosecutors, judges and other court personnel as well as additional prison guards were hired and trained. In July 2010, the Puntland Council of Ministers unanimously approved a new anti-terrorism law to more efficiently handle terror suspects and their accomplices; a special court is also expected to be established within the region's existing criminal courts system to facilitate the task.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_Cabinet_approves_counterterrorism_law.shtml |title=Somalia: Puntland Cabinet approves counterterrorism law |publisher=Garoweonline.com |date=2010-07-17 |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514132216/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_Cabinet_approves_counterterrorism_law.shtml |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref>
Fiscally, a transparent, [[Government budget|budget]]-based [[public finance]] system was established, which has reportedly helped increase public confidence in government. In addition, a new regional constitution was drafted and later passed on 15 June 2009, which is believed to represent a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] political system to the region for the first time;<ref name="GARW">{{cite web|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Editorial_29/Somalia_President_Farole_the_Pride_of_Puntland_Editorial.shtml |title=President Farole – the Pride of Puntland |publisher=Garowe Online |date=2010-05-12 |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619122328/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Editorial_29/Somalia_President_Farole_the_Pride_of_Puntland_Editorial.shtml |archive-date=19 June 2010 }}</ref> such a system already exists in the adjacent Somaliland region.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/14904 |title=Somaliland women prepare strategy for election |publisher=Afrol.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422020352/http://www.afrol.com/articles/14904 |archive-date=22 April 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>
More modest reforms were also put into motion in the social sector, particularly in the education and healthcare fields. The regional government has hired more healthcare workers and teachers, with major plans under way for school and hospital renovations.<ref name="GARW" /> One of the most significant new reforms enacted by the incumbent Puntland administration is the launching in May 2009 of the [[Puntland Agency For Social Welfare]] (PASWE), the first organization of its kind in Somali history. The agency provides medical, educational and counselling support to vulnerable groups and individuals such as orphans, the disabled and the blind. PASWE is overseen by a Board of Directors, which consists of religious scholars (''[[Ulama|ulema]]''), business people, intellectuals and traditional elders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_leader_launches_welfare_agency_printer.shtml |title=Somalia: Puntland leader launches welfare agency |publisher=Garoweonline.com |access-date=2010-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024151636/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_leader_launches_welfare_agency_printer.shtml |archive-date=24 October 2013 }}</ref>
=== Democratization process ===
{{main|Elections in Puntland}}
On 15 June 2009, the Puntland government passed a new regional draft constitution, representing a significant step toward the eventual introduction of a [[Multi-party system|multi-party]] political system to the region for the first time.<ref name="GARW" />
[[File:Somdbihd6.png|thumb|right|Women at a political function during the Puntland democratisation process]]
On 15 April 2012, the Puntland government opened a four-day constitutional convention officially inaugurating the new [[Constitution of Puntland]]. Overseen by the Puntland Electoral Commission (PEC), the constitution represented the final step in the extant regional democratization process and was scheduled to be followed by the formation of political parties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia: Puntland constitutional convention opens in Garowe |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_constitutional_convention_opens_in_Garowe_printer.shtml |access-date=19 April 2012 |newspaper=Garowe Online |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131203174745/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_constitutional_convention_opens_in_Garowe_printer.shtml |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On 12 September 2012, the [[Puntland Electoral Commission]] announced that the registration process for political parties in Puntland was now open. This came after the passing of the Political Association Law, the Referendum Act, the District Elections Law and the inauguration of the state constitution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia: 'Registration of political associations open': Puntland Election Commission |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Registration_of_political_associations_open_Puntland_Election_Commission_printer.shtml |access-date=18 September 2012 |newspaper=Garowe Online |date=12 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131203174815/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Registration_of_political_associations_open_Puntland_Election_Commission_printer.shtml |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They will also be challengers in the next elections, scheduled for January 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia: Puntland MPs amend electoral law |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_MPs_amend_electoral_law_printer.shtml |access-date=19 November 2012 |newspaper=Garowe Online |date=12 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131203174747/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_MPs_amend_electoral_law_printer.shtml |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On 14 November 2012, President Farole announced the launching of his new political party, [[Horseed (political party)|Horseed]]. The association counts over 200 members and represents the incumbent Puntland government, including Vice President [[Abdisamad Ali Shire]] and the state Ministers. It is the first prospective party to register for an application with the Transitional Puntland Electoral Commission (TPEC). According to Farole, the general public will be eligible for membership in the organization once it is selected as an official political party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Somalia: Puntland President announces political association |url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_President_announces_political_association_printer.shtml |access-date=19 November 2012 |newspaper=Garowe Online |date=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131203174747/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_President_announces_political_association_printer.shtml |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref> Five other political associations were established the following month, including the Development and Justice Party [[Horcad]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Hor-Cad Political Association/Party announced in Hotel Jubba Bosaso |url=https://www.somaliaonline.com/community/topic/64889-hor-cad-political-associationparty-announced-in-hotel-jubba-bosaso/ |access-date=February 14, 2023 |publisher=Sahan online}}</ref> launched by an entrepreneur and businessman [[Omar Ismail Waberi]] along other politicians, the Union of the People of the Regions or UPR (Ururka Gobolada Umadaha Bahoobey or UGUB),<ref>{{cite news|title=New political party launched in Puntland |url=http://puntlandi.com/new-political-party-launched-in-puntland/ |access-date=3 December 2013 |newspaper=Puntlandi |date=4 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604041204/http://puntlandi.com/new-political-party-launched-in-puntland/ |archive-date=4 June 2013 }}</ref> Midnimo, Talowadaag (Consensus-building), and GAHAYR or Golaha Aqoonta iyo Horumarinta ee Asaaska Yoolka Runta (Council of Education and Development towards Founding the True Goal).<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia: Two new Puntland political associations declared in Garowe|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Two_new_Puntland_political_associations_declared_in_Garowe_printer.shtml|access-date=3 December 2013|newspaper=Garowe Online|date=21 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210225632/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Two_new_Puntland_political_associations_declared_in_Garowe_printer.shtml|archive-date=10 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Dr. Abdiweli Mohamed Ali Gaas administration ===
[[File:Presidentialres.jpg|thumb|Presidential residence in [[Bosaso]]]]
On 8 January 2014, former Prime Minister of Somalia [[Abdiweli Mohamed Ali]] was elected as the 5th President of Puntland overcoming Dr. Farole by a single electoral vote.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia: Former PM Abdiweli Ali Gas wins in the Puntland Presidential Elections|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/01/somalia-former-pm-abdiweli-ali-gas-wins-in-the-puntland-presidential-elections/|access-date=8 January 2014|newspaper=Raxanreeb|date=8 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108122630/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/01/somalia-former-pm-abdiweli-ali-gas-wins-in-the-puntland-presidential-elections/|archive-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> [[Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar]] was concurrently elected Puntland's vice president.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabdixakiin Cabdullaahi Camey oo loo doortey Madaxweyne kuxigeenka Puntland|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2014/01/08/cabdixakiin-cabdullaahi-camey-oo-loo-doortey-madaxweyne-kuxigeenka-puntland/|access-date=8 January 2014|newspaper=Horseed Media|date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108143648/http://horseedmedia.net/2014/01/08/cabdixakiin-cabdullaahi-camey-oo-loo-doortey-madaxweyne-kuxigeenka-puntland/|archive-date=8 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Deni administration ===
On 8 January 2019 the former Federal Minister for Planning and International Cooperation, Said Abdullahi Deni, was declared the new president. The election was closely contested, going to a third round of voting. Deni defeated former intelligence officer, Asad Osman Diyano. Deni got 35 votes, to Diayno's 31 votes.
[[File:Said Abdullahi Deni (22-05-2021) (cropped).jpg|thumb|President of Puntland Said Abdullahi Deni]]
Deni addressed the lawmakers after being declared the winner. He said he would continue the policies of his predecessor, Abdiweli Gaas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mareeg.com/somalia-puntland-elect-former-federal-minister-for-planning-and-international-cooperatio-saed-deni-in-garowe/|title=Ex-Somali Minister elected as new president of Puntland State * Mareeg.com somalia, World News and Opinion.|website=mareeg.com|access-date=8 January 2019|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029053029/https://mareeg.com/somalia-puntland-elect-former-federal-minister-for-planning-and-international-cooperatio-saed-deni-in-garowe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2024, Puntland announced it would operate as an independent state amid a dispute over Somali constitutional changes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Mohamed Omar |date=2024-04-01 |title=Puntland to Operate Independently From Somalia After Law Change |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-01/puntland-to-operate-independently-from-somalia-after-law-change |access-date=2024-04-02 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401203339/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-01/puntland-to-operate-independently-from-somalia-after-law-change |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Administrative divisions ==
=== Regions ===
As stipulated in Article 3 of the ''Transitional Constitution of the Puntland Regional Government'' of 2001, Puntland consists of the following claimed regions:<ref name="MOPIC"/><ref>See Article 3.1. (Territory, Borders and Its Inviolability and Sacredness) of the ''Transitional Constitution of the Puntland Regional Government'' at: http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-constitution/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413133230/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-constitution/ |date=2018-04-13 }}</ref>
{| align= border="1" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 0 1em; background:#fff; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; font-size:95%"
|- style="text-align:center; background: #efefef; border-bottom:2px solid black;"
! Puntland
! Regions
! Capitals
! Districts
|-
| rowspan="11" | [[File:Puntland new regions map.jpg|350px]]
|-
| [[Cayn|Ayn]]   || [[Buuhoodle]]    || style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
| [[Bari Region|Bari]]   || [[Bosaso]]    || style="text-align:center;"| 5
|-
| [[Karkaar]]   || [[Qardho]]    || style="text-align:center;"| 5
|-
| [[Ra'as Aseir]]|| [[Aluula]]    || style="text-align:center;"| 5
|-
| [[Haylan region|Haylaan]]   || [[Dhahar]]    || style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
| [[Mudug]]   || [[Galkayo]]    || style="text-align:center;"| 2,5
|-
| [[Nugal, Somalia|Nugal]]   || [[Garowe]]    || style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| [[Sanaag]]   ||   [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]]   ||  style="text-align:center;" | 4
|-
|   [[Sool, Somalia|Sool]]   || [[Las Anod]]    || style="text-align:center | 7
|}
=== Redistricting and border disputes ===
{{Main|Puntland–Somaliland dispute}}
In January 2009, the short-lived [[Proto-state|quasi-state]] of [[Maakhir]] was officially incorporated into Puntland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somalia – Maakhir|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html#Maakhir|publisher=Worldstatesmen|access-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209042342/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html#Maakhir|archive-date=9 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>
Control of the western [[Sool, Somalia|Sool]], [[Sanaag]] and [[Cayn|Ayn]] (SSC) provinces is disputed with Somaliland.
On 8 April 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region named [[Cape Guardafui|Gardafuul]]. Carved out of the Bari region, it consists of three districts and has its capital at [[Aluula]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puntlandpost.com/garoowe-gobal-degmooyin-cusub-oo-maalmahan-si-rasmi-ah-ugu-soo-biiraaya-gobalada-degmooyinka-puntland/|title=Puntlandpost.com – All About Somalia and Puntland|work=Puntland Post|access-date=1 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613145006/http://www.puntlandpost.com/garoowe-gobal-degmooyin-cusub-oo-maalmahan-si-rasmi-ah-ugu-soo-biiraaya-gobalada-degmooyinka-puntland/|archive-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> Prior to naming this new region, the previous government of Puntland created three regions, all carved out of the existing regions: [[Karkaar]] was carved out of [[Bari Region|Bari]], [[Sool, Somaliland|Haylaan]] out of [[Sanaag]], and Ayn out of [[Togdheer]] region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-state-of-somalia/|title=Puntland State of Somalia|access-date=1 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221121642/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-state-of-somalia/|archive-date=21 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In the south, according to the federal government of Somalia and [[CIA]], the southern part of Mudug is part of [[Galmudug]]
{{Largest cities
| country      = Puntland
| stat_ref     = <ref>{{cite web|last1=UNDP|title=Somalia Population estimate 2005|url=https://www.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf|publisher=UNDP|access-date=7 December 2021|archive-date=21 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521143143/https://unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| list_by_pop  =
| div_name     = Region
| div_link     =
| city_1 = Bosaso
| div_1  = Bari, Somalia
| pop_1  = 164,906
| img_1  = Bosaatnight.jpg
| city_2 = Galkayo
| div_2  = Mudug
| pop_2  = 137,667
| img_2  = Galkpriv.jpg
| city_3 = Garoowe
| div_3  = Nugaal
| pop_3  = 70,991
| img_3  = Garoweresid6.jpg
| city_4 = Qardho
| div_4  = Bari, Somalia
| pop_4  = 56,825
| img_4  = QardhoTown.jpg
| city_5 = Badhan, Sanaag
| div_5  = Puntland–Somaliland dispute
| pop_5  = 55,300
| city_6 = Galdogob
| div_6  = Nugaal
| pop_6  = 40,433
| city_7 = Waiye
| div_7  = Bari
| pop_7  = 44,109
| city_8 = n/a
| div_8  = n/a
| pop_8  = n/a
| city_9 = n/a
| div_9  = n/a
| pop_9  = n/a
| city_10 = n/a
| div_10  = n/a
| pop_10  = n/a
}}
== Geography ==
[[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|A [[camel]] peering over the leafier portions of Puntland's [[Cal Madow]] mountain range]]
Puntland is geographically situated in the northeastern portion of [[Somalia]]. It is bordered by [[Somaliland]] to its west, the [[Gulf of Aden]] in the north, the [[Indian Ocean]] in the southeast, and [[Ethiopia]] in the southwest. Puntland occupies a total land area of {{cvt|212,510|km2}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kariye|first=Dr Badal W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fe5mDwAAQBAJ|title=The Rise & The Fall of Somali President His Excellency Mohamed Abdillahi Mohamed (Farmajo)|date=30 July 2018|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-387-98657-6|language=en|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522142149/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fe5mDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> or roughly one-third of Somalia's geographical area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where is Puntland?|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-puntland-state-of-somalia.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=WorldAtlas|date=2 August 2019|language=en-US|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424145958/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-puntland-state-of-somalia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mountains include [[Golis Mountains]], [[Galgala]], and [[Cal Madow|Al Madow]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld {{!}} Al-Shabaab: Why Somalia's al-Qaeda Affiliate Wants Puntland|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/58e21d7e4.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Refworld|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915192835/https://www.refworld.org/docid/58e21d7e4.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoehne|first=Markus Virgil|date=2014-07-03|title=Resource conflict and militant Islamism in the Golis Mountains in northern Somalia (2006–2013)|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2014.901945|journal=Review of African Political Economy|volume=41|issue=141|pages=358–373|doi=10.1080/03056244.2014.901945|s2cid=145703040|issn=0305-6244|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522142034/https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.1080/03056244.2014.901945|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-10-01|title=Somalia battles al-Shabab for Galgala mountains|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29444355|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710094555/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29444355|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Climate===
The region is [[semi-arid climate|semi-arid]], with a warm climate and average daily temperatures ranging from {{convert|27|°C|°F|1}} to {{convert|37|°C|°F|1}}. These climatic conditions favor [[pastoralism]] as the most effective use of land in most parts of the region. Grazing lands include the [[Haud|Hawd]] region in the high plateau to the west of the [[Mudug]] and [[Sool, Somalia|Sool]] regions, into the lush green land of [[Sanaag]] and into Ethiopia and the low [[Nugaal]] valley. Mild temperatures, by contrast, are experienced only along the high mountain ranges of [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]].
Rainfall is sparse and variable, with no single area receiving more than {{convert|400|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} of rain annually. Nomads primarily rely on [[Water well|wells]] as a source of water rather than [[surface water]]. There are four main seasons around which pastoral and agricultural life revolve, and these are dictated by shifts in the wind patterns. Puntland's seasons are:<ref name="MOPIC"/>
* ''Jilal'' – from January to March; the harshest dry season of the year
* ''Gu'' – from April to June; the main rainy season
* ''Xagaa'' – from July to September; the second dry season
* ''Deyr'' – from October to December; the shorter and less reliable rainy season<!-- [[Template:Geographic location]] -->
== Education ==
{{main|Education in Somalia}}
[[File:Punstacomlab2.jpg|thumb|A computer classroom in [[Puntland State University]]'s Garowe campus]]
Following the outbreak of the civil war in Somalia, numerous problems arose with regard to access to education in rural areas and along gender lines, quality of educational provisions, responsiveness of school curricula, educational standards and controls, management and planning capacity, and financing. To address these concerns, the Puntland government is in the process of developing an educational policy to guide the region's scholastic process as it embarks on the path of reconstruction and economic development. The latter includes a gender sensitive national education policy compliant with world standards, such as those outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/education.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929135728/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/education.php|title=Education|archive-date=29 September 2010|publisher=Ministry of Education – Puntland State of Somalia|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> Examples of this and other educational measures at work are the government's enactment of legislation aimed at securing the educational interests of girls,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/girlseducation.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830060937/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/girlseducation.php|title=Girl's Education |archive-date=30 August 2010|publisher=Ministry of Education – Puntland State of Somalia|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> promoting the growth of an [[Early childhood education|Early Childhood Development]] (ECD) program designed to reach parents and care-givers in their homes as well as in the ECD centers for 0- to 5-year-old children,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/child.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830060916/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/child.php|title=Chlidren Education (''sic'') |archive-date=30 August 2010|publisher=Ministry of Education – Puntland State of Somalia|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> and introducing incentive packages to encourage teachers to work in remote rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/nomads.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830060830/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/nomads.php|title=Education for Nomads |archive-date=30 August 2010|publisher=Ministry of Education – Puntland State of Somalia|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> Puntland's education system is considered the most progressive, and is attempting to close the gender gap so that more females will be able to attend school. Other regions are following Puntland's lead in that regard.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ness|first1=Daniel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO5nBwAAQBAJ&dq=puntland+education&pg=PT1064|title=International Education: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems|last2=Lin|first2=Chia-Ling|date=2015-03-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46750-2|language=en|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522142508/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO5nBwAAQBAJ&dq=puntland+education&pg=PT1064#v=onepage&q=puntland%20education&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>
Within the Puntland government, the Ministry of Education is responsible for developing and managing the region's educational needs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/the_ministry.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929133003/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/the_ministry.php|title=The Ministry |archive-date=29 September 2010|publisher=Ministry of Education – Puntland State of Somalia|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> It is headed by the Minister Mohamud Bile Dubbe, under whom a Vice Minister and Director General help oversee a Post-Primary Education Division (PPED) and a Basic Education Directorate (BED), among other boards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/minister.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929135750/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/minister.php|title=Hon. Mohamud Bile Dubbe Minister of Education |archive-date=29 September 2010|publisher=Ministry of Education – Puntland State of Somalia|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Eaubosaso2.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|Entrance to [[East Africa University]]'s [[Bosaso]] campus]]
The educational system of Puntland comprises two years of Early Childhood Development (ECD), eight years of [[primary education]] (four years of lower primary and four years of upper primary) and four years of [[secondary education]]. [[Tertiary education]] comprises an average of four years,<ref name="Educsys">{{cite web|url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/syseducation.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830144734/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/syseducation.php|title=Educational System |archive-date=30 August 2010|publisher=Ministry of Education – Puntland State of Somalia |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> with the region currently counting seven major universities: [[Puntland State University]] in [[Garowe]], Puntland State University in [[Galkayo]], Bosaso College in [[Bosaso]], [[East Somalia University]] in [[Qardho]],<ref>[http://www.eastsomaliauniversity.com/ East Somalia University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126014941/http://www.eastsomaliauniversity.com/ |date=26 January 2016 }}. East Somalia University. Retrieved on 20 May 2012.</ref> [[Mogadishu University]] (Puntland branch) in Bosaso, [[Maakhir University]] in [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]], [[Sanaag]], and [[Nugaal University]] in [[Las Anod]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.puntlandgovt.com/univer.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830144754/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/univer.php|title=Tertiary Education |archive-date=30 August 2010|publisher=Ministry of Education – Puntland State of Somalia|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> [[East Africa University]] also has six branches in Puntland, with campuses in Bosaso, [[Erigavo]], [[Galdogob]], Galkayo, Garowe and Qardho.<ref>{{cite web|title=A programme for improving governance, leadership and management capacity of the three health authorities in Somalia|url=http://gallery.mailchimp.com/8f102acd5706302123896fceb/files/Governance_Leadership_and_Management_Programme_for_Somalia.doc|publisher=Mannion Daniels Limited|access-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015081256/http://gallery.mailchimp.com/8f102acd5706302123896fceb/files/Governance_Leadership_and_Management_Programme_for_Somalia.doc|archive-date=15 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Thus, it is a 2-4-4-4 system. Puntland's Ministry of Education also recognizes [[Nonformal learning|non-formal education]] (NFE) and [[Vocational education|technical/vocational education and training]] (TVET) as integral parts of the region's educational system.<ref name="Educsys"/>
From 2005/2006 to 2006/2007, there was a significant increase in the number of schools in Puntland, up 137 institutions from just one year prior. During the same period, the number of classes in the region increased by 504, with 762 more teachers also offering their services. Total student enrollment increased by 27% over the previous year, with girls lagging only slightly behind boys in attendance in most regions. The highest class enrollment was observed in the northernmost [[Bari Region|Bari region]], and the lowest was observed in the under-populated Ayn region. The distribution of classrooms was almost evenly split between urban and rural areas, with marginally more pupils attending and instructors teaching classes in urban areas.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100910173552/http://education.puntlandgovt.com/BES_presentation2007.pdf Basic education survey]. Puntland State of Somalia – Ministry of Education (2007)</ref>
Following the COVID-19 crisis, the Government of Puntland launched the Learning Passport, a digital remote learning platform where children can access educational content both online and offline from their homes. The Learning Passport is a ground-breaking partnership between UNICEF, Microsoft and the University of Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puntland Ministry of Education and UNICEF launch on-line learning platform|url=https://www.unicef.org/somalia/press-releases/puntland-ministry-education-and-unicef-launch-line-learning-platform|access-date=2021-07-07|website=unicef.org|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184815/https://www.unicef.org/somalia/press-releases/puntland-ministry-education-and-unicef-launch-line-learning-platform|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Puntland Learning Passport|url=https://puntland.learningpassport.unicef.org/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=puntland.learningpassport.unicef.org|language=so-SO|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191409/https://puntland.learningpassport.unicef.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Demographics and religion ==
[[File:Punmosq.jpg|thumb|upright|A mosque in [[Bosaso]]]]
{{main|Islam in Puntland}}
As of 2016, the population of Puntland is estimated at 4,334,633 residents, 39% of whom are [[nomad]]s.<ref name="PLFactsandFigures2012-2017" /> The region is primarily inhabited by people from the [[Somali people|Somali]] ethnic group, with the [[Darod]] especially well-represented.<ref>{{cite book|title=Africa Confidential, Volume 48|year=2007|publisher=Miramoor Publications Limited|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N74sAQAAIAAJ|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231091858/http://books.google.com/books?id=N74sAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=31 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> There are also a number of [[Meheri people|Mehri]] residents.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Farah|first=Mohamed I.|title=Politics and Society in Somalia's North-Eastern Region|journal=Life & Peace Review|date=April 1994|volume=8|issue=4|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/peace.html|access-date=22 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303055218/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/peace.html|archive-date=3 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
Currently, 31% of the region's residents live in the fast-growing towns of [[Bosaso]], [[Qardho|Gardo]], [[Las Anod]], [[Buuhoodle]], [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]], [[Galdogob]], [[Garowe]] and [[Galkayo]]. Approximately 70% of the population is also below the age of 30.<ref name="PLFactsandFigures2012-2017" />
The [[population density]] in Puntland is estimated at {{convert|20|pd/km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="PLFactsandFigures2012-2017" />
As with the rest of Somalia, [[Islam]] is the main religion of the Puntland region.<ref name="MOPIC"/>
{{wide image|Mataaneynta-Bosaso-Minneapolis2.jpg|300px|align-cap=center|Mayors [[Yasin Mire Mohamud]] of Bosaso and [[Betsy Hodges]] of Minneapolis signing a sister city agreement}}
== Transport ==
Municipal bus services operate in [[Bosaso]], [[Garoowe|Garowe]], [[Las Anod]], [[Galkayo]] and [[Qardho]]. Shuttle services between the region's major towns and adjacent hamlets are also available via different types of vehicles, such as 4 wheel drives and light goods vehicles (LGV). As of May 2015, over 70,000 vehicles are registered with the Puntland Ministry of Works and Transport.<ref>{{cite news|title=Puntland sends caveat to drivers without legal driving license|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=13752|access-date=10 May 2015|agency=Goobjoog|date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092117/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=13752|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Garoweresid6.jpg|thumb|left|Roadside view of a neighbourhood in Garowe]]
Puntland is traversed by a {{cvt|750|km|adj=on}} north–south highway. It connects major cities in the northern part of Somalia, such as Garowe, Bosaso and Galkayo, with towns in the south.<ref>[http://www.waayaha.net/view.php?articleid=7880 The First 100 Days in Office] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223041615/http://www.waayaha.net/view.php?articleid=7880 |date=23 February 2013 }}</ref> In 2012, the Puntland Highway Authority completed rehabilitation work on the central artery linking Garowe with Galkayo.<ref name="sabahionline.com">{{cite news|title=Puntland to rehabilitate Bosaso-Qardo road|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/10/22/newsbrief-07|access-date=6 November 2012|newspaper=Sabahi|date=22 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513061813/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/10/22/newsbrief-07|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The transportation body also started an upgrade and repair project in June 2012 on the large thoroughfare between the regional capital and Bosaso.<ref name="Ptubgh">{{cite news|title=Puntland to upgrade Bosaso-Garowe highway|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/06/28/newsbrief-07|access-date=6 November 2012|newspaper=Sabahi|date=28 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704131426/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/06/28/newsbrief-07|archive-date=4 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, renovations began in October 2012 on the freeway linking Bosaso with Qardho.<ref name="sabahionline.com"/> Plans are also in the works to construct new roads connecting littoral towns in the region to the main highway.<ref name="Ptubgh"/>
[[File:Bosasairp.jpg|thumb|The [[Bender Qassim International Airport]] in Bosaso in 2016, prior to renovations]]
Bosaso has a major [[seaport]], which was constructed during the mid-1980s for annual livestock shipments to the [[Middle East]]. In January 2012, a renovation project was launched, with KMC contracted to upgrade the harbor. The initiative's first phase saw the clean-up of unwanted materials from the dockyard and was completed within the month. The second phase involves the reconstruction of the port's adjoining seabed, with the objective of accommodating larger ships.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia: Bossaso port renovation project completes first phase|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Bossaso_port_renovation_project_completes_first_phase.shtml|access-date=13 November 2012|newspaper=Garowe Online|date=29 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223051400/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Bossaso_port_renovation_project_completes_first_phase.shtml|archive-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> In 2012, a team of engineers was also enlisted by the Puntland authorities to assess the ongoing renovations taking place at the [[Las Khorey]] port.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Somaliland_naval_forces_attack_crew_in_Sanaag_region.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017121412/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Somaliland_naval_forces_attack_crew_in_Sanaag_region.shtml|url-status=dead|title=Somalia: Somaliland naval forces attack crew in Sanaag region|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref> According to the Minister of Ports, [[Said Mohamed Rage]], the Puntland government intends to launch more such development projects in Las Khorey.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia: Puntland Minister of Ports visits Lasqoray|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_Minister_of_Ports_visits_Lasqoray_printer.shtml|access-date=13 November 2012|newspaper=Garowe Online|date=17 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017121302/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_Minister_of_Ports_visits_Lasqoray_printer.shtml|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
Local airlines offer flights to various domestic and international locations, such as [[Djibouti]], [[Addis Ababa]], [[Dubai]] and [[Jeddah]]; they also provide flights for the [[Hajj]] and [[Umrah]] pilgrimages. The most prominent airlines in Puntland are [[Jubba Airways]], Osob Air and [[Daallo Airlines]], which operate from [[Bender Qassim International Airport]] in Bosaso and [[Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport]] (formerly Galkayo Airport) in Galkayo, among other places. In late September 2013, a launching ceremony of a tender process for the Bosaso airport's renovations was held at the facility. The renovations will include the extension of the airport's gravel runway from 1,800&nbsp;m to 2,650&nbsp;m. The runway's width will also be widened from 30&nbsp;m to 45&nbsp;m, and feature 7.5&nbsp;m gravel shoulders on both sides. According to Puntland Deputy Minister of Civil Aviation Abdiqani Gelle, the Puntland government plans to carry out similar upgrades at the [[Garowe International Airport]] in Garowe, the Abdullahi Yusuf International Airport in Galkayo, and the [[Qardho Airport]] in Qardho.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia: 20 companies compete for Bossaso Airport runway bid|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_20_companies_compete_for_Bossaso_Airport_runway_bid_printer.shtml|access-date=2 October 2013|newspaper=Garowe Online|date=30 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215237/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_20_companies_compete_for_Bossaso_Airport_runway_bid_printer.shtml|archive-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>
== Military ==
{{main|Puntland Security Force}}
[[File:Calaamada ciidamada daraawishta2.png|thumb|right|Logo of the [[Puntland Dervish Force]]]]
The Puntland Security Force (PSF) is the [[armed force]] of the autonomous Puntland region. Commanders and senior officials of the military are appointed by a qualified panel approved by the Council of Ministers.<ref name="Puntconst">[http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-constitution/ Puntland Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413133230/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/puntland-constitution/ |date=13 April 2018 }}. Puntlandgovt.com. Retrieved on 20 May 2012.</ref> The Puntland security apparatus also has an independent military judiciary.<ref name="Puntconst"/>
The PSF includes the [[Puntland Dervish Force]] (PDF), its official paramilitary division.<ref name="Intsom">[http://www.cvni.net/radio/nsnl/nsnl136/nsnl136so.html Intelligence profile – Somalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122413/http://www.cvni.net/radio/nsnl/nsnl136/nsnl136so.html |date=5 June 2013 }}. Cvni.net (6 June 2007). Retrieved on 20 May 2012.</ref> It operates its own police force, which includes a Special Protection Unit.<ref name="Intsom"/>
The [[Puntland Intelligence Agency]] (PIA) is the [[Intelligence agency|intelligence bureau]] of Puntland's military. It was established in 2001 as the ''Puntland Intelligence Service'' during the rule of President [[Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed]], with help from the United States.<ref>[http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Puntland_s_govt_blasts_VOA_report_as_appeasing_Al_Shabaab_in_Somalia.shtml Puntland's govt blasts VOA report as 'appeasing Al Shabaab' in Somalia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017121410/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Puntland_s_govt_blasts_VOA_report_as_appeasing_Al_Shabaab_in_Somalia.shtml |date=17 October 2013 }}. Garoweonline.com (30 September 2010). Retrieved on 20 May 2012.</ref>
The [[Puntland Maritime Police Force]] (PMPF) is a locally recruited, professional maritime security force. It is primarily aimed at preventing, detecting and eradicating [[Piracy in Somalia|piracy]], [[illegal fishing]], and other illicit activity off of the coast of Somalia, and at generally safeguarding the nation's marine resources.<ref>{{cite web|title=PPSACCIG|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Press_Releases_32/Somalia_Puntland_President_Speech_at_Constitutional_Conference_in_Garowe.shtml|work=Garowe Online|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017121421/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Press_Releases_32/Somalia_Puntland_President_Speech_at_Constitutional_Conference_in_Garowe.shtml|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="PMPFab">{{cite web|title=About – Puntland Maritime Police Force|url=http://pmpf.net/about-2/|publisher=Puntland Maritime Police Force|access-date=25 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811041036/http://pmpf.net/about-2/|archive-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> In addition, the Force provides civic support, including repairing wells, rehabilitating hospitals and clinics, and refurbishing roads, airports and other infrastructure. It also offers skills training programs to local communities.<ref name="PMPFab"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somaliareport.com/index.php/post/420/Puntland_Government_Delivers_Food_and_Water_|title=SomaliaReport: Puntland Government Delivers Food and Water|access-date=1 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322112752/http://somaliareport.com/index.php/post/420/Puntland_Government_Delivers_Food_and_Water_|archive-date=22 March 2016}}</ref>
== Economy ==
Puntland has {{cvt|1600|km}} of coastline, which is abundant with fish and other natural [[Aquatic ecosystem|marine resources]]. Additional economic products and activities of the region include [[livestock]], [[frankincense]], [[myrrh]], [[gum arabic]], [[manufacturing]] and [[agriculture]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.puntlandgovt.com/buesinessguide.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005071053/http://www.puntlandgovt.com/buesinessguide.php|title=Puntland State of Somalia|archive-date=5 October 2007|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> Agricultural products such as mangoes, bananas, guavas, lemons, sugarcanes, and peanuts are grown on plantations around the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=Ifrah Nur Hassan: Breaking stereotypes in Puntland's farming sector|url=https://unsom.unmissions.org/ifrah-nur-hassan-breaking-stereotypes-puntland%E2%80%99s-farming-sector|access-date=2021-07-01|website=UNSOM|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182044/https://unsom.unmissions.org/ifrah-nur-hassan-breaking-stereotypes-puntland%E2%80%99s-farming-sector|url-status=live}}</ref>
Food items and consumer goods imported via [[Berbera]], [[Somaliland]] sell more cheaply compared to those imported via [[Bosaso]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48893001|title=Rebuilding Somalia : issues and possibilities for Puntland.|date=2001|publisher=HAAN Associates|others=War-torn Societies Project.|isbn=1-874209-04-9|location=London|oclc=48893001|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522142514/https://search.worldcat.org/title/48893001|url-status=live}}</ref> Therefore, in exchange live animals originating from Puntland are exported via [[Berbera]].<ref name=":12" /> The key trading centres in Puntland are centred in Bosaso and [[Galkayo]].<ref name=":12" /> However, other towns such as [[Qardho]] and [[Garoowe|Garowe]] act as second-grade market places.<ref name=":12" />
Income is generated through the following industries: livestock, fishery, frankincense, and petty trading.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 2012|title=Puntland Fact Sheet – Relief Web|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/1207_Puntland.pdf|website=Relief Web International|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523054421/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/1207_Puntland.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Animals originating from Puntland are exported via Bosaso.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WV0mAQAAMAAJ|title=The Statistical Abstract of Bosaso Municipality|date=2006|publisher=Bosaso Municipal Council|language=en|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522143100/https://books.google.com/books?id=WV0mAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Somalia, a "spy" Guide|date=2006|publisher=International Business Publications, USA|isbn=978-0-7397-7155-6|language=en|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522144017/https://books.google.com/books?id=VDQOAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nations|first=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-p1DwAAQBAJ|title=Rebuillding resilient and sustainable agriculture in Somalia (Full report)|date=2018-11-02|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-130419-8|language=en|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522144132/https://books.google.com/books?id=T-p1DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The key trading centres in Puntland are centred in Bosaso and [[Galkayo]].<ref name=":12"/> Milk collectors ( aanoley in Somali ) are based in markets in the cities of [[Qardho]], [[Garoowe|Garowe]] and [[Bosaso|Boosaso]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xiqk12Lu9BIC|title=FAO Animal Production and Health Paper|date=2010|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|isbn=978-92-5-106453-5|language=en|access-date=25 December 2021|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522144019/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xiqk12Lu9BIC|url-status=live}}</ref>
Puntland has the lowest rate of poverty in [[Somalia]], with 27%, compared to 50% in [[Somaliland]] and 57% in [[Mogadishu]]. Experts believe this is because of higher consumption and higher labour force participation. Households in Puntland consume a higher quantity per capita per item and more items per household. The lower rate of poverty does not appear to be driven by household size, as the average in Puntland is 5.2, compared to 5.7 in [[Somaliland]] and 4.5 in [[Mogadishu]]. Puntland is doing better in various important indicators of well-being. For instance, the literacy rate in Puntland is 64% compared to the national average of 55%. Additionally, households in Puntland also outperform the average in other educational outcomes such as enrolment and educational attainment. 70% of households in Puntland have access to improved water sources compared to the national average of 58%. Therefore, Puntland's higher performance on non-monetary indicators of well-being are inline with its lower rate of poverty.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/325991506114032755/pdf/Output-P160456-v7.pdf|title=Somali Poverty Profile 2016|last1=Pape|first1=Utz|last2=di Filippo|first2=Mario|date=June 2017|website=The World Bank|pages=91–102|type=PDF|last3=Nunez|first3=Gonzalo|last4=Wollburg|first4=Philip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013064911/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/325991506114032755/pdf/Output-P160456-v7.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Selected poverty indicators'''<ref name=":0" />
!
!Poverty<br/>incidence<br/>(% of population)
!Poverty<br/>gap<br/>(% of poverty line)
!Poverty<br/>severity<br/>index
!Total gap<br/>(per year,<br/>current million USD)
|-
|'''Puntland'''
|'''27.2'''
|'''7.9'''
|'''3.5'''
|'''49.2'''
|-
|Urban
|26
|7.5
|3.4
|40.4
|-
|Rural
|34
|10.1
|4.1
|8.8
|-
| colspan="5" |
|-
|'''[[Somaliland]]'''
|'''50.0'''
|'''19.2'''
|'''9.3'''
|'''229.8'''
|-
|Urban
|47.9
|18.2
|8.9
|179.7
|-
|Rural
|61.1
|24.2
|11.4
|50.1
|-
| colspan="5" |
|-
|'''[[Mogadishu]]'''
|'''57.0'''
|'''23.8'''
|'''11.9'''
|'''163.5'''
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''[[Somalia]]'''
|'''51.4'''
|'''21.7'''
|'''11.5'''
|'''1,318.4'''
|-
|Urban
|45.0
|17.1
|8.4
|476.3
|-
|Rural
|52.5
|19.7
|9.1
|627.5
|-
|IDP Settlements
|70.5
|36.5
|22.2
|214.6
|-
| colspan="5" |The total monetary value of the poverty gap includes the entire Somali population.<ref name=":0" />
|}
In December 2011, a new commercial market opened in Bosaso's northern Dayaha ("Star") neighborhood, near the seaport. Approximately half a kilometer in size, it was designed to ensure easy vehicle access. The market is the result of careful planning between Puntland government officials and civil society representatives.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia: New market opens in Bossaso|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Wararka_19/Somalia_New_market_opens_in_Bossaso.shtml|access-date=13 November 2012|newspaper=Garowe Online|date=14 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001933/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Wararka_19/Somalia_New_market_opens_in_Bossaso.shtml|archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Galkamaal.jpg|thumb|left|[[Amal Bank]] branch in [[Galkayo]], Puntland]]
Bosaso is also home to [[Golis Telecom Somalia]], the largest [[telecommunications]] operator in northeastern Somalia. Founded in 2002 with the objective of supplying the country with GSM mobile services, [[fixed line]] and [[Internet service provider|internet services]], it has an extensive network that covers all of the nation's major cities and more than 40 districts in both Puntland and Somaliland.<ref>{{cite web | title = Golis Telecom Somalia Profile | publisher = Golis Telecom website | url = http://www.golistelecom.com/about_g.htm | access-date = 2007-12-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071022212418/http://golistelecom.com/about_g.htm |archive-date = 22 October 2007}}</ref> Additionally, [[Netco (Somalia)|Netco]] has its headquarters in the city. Other telecommunication firms serving the region include [[Telcom (Somalia)|Telcom]] and [[NationLink Telecom|NationLink]].
In April 2013, the Puntland Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources officially inaugurated a new fish market in Garowe. Constructed in conjunction with the UK authorities and the UNDP, it is part of a larger regional development plan that will see two other similar marketplaces launched within the year in Galkayo and Qardho.<ref>{{cite news|title=Somalia: New Fish Market opens in Garowe|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_New_Fish_Market_opens_in_Garowe_printer.shtml|access-date=29 April 2013|newspaper=Garowe Online|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017083248/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_New_Fish_Market_opens_in_Garowe_printer.shtml|archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref>
In August 2014, in conjunction with the government of Djibouti and an international construction firm headquartered in China, the Puntland Transport and Seaports Ministry launched a project to establish new seaports in the regional state. The initiative is part of a broader campaign by the Puntland administration to focus on tapping into the region's commercial potential through various development projects.<ref>{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: Puntland to establish new seaports as part of the "Boost Puntland Economy" campaign|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/08/somaliapuntland-to-establish-new-seaports-as-part-of-the-boost-puntland-economy-campaign/|access-date=18 April 2015|agency=Raxanreeb|date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418222759/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/08/somaliapuntland-to-establish-new-seaports-as-part-of-the-boost-puntland-economy-campaign/|archive-date=18 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Oil exploration ===
{{main|Oil exploration in Puntland}}
[[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Oil exploration in Puntland|Oil blocks]] in Puntland]]
In the 2000s, the Puntland government began official negotiations with foreign oil companies over exploration rights in the area. The provincial authorities in October 2005 granted [[Range Resources]] a majority stake in two sizable land-based mineral and hydrocarbon exploration licenses, in addition to offshore rights. The onshore [[Nugaal Valley|Nugaal]] and [[Dharoor Valley]] blocks in question span over {{cvt|14,424 and 24,908|km2}}, respectively. Two years later, Range Resources obtained a 100% interest in the two blocks and concurrently farmed out 80% of that share to Canmex Minerals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oil and Gas Exploration and Production – Playing a Better Hand|url=http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/research_Reports/lloydsEJ_feb12.pdf|publisher=Range Resources|access-date=14 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017183314/http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/research_Reports/lloydsEJ_feb12.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref>
In January 2007, the Puntland administration, which was then led by President Mohamud Muse Hersi, signed the Puntland Product Sharing Agreement (PSA) with Range Resources Limited and the Canmex Minerals subsidiary Canmex Holdings (Bermuda) II Limited.<ref>{{cite web|title=2007 Annual Report|url=http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Financial_Reports/RRS_Annual_Report_2007__PRINTERS_FINAL_.pdf|publisher=Range Resources|access-date=14 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321194039/http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/Financial_Reports/RRS_Annual_Report_2007__PRINTERS_FINAL_.pdf|archive-date=21 March 2012}}</ref>
Following a change in leadership in 2009, the Puntland government, now led by President Abdirahman Mohamud Farole, sought to renegotiate the profit sharing agreement with Range Resources to ensure more favorable terms for the region.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theage.com.au/business/youre-not-sacked-youve-been-realigned-20090203-7wud.html|title= You're not sacked, you've been realigned|author= Mark Hawthorne|date= 4 February 2009|publisher= [[The Age]]|access-date= 10 November 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203034615/http://www.theage.com.au/business/youre-not-sacked-youve-been-realigned-20090203-7wud.html|archive-date= 3 December 2009|url-status= live}}</ref> In 2012, the Puntland government gave the green light to the first official oil exploration project in Puntland and Somalia at large.<ref>[http://www.proactiveinvestors.com/companies/news/25907/red-emperor-range-rally-on-puntland-drilling-update-25907.html Red Emperor, Range rally on Puntland drilling update] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613101117/http://www.proactiveinvestors.com/companies/news/25907/red-emperor-range-rally-on-puntland-drilling-update-25907.html |date=13 June 2015 }}. Proactiveinvestors.com (7 March 2012). Retrieved on 2012-05-20.</ref><ref>[http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Farole_returns_to_Puntland.shtml Somalia: President Farole returns to Puntland] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017121255/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_President_Farole_returns_to_Puntland.shtml |date=17 October 2013 }}. Garoweonline.com (8 March 2012). Retrieved on 2012-05-20.</ref>
== Media ==
[[File:Satelpunt.jpg|thumb|Some satellite services in Puntland]]
Puntland has its own television channel and studios. [[Puntland TV and Radio]] is the public broadcasting network of the autonomous Puntland state of Somalia. Its headquarters are at the regional capital of [[Garowe]]. The service also maintains an office in [[London]]. Founded in April 2013, Puntland TV and Radio broadcasts locally in [[Somali language|Somali]] via terrestrial service. It also airs programs globally through [[Satellite television|satellite]]. Radio Puntland broadcasts internationally via shortwave, with its transmission reaching as far as Finland. Its standard programming includes general news, focusing on regional developments, sports and entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somali Media Mapping – Radio Stations|url=http://somali-media.so/media-directory/radio/|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321103106/http://somali-media.so/media-directory/radio/|archive-date=21 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Puntland from Somalia testing on 13800 kHz shortwave|url=http://www.dxing.info/news/2013_04.dx|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100104/http://www.dxing.info/news/2013_04.dx|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
The private stations [[Eastern Television Network]] (ETN TV) and [[Somali Broadcasting Corporation]] (SBC TV) broadcast from Bosaso.<ref>{{cite book|last=Planning and Statistics Department, Puntland Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation|title=The Statistical Abstract of Bosaso Municipality|year=2006|publisher=Bosaso Municipal Council|page=58}}</ref>
Established in 2004, [[Radio Garowe]] is a community radio station based in Garowe. The station broadcasts daily from Somalia at 89.8 FM,<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio Garowe – FM Frequencies|url=http://fmscan.org/net.php?r=f&m=s&itu=SOM&pxf=Radio+Garowe|publisher=FMSCAN|access-date=13 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113044954/http://fmscan.org/net.php?r=f&m=s&itu=SOM&pxf=Radio+Garowe|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> covering all the latest headlines in Somali news, politics, and society. It also broadcasts other special programming on [[Garowe Online]], its online sister website.
LaasqorayNET is another privately owned website based in [[Badhan, Sanaag|Badhan]], [[Bosaso]], [[Dubai]] and [[London]]. The website features articles written in [[Somali language|Somali]] and English. In addition, the website hosts some audio, though the latter is not regularly updated.
[[Radio Gaalkacyo]] is the state radio station. Based in [[Galkayo]], it was formerly known as Radio Free Somalia.
[[Horseed Media]] was established in 2002 by a group of Somali intellectuals in the Netherlands and Finland. The station broadcasts from Bosaso and has a listening audience of about 80,000 people, with a reach of {{cvt|150|km2}}. It also operates a website that counts over 10,000 daily visitors.
Based in Garowe, ''[[Puntland Post]]'' was established in 2001 by Somali expatriates in Denmark. Its website publishes daily domestic and international news reports and analysis in both Somali and English, with an emphasis on Puntland affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puntland Post Company Profile {{!}} Management and Employees List|url=https://www.datanyze.com/companies/puntland-post/353771459|access-date=2021-12-25|website=Datanyze|language=en|archive-date=25 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225054712/https://www.datanyze.com/companies/puntland-post/353771459|url-status=live}}</ref>
Established in 2014, ''[[Puntland Star]]'' presents breaking news, stories and documentaries from Somalia and the rest of the world.
Other media organizations include [[Raxanreeb Online]] (RBC Radio). Launched in 2006, RBC presents Somali news to a global audience in both Somali and English. With direct sources based in Somalia, it covers local politics and society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mail.crimsonshift.com/client/puntland/?page_id=30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428074829/http://mail.crimsonshift.com/client/puntland/?page_id=30|title=About :: Puntland|archive-date=28 April 2010|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref>
== Sports ==
{{Main|Puntland State League}}
=== Football ===
In 2017, the [[Puntland State League]] is formed with nine clubs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/war-38621292|title=Horyaalka koobaad ee Puntland oo wareegii labaad galay|date=14 January 2017|publisher=bbc.com|access-date=28 August 2023|archive-date=4 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804215103/https://www.bbc.com/somali/war-38621292|url-status=live}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{main|Outline of Puntland}}
{{Portal|Somalia}}
* [[Federated state]]
* [[Somaliland-Puntland dispute]]
* [[Somali Salvation Democratic Front]]
* [[Majeerteen Sultanate]]
* [[Sultanate of Hobyo]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://mopicplgov.net/ Puntland Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation]
* [http://pl.statistics.so/the-somali-health-demographic-survey-2020/#:~:text=01%20May%20The%20Somali%20Health%20%26%20Demographic%20Survey%202020&text=The%20Somali%20Health%20and%20Demographic,urban%2C%20rural%20and%20nomadic%20households. Puntland Statistical Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629001940/http://pl.statistics.so/the-somali-health-demographic-survey-2020/ |date=29 June 2021 }}
* [https://www.polgeonow.com/2021/02/somalia-control-map-2021.html?m=1 Somalia Control Map]
{{Puntland topics}}
{{Puntland ministries}}
{{Somalia topics}}
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{Geography of Africa}}
{{Africa topic|Climate of}}
{{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}}
[[Category:Puntland| ]]
[[Category:States of Somalia]]
[[Category:Geography of Somalia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Autonomous administrative divisions]]
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[[Category:Separatism in Africa]]
[[Category:Separatism in Somalia]]