View source for Qasar

{{short description|Brother of Genghis Khan}}
{{Distinguish|Quasar}}
{{redirect|Hasar|places in Iran|Hasar, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Hasar, Iran}}
'''Khasar''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|s|ɑːr}}; {{langx|mn|Жочи Хасар|Jochi Khasar}}, {{IPA|mn|ˈt͡ɕɔt͡ɕʰɪ ˈχasər|IPA}}), was one of the three full brothers of the legendary [[Genghis Khan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The history of Mongolia |date=2010 |publisher=Global Oriental |isbn=978-1-905246-36-6 |editor-last=Sneath |editor-first=David |location=Folkstone |editor-last2=Kaplonski |editor-first2=C.}}</ref> According to the ''[[Jami' al-Tawarikh]]'', his given name was ''Jochi'' and he got the nickname ''Khasar'' after his distinguished bravery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thackston |first=W. M. |title=Rashiduddin Fazlullah's Jami'ut Tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles, A History of the Mongols, Part One |publisher=Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University |year=1998 |editor-last=Tekin |editor-first=Şinasi |language=en |oclc=949463033 |editor-last2=Tekin |editor-first2=Gönül Alpay}}</ref> He was also called '''Khabht Khasar''' ({{langx|mn|Хавт Хасар}} {{IPA|mn|ˈχaɸtʰ ˈχasər|}}; {{lit|Deft Khasar}}) because he was skilled with a bow.
==Early life==
Hasar, as a child, was thrown out of the [[Borjigin]] tribe along with the rest of the family by the [[Taichiud]] warlord Targhutai Hiriltug. Food was scarce and [[Behter]], his older half-brother, and the eldest of all the sons of the late [[Yesugei]], stole or kept food from his mother and siblings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rachewiltz |first=Igor de |title=The secret history of the Mongols: a mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-15411-7 |edition=2nd impression with corrections |series=Brill's inner asian library |location=Leiden}}</ref> Hasar and his brother [[Temüjin]], who later became known as Genghis Khan,  killed their half-brother Behter as he returned from a fresh hunt.<ref name=":0" /> After the defeat of Temüjin at [[Khalakhaljid Sands]] (1203), Hasar was lost and hid himself, along with his sons and followers, in the forest. Temüjin then gathered new adherents among the Mongols, tricked his rival [[Ong Khan]] with a fake message of surrender from his missing brother Hasar, and crushed the [[Keraites]] in late 1203.
==Military career==
Granted territories by the [[Khan (title)|khan]], Genghis Khan's full brothers Qasar, [[Khajiun]], and [[Temüge Odchigin|Temuge]] formed the Left Wing of the [[Mongol Empire]] in the eastern edge of [[Inner Mongolia]], while Genghis Khan's three sons, [[Jochi]], [[Chagatai Khan|Chaghatai]], and [[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]], made up the Right Wing in the western edge. The Right Wing saw a significant expansion to the west but the Left Wing did not have so much land to conquer.
Qasar did conquer what would later be known as [[Manchuria]], [[Korea]] and [[Russian Manchuria (Russia)|Russian Manchuria]] in Russia (north of North Korea).<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc/page/108 108] | quote=qasar mongol china korea. | title=A History of Inner Asia| publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=9780521657044| last1=Soucek| first1=Branko| last2=Soucek| first2=Svat| date=2000-02-17}}</ref>
Hasar's mother, [[Hoelun]] defended him against accusations of disloyalty stemming from Teb Tengri, a [[shamanism|shaman]]. Stiffened by his mother Hoelun and wife [[Börte]], who saw Teb Tengri as threat to the dynastic succession, Genghis allowed Khasar and Temüge to kill Teb Tengri in a [[wrestling]] match.
Unlike the Right Wing where properties were equally divided, Temüge was favored over Khasar and Khachiun in the Left Wing. Hasar's ulus (people and secondarily, territory) was significantly smaller than Temüge's. His original territory was located to the west of the [[Khingan Mountains]] and was surrounded by the [[Argun River (Asia)|Ergune]] and Hailar rivers, and the Külün Mountain. After the conquest of China, Hasarid princes had at least two additional territories in [[Shandong]] and [[Jiangxi]], respectively.
== Ancestry ==
{{See also|Family tree of Genghis Khan}}
{{chart/start| summary=Boxes and lines diagram with 13 boxes}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | HOE |~|y|~|~|~|~|~| YES | | | | | | |HOE=[[Hoelun]]|YES=[[Yesugei|Yesugei Baghatur]]}}
{{chart| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{chart| BOR |y| GEN | | JOC | | KHA | | TEM | | BEL | | BEK |BOR=[[Börte]]|GEN=Temüjin '''([[Genghis Khan]])'''|JOC=Hasar|KHA=[[Hachiun]]|TEM=[[Temüge]]|BEL=[[Belgutei]]|BEK=[[Behter]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart|JOC2 | | CHA | | OGE | | TOL | | | | | | | | | | | | |JOC2=[[Jochi]]|CHA=[[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]]|OGE=[[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]]|TOL=[[Tolui]]}}
{{chart/end}}
==Descendants==
The princely houses of Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge tended to coordinate with the five powerful clans: the [[Jalayir]], [[Khunggirad]], Ikires, Uruud, and [[Mangghud]]. They were usually led by princes from Temüge's house. At [[Arigh Bukha]]'s rebellion, the three princely houses supported [[Khubilai]] (Genghis Khan's grandson) under leadership of Temüge's grandson, [[Ta'achar]].
Among Hasarid princes, the third family head Yesüngge is probably the most famous. He was a son of Hasar and succeeded his brother Yegü. He is the hero of the Yesüngge Inscription (formerly known as the Genghis Stone). The princely house was succeeded by Yesüngge's son, Esen Emügen, and then Emügen's son, Shigdür. Although Shigdür joined the rebellion against Khubilai led by Temüge's great-great-grandson [[Nayan (Mongol Prince)|Nayan]], the princely house survived without confusion. The sixth head, Babusha, was given the title of Qi Wang by [[Külüg Khan|Khayishan Külüg Khan]] in 1307. Sources show that Qasarid princes continued to hold the title even after the [[Yuan dynasty]] collapsed. Hasar's descendants were effective in other parts of [[Mongol Empire]]. It is also claimed that one Qasarid prince was killed in order to protect the last [[Great Khan]] [[Emperor Huizong of Yuan China|Toghogan-Temur]] from [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] troops.
[[Togha Temür]], a descendant of Hasar, was the last powerful claimant to the throne of the [[Ilkhanate]] in the mid-14th century.  The family was known as the Hasar (Qasar) clan. With the death of [[Togha Temür]] at the hands of the [[Sarbadars]] of northern [[Khurasan]] in the mid-1300s, it is possible that the surviving members of the Hasar (Qasar) clan escaped into the mountains of what is today Afghanistan, where their descendants maintained their clan name of Hasar, which evolved over time into Hasara or [[Hazaras]]. As the Hazara people do not have a written history of their own, nothing can be proven, but this theory is more likely versus the theory that the name Hazara comes from the Persian word for "one thousand," which is actually, "hezar ({{transliteration|fa|''hezār''}} {{lang|fa|هزار}})." As these Il Khanate Mongols had converted to Shia Islam and married [[Persian language|Persian]]-speaking Persian women, their children had been raised as Shia Muslims with a mixed Mongol-Persian characteristic. This explains the current culture of [[Hazaras]] people very well.
It is not clear what happened to Hasarid princes from the late Yuan dynasty to the middle 15th century because of the confusion caused by the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in [[China proper]]. Mongolian chronicles compiled from the 17th century to the early 18th century contain some records on Hasar's descendants but they are considered mostly unhistorical by historians. In particular, ''Altan Tobchi'' by Mergen Gegeen (not to be confused with Lubsandanjin's ''[[Altan Tobchi]]'') exaggerated the influence of Hasarid princes as the author himself descended from Khasar. The [[Oirats|Oirat]] ruler [[Esen Tayisi]] deported a body of the [[Horchin]] to Western Mongolia in 1446 and they became the [[Khoshuds]].<ref>C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p.310</ref>
It is widely accepted that Hasar's descendant Bolunai was a historical figure since his existence is confirmed in contemporary Chinese sources of 1463, 1467, and 1470. Mongolian chronicles say that Bolunai's brother Unubold killed Muulihai of the Ongliud, a descendant of Genghis Khan's half brother [[Belgütei]]. Another famous story about Unubold tells that he proposed to [[Mandukhai Khatun]], a widow of [[Manduulun Khan]], but that she chose the Genghisid infant Batu Möngke ([[Dayan Khan]]) over him.
Bolunai led the [[Horchin]] Mongols. His descendants ruled the Horchin, Jalayid, Do'rbed, and Gorlos of the Jirim League, the Aru Khorchin of the Juu Uda League, and the Dörben Heühed, Muu Mingghan, and Urad of the Ulaanchab League in the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]]'s administration. Among them, Horchin princes established matrimonial relationship with the imperial family of [[House of Aisin-Gioro|Aisin Gioro]] at the early stage of the Manchu rise to power, and held top-ranking princely titles (''hošoi cin wang'') throughout the Qing Dynasty. The [[Dorbeds]] in Heilongjiang submitted to the Qing in 1624, and they were organized into a banner in Jirim league ruled by descendants of Hasar. The Gorlos banners were also ruled by descendants of Hasar.
== See also ==
*[[Mughal (tribe)]]
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}
=== Bibliography ===
*Sugiyama Masaaki 杉山正明: ''Mongoru teikoku no genzō'' モンゴル帝国の原像, Mongoru teikoku to Daigen urusu モンゴル帝国と大元ウルス (The Mongol Empire and Dai-ön Ulus), pp.&nbsp;28–61, 2004.
*Sugiyama Masaaki 杉山正明: ''Babusha no reiji yori'' 八不沙の令旨より, Mongoru teikoku to Daigen urusu モンゴル帝国と大元ウルス (The Mongol Empire and Dai-ön Ulus), pp.&nbsp;187–240, 2004.
*Okada, Hidehiro 岡田英弘: ''The Descendants of Jöchi Khasar in Altan Tobchi of Mergen Gegen'' 墨爾根格根所撰『黄金史綱』中之拙赤合撒兒世系, Ya-chou tsu-p'u hsüeh-shu yen-t'ao-hui hui-i chi-lu 亞洲族譜學術研討會會議記錄, No.6, pp.&nbsp;45–57, 1993.
*Чулууны Далай - Монголын түүх 1260 - 1388. Хуудас 142.
[[Category:Borjigin]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Generals of the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Family of Genghis Khan]]