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{{Short description|Islamic view holding the Quran as the sole source of faith}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Aqidah|collapsed=|expanded=Other}}
{{Islam}}
{{Quran}}
'''Quranism''' ({{langx|ar|القرآنية|translit=al-Qurʾāniyya}}) is an [[Islamic schools and branches|Islamic movement]] that holds the belief that the [[Quran]] is the only valid source of religious belief, guidance, and law in [[Islam]]. Quranists believe that the Quran is clear, complete, and that it can be fully understood without recourse to the [[hadith]] and sunnah. Therefore, they use the Quran itself to interpret the Quran, an exegetical principle known as {{transliteration|ar|tafsir al-Qur'an bi al-Qur'an}}.
In matters of faith, jurisprudence, and legislation, Quranists differ from [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]], who consider the hadith, scholarly opinions, opinions attributed to the {{transliteration|ar|[[Companions of the Prophet|sahaba]]}}, {{transliteration|ar|[[ijma]]}} and {{transliteration|ar|[[qiyas]]}}, and Islam's legislative authority in matters of law and creed in addition to the Quran.<ref name="ODI">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl al-Hadith|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-72|url-access=subscription|access-date=2020-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427171613/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-72|archive-date=2019-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dorman|first=Emre|title=101 Soruda Kur'an: Dini Konularda En Çok Merak Edilen Sorular|date=2021|id={{ASIN|6050616450|country=tr}} }}</ref> Hadith-espousing sects of Islam differ with one another over which hadith they view as reliable, but their hadith collections are mostly overlapping.<ref>{{cite web|date=2007-02-17|title=Şia (Şiiler) hadis kitapları hakkında bilgi verir misiniz? Bizim hadis kaynaklarımızla onlarınki çok büyük farklılıklar gösteriyor; neden böyle farklılıklar var?. » Sorularla İslamiyet|url=https://sorularlaislamiyet.com/sia-siiler-hadis-kitaplari-hakkinda-bilgi-verir-misiniz-bizim-hadis-kaynaklarimizla-onlarinki-cok|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Sorularla İslamiyet|language=tr}}</ref> In contrast, Quranists do not advance another corpus of assertedly authoritative hadith; rather, they [[Criticism of hadith|criticize hadith]] altogether and do not recognize any as authoritative.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Hadis & Sünnet: Şeytani Bidatler |url=http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=19 |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=Teslimolanlar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Öztürk|first=Yaşar Nuri|title=İslam Nasıl Yozlaştırıldı: Vahyin Dininden Sapmalar, Hurafeler, Bid'atlar|date=2015|id={{ASIN|9756779306|country=tr}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Appendix 19, Hadith & Sunna: Satanic Innovations|url=https://www.masjidtucson.org/quran/appendices/appendix19.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=www.masjidtucson.org}}</ref> Whereas hadith-followers believe that obedience to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] entails obedience to hadiths, Quranists believe that obedience to Muhammad means obedience to the Qur'an.<ref>{{cite web|title=DeRudKR - Kap. 27: Was bedeutet 'Gehorcht dem Gesandten'?|periodical=Alrahman|publisher=|url=https://www.alrahman.de/die-erfundene-religion-und-die-koranische-religion-kapitel-27-was-bedeutet-gehorcht-dem-gesandten/|url-status=|format=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|date=2006-03-06|language=de-DE|pages=|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{citation|surname1=Dr Rashad Khalifa|title=Quran, Hadith and Islam|publisher=Dr. Rashad Khalifa Ph.D.|date=2001|language=German|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-jNDwAAQBAJ|access-date=2021-06-12
}}</ref> This methodological difference has led to considerable divergence between Quranists, and both Sunnis and [[Shia Islam|Shias]] in matters of [[Schools of Islamic theology|theology]] and [[Sharia|law]] as well as the understanding of the Quran.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dorman|first=Emre|title=Allah'a Öğretilen Din|date=2016|id={{ASIN|6056621227|country=tr}} }}</ref>
Quranists date their beliefs back to the time of Muhammad, who they claim prohibited the writing of hadiths. As they believe that hadith, while not being reliable sources of religion, can serve as historical records, Quranists cite some early Islamic writings in support of their positions, including those attributed to caliph [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|Umar]] (r. 634–644) and materials dating to the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliphates. In the 21st century, the Quranist position on the hadith has gained traction among [[Islamic modernism|modernist Muslims]] who reject hadith that they believe contradict the Qur'an.
==Terminology==
"Quranists" ({{langx|ar|القرآنية|translit=al-Qurʾāniyya}})<ref>{{cite web|title=Quranists|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/quranists/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Minority Rights Group|date=November 2017 |language=en-GB}}</ref> are also referred to as "reformists" or "progressive Muslims" as well as "Quraniyoon" (those who ascribe to the Quran alone).<ref name="Oxford Handbook">{{cite book |first1=Yvonne Y. |last1=Haddad |first2=Jane I. |last2=Smith |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5y_cBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |date=3 November 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-986264-1 |pages=150–153 |access-date=7 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514025359/https://books.google.com/books?id=5y_cBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Doctrine==
Quranists believe that the Quran is clear, complete, and that it can be fully understood without recourse to the hadith and sunnah.<ref name="The Quranists">{{cite journal |last=Musa |first=Aisha Y. |date=2010 |title=The Qur'anists |journal=Religion Compass |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x}}</ref> Therefore, they use the Quran itself to interpret the Quran:<ref>Jens Zimmermann, ''Hermeneutics: A Very Short Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2015, pg. 90</ref>
{{quote|[A] literal and holistic analysis of the text from a contemporary perspective and applying the exegetical principle of {{transliteration|ar|tafsir al-qur'an bi al-qur'an}} (explaining the Qur'an with the Qur'an) and the jurisprudential principle {{transliteration|ar|al-asl fi al-kalam al-haqiqah}} (the fundamental rule of speech is literalness), without refracting that Qur'anic usage through the lens of history and tradition.<ref>Mahmoud Ayoub, ''Contemporary Approaches to the Qur'an and Sunnah'', International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), 2012, pg. 27</ref>}}
This methodology differs from ''tafsir bi'r-riwāyah'', which is the method of commenting on the Quran using traditional sources, and {{transl|ar|tafsir al-Qur'an bi-l-Kitab}}, which refers to interpreting the Qur'an with/through the [[Bible]], generally referred to in quranic studies as the ''[[Tawrat]]'' and the ''[[Injil]]''.<ref>Mahmoud Ayoub, ''Contemporary Approaches to the Qur'an and Sunnah'', International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), 2012, pg. 27</ref><ref name=Yusuf-28>{{cite book|last1=Yusuf|first1=Badmas 'Lanre|title=Sayyid Qutb: A Study of His Tafsir|year=2009|publisher=The Other Press|page=28|isbn=9789675062278|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz0_Kw2AlfMC&q=tafsir&pg=PA28|access-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316180710/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz0_Kw2AlfMC&pg=PA28&dq=tafsir&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pu6SVNy2AtbdsASLuILoDw&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=tafsir&f=false|archive-date=16 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="McCoy2021">{{Cite book |last=McCoy |first=R. Michael |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004466821/front-8.xml |title=Interpreting the Qurʾān with the Bible (Tafsīr al-Qurʾān bi-l-Kitāb) |date=2021-09-08 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-46682-1 |language=en}}</ref>
In the centuries following Muhammad's death, Quranists did not believe in {{Transliteration|ar|[[Naskh (tafsir)|naskh]]}}.<ref>Daniel W. Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'', Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 16–17</ref> The [[Kufa]]n scholar Dirar ibn Amr's Quranist belief led him to deny in the [[Dajjal]], [[Punishment of the Grave]], and [[Shafa'a]] in the 8th century.<ref>Josef Van Ess, ''Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra. Volume 3'', Brill, 2018, pp. 56–58</ref> The [[Egypt]]ian scholar [[Mohammed Abu Zaid al-Damanhury|Muhammad Abu Zayd's]] Quranist commentaries led him to reject the belief in the [[Isra and Mi'raj]] in the early 20th century. In his rationalist Quran commentary published in 1930, which uses the Quran itself to interpret the Quran, he claimed that verse 17:1 was an allusion to the [[Hijrah]] and not Isra and Mi'raj.<ref>J. J. G. Jansen, ''The Interpretation of the Koran in Modern Egypt'', E.J. Brill, 1980, pp. 87–89</ref><ref>[http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/112C33.htm Egypt's Quest for Cultural Orientation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308013517/http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/112C33.htm |date=2008-03-08 }}, Mafhoum.com, Accessed May 26, 2020</ref>
[[Syed Ahmad Khan]] argued that, while the Quran remained socially relevant, reliance on Hadith limits the vast potential of the Quran to a particular cultural and historical situation.<ref name="DWBRTMIT1996:65">[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.65</ref>
The extent to which Quranists reject the authority of the Hadith and Sunnah varies,<ref name="Voss">{{cite journal |url=http://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/books/sp/1996/apr/page1.html |title=Identifying Assumptions in the Hadith/Sunnah Debate |last=Voss |first=Richard Stephen |date=April 1996 |volume=12 |issue=4 |journal=Monthly Bulletin of the International Community of Submitters |access-date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729034931/http://masjidtucson.org/publications/books/sp/1996/apr/page1.html |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> but the more established groups have thoroughly criticised the authority of the Hadith and reject it for many reasons. The most common view being the Quranists who say that Hadith is not mentioned in the Quran as a source of [[Islamic theology]] and practice, was not recorded in written form until a century after the death of Muhammad,<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=http://people.uncw.edu/bergh/par246/L21RHadithCriticism.htm |title=PAR246 Hadith Criticism |access-date=2006-09-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311144448/http://people.uncw.edu/bergh/par246/L21RHadithCriticism.htm |archive-date=2007-03-11 }}</ref> and contain internal errors and contradictions as well as contradictions with the Quran.<ref name="The Quranists" /><ref name="Voss" /> For Sunni Muslims, the [[Sunnah]], i.e the Sunnah (the way) of the prophet, is one of the two primary sources of Islamic law, and while the Quran has verses enjoining Muslims to obey the Messenger, the Quran never talks about Sunnah in connection with Muhammad or other prophets. The term Sunnah appears several times, including in the phrase {{Transliteration|ar|sunnat Allah}} (way of God),<ref name="Islamicity-search">{{cite web |title=Quran Smart Search. Searched: sunna |url=https://www.islamicity.org/quransearch/?q=sunna |website=Islamicity |access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> but not {{Transliteration|ar|sunnat al-nabi}} (way of the prophet) – the phrase customarily used by proponents of hadith.<ref name=DWBRTMIT1996:8>[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.8</ref>
The concept of ''{{Transliteration|ar|[[tahrif]]}}'' has also been advocated by Quran alone Muslims such as [[Rashad Khalifa]], who believed that [[Islamic holy books|previous revelations]] of God, such as the [[Bible]], contained contradictions due to human interference.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/videos/ | title=Videos: Submission, Rashad Khalifa }}</ref> Instead, he believed that the beliefs and practices of Islam should be based on the Quran alone.
=== Differences with traditional Islam ===
Quranists believe that the Quran is the sole source of religious law and guidance in Islam and reject the authority of sources outside of the Quran like hadith and sunnah. Quranists suggest that vast majority of hadith literature are forged and that the Quran criticizes the hadith both in technical sense and general sense.<ref name="62-rida">''al-Manar'' 12(1911): 693–99; cited in Juynboll, ''Authenticity'', 30; cited in [[Quranism#DWBRTMIT1996|D.W. Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.120</ref><ref name="The Quranists" /><ref name="Voss" /><ref name=":6">{{cite web |last=admin |title=19.org |url=https://19.org/ |access-date=2021-02-06 |website=19.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=KUR'ANİ-BİLİMSEL-TEOLOJİ, BİLİMSEL-KUR'ANİ-TEOLOJİ VE KUR'ANİ-AHENKSEL-TEOLOJİ – Caner Taslaman |url=http://www.canertaslaman.com/2019/09/12/kurani-bilimsel-teoloji-bilimsel-kurani-teoloji-ve-kurani-ahenksel-teoloji/ |access-date=2021-02-06 |language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Quranists claim that the Sunnis and Shias have distorted the meaning of the verses to support their agenda,<ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Muhammad |first=A. |title=True Islam – Misinterpreted Verses |url=https://www.quran-islam.org/main_topics/quran/misinterpreted_verses_(P1224).html |access-date=2021-05-25 |website=Quran-Islam}}</ref> especially in verses about women and war.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|last=Yüksel|first=Edip|title=Sectarian Translations|url=https://19.org/blog/reformist-vs-sectarian/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=19.org|date=17 May 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web|last=Muhammad|first=A.|title=True Islam – Manipulation of 4:34|url=https://www.quran-islam.org/main_topics/quran/misinterpreted_verses/manipulation_of_4:34_(P1571).html|access-date=2021-05-25|website=Quran-Islam}}</ref> Due to these differences in theology, there are differences between traditional Islamic and Quranist practices.
==== Shahada (creed) ====
The ''{{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}'' accepted by a number of Quranists is {{transliteration|ar|la ilaha illa'llah}} ("There is nothing worthy of worship except God").<ref>Sami Bakar: [https://www.alrahman.de/die-shahadah-das-glaubensbekenntnis-der-ergebenen/ Die Shahadah: Das Glaubensbekenntnis der Ergebenen]. Online [21.8.2018].</ref><ref name=":10">Haddad & Smith: ''Mission to America.'' 1993, P. 163.</ref> However, a number of Quranists also consider the Quranic verse 2:131 as the proper shahada, based on the command to “Submit”, and the response, “I submit to the Lord of the worlds.”
==== Salah (prayer) ====
Among Quranists, different views can be found in ritual prayer (''{{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}''). Some Quranists pray five times a day, like in traditional Islam, while others pray two or three times a day.<ref>Zum Beispiel Sayyid Ahmad Khan. Vgl. Ahmad: ''Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan 1857–1964''. 1967, S. 49.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ek 15 – Dini Görevler: Tanrı'dan Bir Armağan|url=http://www.teslimolanlar.org/ekler.php?ekid=15|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Teslimolanlar}}</ref><ref>Vgl. Birışık: "Kurʾâniyyûn" in ''Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi''. 2002, Bd. 26, S. 429.; Yüksel; al-Shaiban; Schulte-Nafeh: ''Quran: A Reformist Translation''. 2007, S. 507.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=10. How Can we Observe the Sala Prayers by Following the Quran Alone? - Edip-Layth - quranix.org |url=http://quranix.org/appendix/qrt/10 |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=quranix.org}}</ref> The practice of praying five times daily does not appear in the Quran, but the practice originated in [[hadith]]s about Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj. Some Quranists believe that it is sufficient to pray two or three times daily because Quran {{qref|11|114}} says "Establish prayer ˹O Prophet˺ at both ends of the day and in the early part of the night."
A minority of Quranists see the Arabic word {{transliteration|ar|ṣalāt}} as a spiritual contact or a spiritual devotion to God through the observance of the Quran and worship to God, and therefore not as a standard ritual to be performed.
The blessings for Muhammad and [[Abraham]], which are part of the traditional ritual, are not practiced by most Quranists in the call to prayer and in the prayer itself, arguing that the Quran mentions prayers are only for God, and the Quran tells believers to make no distinction between any messenger.<ref>Vgl. Nguyen: ''United Submitters International''. 2007, S. 624.; Haddad und Smith: ''Mission to America''. 1993, S. 162.</ref>
There are other minor differences: for Quranists, [[menstruation]] does not constitute an obstacle to prayer,<ref>Kerem Adıgüzel: "Menstruation und Beten im Islam, Fasten während der Menstruation...." [18.7.2018].</ref> men and women are allowed to pray together in a mosque and that there is no catching up later once a prayer is missed.<ref>Haddad und Smith: ''Muslim Minority Groups in American Islam''. 2014, S. 153.; "Die erfundene Religion und der Koran – Kapitel 36 (1): Gebet." [15.5.2020].</ref>
==== Wudu (ablution) ====
Quranist ablution in prayer ({{transliteration|ar|[[wudu]]}}) only includes washing the face, hands up to the elbows and stroking the head and feet, since only these steps are mentioned in the Quran {{qref|5|6}}.<ref name=":10" />
==== Zakat (alms tax) ====
In traditional Islam, giving [[zakat]] is a religious duty and amounts to 2.5 percent of the annual income. The Quranists give zakat based on the Quranic verses. In the opinion of many Quranists, zakat must be paid, but the Quran does not specify a percentage because it does not appear explicitly in the Quran.<ref>'Die erfundene Religion und die Koranische Religion – Kapitel 36 (2): Almosen, Wohltätigkeit." [15.5.2020].</ref> Other Quranists are in agreement with the 2.5 percent, but do not give the zakat annually, but from every money they earn.<ref name="ReferenceD3">Haddad und Smith: ''Mission to America''. 1993, S. 163.</ref>
There is, in addition to the traditional idea of zakat, also an alternative idea that zakat itself does not mean to give charity alone, but to purify your character through righteous works, which includes the giving of charity.
==== Sawm (fasting) ====
The majority of Quranists [[fasting during Ramadan|fast]] for all of [[Ramadan]], but do not see the last day of Ramadan as a holy day.<ref name="ReferenceD3"/><ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Öztürk|first=Yaşar Nuri|title=İslam Nasıl Yozlaştırıldı / Vahyin Dininden Sapmalar, Hurafeler, Bid'atlar|publisher=Yeni Boyut|year=2012|isbn=9789756779309}}</ref>
==== Hajj (pilgrimage) ====
Extra-Quranic traditions in the [[hajj]], such as kissing or hugging the [[Black Stone|black stone]] and the symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones are rejected and seen as {{Transliteration|ar|[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]}} by Quranists.<ref>Joseph Islam: "The Hajj and Umrah According to the Quran." [3.2.2020]</ref><ref>"Die erfundene Religion und die Koranische Religion – Kapitel 36 (4): Hadsch (Pilgerfahrt)." [3.2.2020]</ref>
==== Ridda (apostasy) ====
According to Sunni hadith, a Muslim who [[apostasy in Islam|leaves his religion]] should be killed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahih al-Bukhari Book of Fighting for the Cause of Allah (al|url=https://amrayn.com/bukhari:3017|access-date=2021-05-30|website=amrayn.com|language=en}}</ref> However, since Quranists do not accept hadith and no command to kill apostates can be found in the Quran, they reject this procedure. In addition, [[Al-Baqara 256|2:256]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Coranicum|first=Corpus|title=Corpus Coranicum|url=http://corpuscoranicum.de/index/index/sure/2/vers/256|access-date=2021-05-30|website=corpuscoranicum.de}}</ref> which states that "there shall be no compulsion/pressure in religion", is taken into account and everyone is allowed to freely decide on their religion.<ref>"Das Töten von Apostaten – Ein Widerspruch zum Koran." [21.8.2018].</ref><ref>Ahmed Mansour: "The False Penalty Of Apostasy (Killing The Apostate)." [21.8.2018].</ref><ref name=":13" />
==== Polygamy ====
Some Quranist movements [[polygyny in Islam|allow polygamy]] only on the condition of the adoption of orphans who have mothers and do not want to lose them, as the concerning verse 4:3 set the condition after the 'Battle of Uhud' where many of the male companions martyred; but other Quranist movements argue that although it is not explicitly banned, polygamy is a thing of the past because the regulations which are contained in the Quran are very strict and they have been fulfilled by almost nobody on Earth, therefore polygamy cannot be practiced anymore. In the extremely rare case in which it may be practiced, there is a strict limit on the number of wives, which is four.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Yüksel|first=Edip|title=Türkçe Kuran Çevirilerindeki Hatalar|date=2017|id={{ASIN|994414309X|country=tr}} }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Uydurulan Din ve Kuran'daki Din|publisher=Kuran Araştırmaları Grubu|location=Istanbul}}</ref><ref name=":13" />
==== Military Jihad ====
Most Quranist movements interpret the "holy war" as a solely defensive war, because according to them that is the only type of war allowed in the Quran. A war is only "holy" when Muslims are threatened on their own lands. Therefore, unlike the Sunnis and [[Salafism|Salafi]]-Jihadis, for the Quranists "holy war" does not refer to an offensive war against non-Muslim countries or communities in any circumstances.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
==== Food ====
Quranists can eat food which is prepared by [[Christians]] and [[Jews]] as stated in the Quran,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Ma'idah - 5 |url=https://quran.com/al-maidah/5 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}</ref> but some Quranists believe that animals which are raised by Christians and Jews should still be blessed before they are eaten. According to Quranists, the Quran forbids the inflicting of pain on the animal during its slaughter, thus for them, the techniques of slaughtering animals in the [[Western world]] are illegitimate. Unlike Sunnis, Quranists can eat food with both of their hands, even with their left hands because the Quran does not forbid it.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
==== Dress code ====
Clothing does not play a key role in Quranism. All Quranist movements agree that Islam has no sets of traditional clothing, except for the rules described in the Quran. Therefore, [[beards]] and the [[hijab]] are not necessary.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
==== Hadith ====
Quranists reject hadith altogether. Some Quranists believe that hadith – while not being reliable sources of religion – can be used as a reference to get an idea on historical events. They argue that there is no harm in using hadith to get a common idea on the history as long as they are not taken as historical facts. According to them, a hadith narration about history can be true or can be false, but a hadith narration adding rulings to religion is always completely false.<ref>{{cite web|last=A.|first=Muhammad|title=The history of hadith – Why and when it was written? Part 1|url=https://www.quran-islam.org/articles/part_1/history_hadith_1_(P1148).html}}</ref> They believe that the trustworthiness of the narrator is not enough to give credibility to the hadith as it is stated in the Quran that Muhammad himself could not recognize who was a genuine believer and who was a [[Munafiq|hypocrite]].<ref>Quran 63:4, Quran 9:101</ref> Moreover, Quranists quote Sahih Muslim 3004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahih Muslim 3004 - The Book of Zuhd and Softening of Hearts - كتاب الزهد والرقائق - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/muslim:3004 |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> to argue [[Muhammad]] forbid any hadith beside the Quran.
==== Tafsir ====
Although there are Quranist {{Transliteration|ar|[[tafsir]]}} works, for the most part Quranists do not have tafsir and do not think that it is needed. They believe the Quran does not give anyone the authority to interpret because, as stated in Quran, Allah sends guidance individually.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":13" />
==== Other ====
The following aspects can be cited as further examples which, compared to traditional Islam, are rejected by Quranists or regarded as irrelevant:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
* Quranists see [[circumcision]] as irrelevant; circumcision is not mentioned in the Quran.
* Quranists see [[Eid al-Fitr]] (festival of breaking the fast) and [[Eid al-Adha]] (Islamic festival of sacrifice) as merely cultural holidays, not holy.
* Quranists do not consider the headscarf ([[hijab]]) for women to be obligatory.
* Quranists believe [[cremation]] is permissible in Islam as there is no prohibition in the Qur'an against cremation, and that burial is not the only Islamic method that is approved by God.
* Quranists are strictly against torture.
* Quranists reject the prohibition of music and the drawing of creatures or making statues of them, including drawings of the prophets.
* Quranists are against the prohibition for a man to wear gold or silk, to shave his beard, etc.
* Quranists do not consider dogs unclean or to be avoided.
* Quranists do not believe in the [[Mahdi]] or the [[Al-Masih ad-Dajjal|Dajjal]], as they are not mentioned in the Quran.
== History ==
===Early Islam===
[[File:Qur'anic Manuscript - 3 - Hijazi script.jpg|thumb|262px|''[[Sura]] [[al-Baqarah]]'', verses 282–286, from an [[early Quranic manuscript]] written on [[vellum]] (mid-late 7th century CE)]]
Quranists date their beliefs back to the time of [[Muhammad]], who they claim prohibited the writing of hadiths.<ref>[https://islamfuture.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/usool-al-hadeeth-the-methodology-of-hadith-evaluation.pdf Usool Al-Hadeeth] Islam Future December 2009</ref><ref name="Musa 2008">{{cite book |last=Musa |first=Aisha Y. |year=2008 |title=Hadith (Sunnah) as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam |publisher=Palgrave |isbn=978-0-230-60535-0}}</ref><ref name="Aisha Musa">Aisha Y. Musa, ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp.25-29</ref> As they believe that hadith, while not being reliable sources of religion, can be used as a reference to get an idea on historical events, they point out several narrations about early Islam to support their beliefs. According to one of these narrations, Muhammad's companion and the second caliph [[Umar]] ({{Reign|634|644}}) also prohibited the writing of hadith and destroyed existing collections during his reign.<ref name="Aisha Musa"/> Similar reports claim when Umar appointed a governor to [[Kufa]], he told him: "You will be coming to the people of a town for whom the buzzing of the Qur'an is as the buzzing of bees. Therefore, do not distract them with the Hadiths, and thus engage them. Bare the Qur'an and spare the Hadith from God's messenger!".<ref name="Aisha Musa"/>
=== Umayyad period ===
The centrality of the Quran in the religious life of the Kufans that Umar described was quickly changing, however. A few decades later, a letter was sent to the [[Umayyad]] caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] ({{Reign|685|705}}) regarding the Kufans: "They abandoned the judgement of their Lord and took hadiths for their religion; and they claim that they have obtained knowledge other than from the Koran . . . They believed in a book which was not from God, written by the hands of men; they then attributed it to the Messenger of God."<ref>Aisha Y. Musa, ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 37–38</ref>
In the following years, the taboo against the writing and following of hadiths had receded to such an extent that the eighth Umayyad caliph [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] ({{Reign|717|720}}) ordered the first official collection of Hadith. [[Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Hazm]] and [[Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri]], were among those who wrote Hadiths at Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's behest.<ref name="auto3"/>
=== Abbasid period ===
Despite the trend towards hadiths, the questioning of their authority continued during the [[Abbasid]] dynasty and existed during the time of al-Shafi'i, when a group known as {{Transliteration|ar|ahl al-kalam}} argued that the prophetic example of Muhammad "is found in following the Quran alone", rather than Hadith.<ref name=DWBRTMIT1996:15-6>[[#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.15-16</ref><ref>excerpted from Abdur Rab, ''ibid'', pp.&nbsp;199–200.</ref> The majority of Hadith, according to them, was mere guesswork, conjecture, and {{Transliteration|ar|[[bid'a]]}}, while the book of God was complete and perfect, and did not require the Hadith to supplement or complement it.<ref>[http://www.mostmerciful.com/Hadithbook-sectionone.htm Azami, M. A., ''Studies in Hadith Methodology and Literature'', Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, 92; cited in Akbarally Meherally, ''Myths and Realities of Hadith – A Critical Study'', (published by Mostmerciful.com Publishers), Burnaby, BC, Canada, 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313063736/http://mostmerciful.com/hadithbook-sectionone.htm|date=2016-03-13}}; excerpted from Abdur Rab, ibid, p. 200.</ref> There were prominent scholars who rejected traditional hadith like Dirar ibn Amr. He wrote a book titled ''The Contradiction Within Hadith''. However, the tide had changed from the earlier centuries to such an extent that Dirar was beaten up and had to remain in hiding until his death.<ref>Josef Van Ess, ''Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra. Volume 3'', Brill, 2018, pp. 35–37 and 55–57</ref> Like Dirar ibn Amr, the scholar Abu Bakr al-Asamm also had little use for hadiths.<ref>Josef Van Ess, ''Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra. Volume 2'', Brill, 2017, pg. 461</ref>
Under the Abbasid caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] (r. 813-833), the adherents of ''Kalam'' were favoured and the supporters of Hadith were dealt harshly. Al-Ma'mun was inclined towards rational inquiry in religious matters, supported the proponents of ''Kalam'' and persecuted the adherents of Hadith. His two immediate successors, [[Al-Mu'tasim]] (r. 833-842) and [[Al-Wathiq]] (r. 842-847), followed his policies. Unlike his three predecessors, [[Al-Mutawakkil]] (r. 847-861) was not inclined to rational inquiry in religious matters, and strove to bolster the Hadith as a necessary source of the Sunnah.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdbGAAAAQBAJ&dq=Al-Ma%27mun+was+inclined+towards+rational+inquiry+in+religious+matters,+supported+the+proponents+of+Kalam+and+persecuted+the+adherents+of+Hadith.&pg=PA63 | title=?ad?th as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam | isbn=978-0-230-61197-9 | last1=Musa | first1=A. | date=12 May 2008 | publisher=Springer }}</ref>
===19th century===
In South Asia during the 19th century, the Ahl-i Quran movement formed partially in reaction to the [[Ahl-i Hadith]] whom they considered to be placing too much emphasis on Hadith.<ref name="Brown">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Daniel W. |date=1996 |title=Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=38–41 |isbn=978-0-52157-077-0}}</ref> Many Ahl-i Quran adherents from South Asia were formerly adherents of Ahle Hadith but found themselves incapable of accepting certain hadiths.<ref name="Brown"/> Abdullah Chakralawi, Khwaja Ahmad Din Amritsari, [[Chiragh Ali]], and [[Aslam Jairajpuri]] were among the people who promulgated Quranist beliefs in India at the time.<ref name="Brown"/>
===20th century===
In Egypt during the early 20th century, the ideas of Quranists like [[Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi]] grew out of the reformist ideas of [[Muhammad Abduh]], specifically a rejection of [[taqlid]] and an emphasis on the Quran.<ref>Rein Fernhout, ''Canonical Texts. Bearers of Absolute Authority. Bible, Koran, Veda, Tipitaka: A Phenomenological Study'', Brill Rodopi, 1994, pp. 218–219</ref><ref name="Brown"/> Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi of Egypt "held that nothing of the Hadith was recorded until after enough time had elapsed to allow the infiltration of numerous absurd or corrupt traditions."<ref>Sidqi, Muhammad Tawfiq, ''Al-Islam huwa al-Qur'an wahdahu,'' ''al-Manar'' 9 (1906), 515; cited in {{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Daniel W. |title=Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521570778 |pages=88–89 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown |access-date=10 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321033206/https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown |archive-date=21 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wrote an article titled {{Transliteration|ar|al-Islam Huwa ul-Qur'an Wahdahu}} ('Islam is the Qur'an Alone) that appeared in the Egyptian journal ''Al-Manar'', which argues that the Quran is sufficient as guidance:<ref>Musa, Aisha Y., ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam'', Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008, p.6.</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=What is obligatory for man does not go beyond God's Book. If anything other than the Qur'an had been necessary for religion, the Prophet would have commanded its registration in writing, and God would have guaranteed its preservation.|author=Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi}}
Like some of their counterparts in Egypt such as [[Mohammed Abu Zaid al-Damanhury|Muhammad Abu Zayd]] and [[Ahmed Subhy Mansour]], some reformist scholars in [[Iran]] who adopted Quranist beliefs came from traditional institutions of higher learning. Shaykh Hadi Najmabadi, [[Mirza Rida Quli Shari'at-Sanglaji]], [[Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani]], and [[Ayatollah Borqei]] were educated in traditional [[Shia Islam|Shia]] universities in [[Najaf]] and [[Qom]]. However, they believed that some beliefs and practices that were taught in these universities, such as the veneration of [[Imamzadeh]] and a belief in [[Raj'a]], were irrational and superstitious and had no basis in the Quran.<ref name="Arjomand">Said Amir Arjomand, ''Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism'', State University of New York Press, 1998, pp. 160–161 and 166–167</ref> And rather than interpreting the Quran through the lens of hadith, they interpreted the Quran with the Quran (''tafsir al-qur'an bi al-qur'an''). These reformist beliefs provoked criticism from traditional Shia scholars like [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], who attempted to refute the criticisms made by Sanglaji and other reformists in his book [[Kashf al-Asrar]].<ref name="Arjomand" /><ref>[https://profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1060364.pdf Pillars, proofs and requirements of the Quran-Sufficiency Theory, along with its criticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152245/https://profdoc.um.ac.ir/articles/a/1060364.pdf |date=2020-06-26 }}, Profdoc.um.ac.ir, Accessed June 22, 2020</ref><ref>[http://pdmag.info/article-1-316-en.pdf A Criticism of the “Qura’n-through-Qura’n Interpretation Method” of the Shiite Quraniyan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200611/http://pdmag.info/article-1-316-en.pdf |date=2020-06-26 }}, Pdmag.info, Accessed June 22, 2020</ref> Quran-centered beliefs have also spread among lay Muslims like Iranian American, Ali Behzadnia, who became Deputy Minister of Health and Welfare and acting Minister of Education shortly after the [[Iranian Revolution]]. He has criticized the government in Iran for being undemocratic and totally alien to the "Islam of the Quran".<ref>Edip Yuksel, ''Critical Thinkers for Islamic Reform: A Collection of Articles from Contemporary Thinkers on Islam'', Brainbow Press, 2009, pp. 188–189</ref>
Quranism also took on a political dimension in the 20th&nbsp;century when [[Muammar Gaddafi|Muammar al-Gaddafi]] declared the Quran to be the constitution of Libya.<ref name="Hager 1985 85">{{Cite book |last=Hager |title=Volksmacht und Islam. |year=1985 |page=85 |language=German}}</ref> Gaddafi asserted the transcendence of the Quran as the sole guide to Islamic governance and the unimpeded ability of every Muslim to read and interpret it. He had begun to attack the religious establishment and several fundamental aspects of Sunni Islam. He denigrated the roles of the ulama, imams, and Islamic jurists and questioned the authenticity of the hadith, and thereby the sunna, as a basis for Islamic law.
Quranism also took on a militant dimension in the 20th&nbsp;century, with the [[Yan Tatsine]] movement, founded by Mohammed Marwa, better known by his nickname [[Maitatsine]], which publicly adopted the slogan “Qur’an only” as the foundation of the religion.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RLEcWL45W8C&dq=%C2%A0rejected+hadiths+maitatsine&pg=PA231 | title=Islamic Reform and Political Change in Northern Nigeria | isbn=978-0-8101-2810-1 | last1=Loimeier | first1=Roman | date=31 August 2011 | publisher=Northwestern University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-MNEAAAQBAJ&dq=yan+tatsine+quranist&pg=PA142 | title=Buharism: Nigeria's Death Knell | isbn=978-1-5255-8324-7 | last1=Nwankwor | first1=Emeka | date=9 December 2020 | publisher=FriesenPress }}</ref>
== Popularity and opposition ==
[[File:Islam branches and schools..png|thumb|upright=2.5|Diagram showing the branches of [[Sunnism]], [[Shi'ism]], [[Ibadism]], Quranism, [[Non-denominational Muslim]]s, [[Ahmadiyya]] and [[Sufism]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}]]
In the 21st century, Qur'anist rejection of the hadith has gained traction among [[Islamic modernism|modernist Muslims]] who want to throw out any hadith that they believe contradicts the Qur'an. Both modernist Muslims and Qur'anists believe that the problems in the [[Islamic world]] come partly from the traditional elements of the hadith and seek to reject those teachings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://listverse.com/2016/04/08/10-forgotten-sects-of-major-world-religions/|title=10 Forgotten Sects Of Major Religions|date=April 8, 2016}}</ref>
According to Dr. Aisha Y. Musa, Quranists in Egypt and elsewhere have stirred heated discussions in the Muslim world.<ref>https://files.cdn-files-a.com/uploads/2977531/normal_5e36a63ad8ab3.pdf</ref> Quranism has been criticised by [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] and [[Shia Islam|Shias]]. The Sunni belief is that "the Quran needs the Sunnah more than the Sunnah needs the Quran".<ref name=":4">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2006|title=Scripture and the Qurʾān|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=[[Leiden]]|editor-last=McAuliffe|editor-first=Jane Dammen|editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe|volume=5|page=165|doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00180|isbn=90-04-14743-8|author-last=Graham|author-first=William A.}}</ref> The Sunni and Shia establishment argues that Islam can not be practised without hadith.
=== Russia ===
In 2018, the [[Russian Council of Muftis]] issued a [[fatwa]] that, contrary to its apparent intent, contained statements supportive of Quran-centric views. The fatwa, ostensibly aimed at defending Sunnah, actually criticized hadith-centrism and emphasized the primacy of the Quran. It suggested that an ideal Islamic society could be built solely on Quranic teachings, without the need for hadiths. This unexpected stance from a major Islamic authority in [[Russia]] sparked debate within the Muslim community, with some praising the fatwa's Quran-centric approach while others, particularly hadith-centrists, expressed concern over its implications for traditional Islamic scholarship.<ref>Рустам Батыр, [https://www.business-gazeta.ru/blog/375729 «Совет муфтиев России объявил хадисы виновными в деградации ислама» Подробнее на «БИЗНЕС Online»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044336/https://www.business-gazeta.ru/blog/375729 |date=2019-03-06 }}, business-gazeta.ru, Accessed July 17, 2024</ref>
=== Saudi Arabia ===
In 2023, in a major departure from [[Wahhabism]], King [[Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] ordered the establishment of an authority in [[Medina]] to scrutinise uses of the hadith that are used by preachers and jurists to support teachings and edicts on all aspects of life. According to ''[[Khmer Times]]'', the reforms of Saudi [[Mohammed bin Salman|Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman]] (MBS) have been influenced by a Quranist group.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501290389/not-wahabi-hardliners-but-ahle-quran-group-is-behind-mbs-bold-reforms-in-saudi-arabia/ | title=Not Wahabi hardliners but Ahle Quran group is behind MBS' bold reforms in Saudi Arabia - Khmer Times | date=14 May 2023 }}</ref>
Previously, in 2018, Saudi Quranist scholar [[Hassan al-Maliki]] was arrested and charged with the death penalty for his political views, one of opposition to the more strict Saudi [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] ideology, and for promoting ideas that have been described as "Quranist", "moderate", "tolerant".<ref name=":16">{{cite web|last=AsiaNews.it|title=The reform of Islam and the Koranists, persecuted in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/The-reform-of-Islam-and-the-Koranists,-persecuted-in-Saudi-Arabia-45322.html|access-date=2022-01-08|website=www.asianews.it|language=en|quote=''Today there are Mohamed Sharour and Ferhane El Maliki, who risks being beheaded in Saudi prisons.''}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name="true" /><ref>Kamel Abderrahmani, [http://www.asianews.it/news-en/The-reform-of-Islam-and-the-Koranists,-persecuted-in-Saudi-Arabia-45322.html The reform of Islam and the Koranists, persecuted in Saudi Arabia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916223056/http://www.asianews.it/news-en/The-reform-of-Islam-and-the-Koranists,-persecuted-in-Saudi-Arabia-45322.html |date=2019-09-16 }}, asianews.com, Accessed February 15, 2019</ref> Other Saudi intellectuals, like Abd al-Rahman al-Ahdal, continue to advocate for the abandonment of hadith and a return to the Quran.<ref>[https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191128-saudi-writer-calls-for-removal-of-hadith-books-from-heritage/ Saudi writer calls for removal of Hadith books from heritage ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220150942/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191128-saudi-writer-calls-for-removal-of-hadith-books-from-heritage/ |date=2019-12-20 }}, Middleeastmonitor.com, Accessed May 26, 2020</ref>
=== Sudan ===
In 2015, Quranist men in [[Sudan]] were imprisoned and sentenced to death for recognizing the Quran and rejecting the Hadith. After being arrested for more than five weeks, the men were released on bail.<ref name=":15">Zeinab Mohammed Salih: „Sudan Threatens Muslims With Death on Charges of Apostasy.“ In: ''The Guardian'' [21.1.2020].</ref><ref>Zeinab Mohammed Salih, [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/16/sudan-charges-25-death-penalty-apostasy-sharia-law Sudan threatens 25 Muslims with death on charges of apostasy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127093708/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/16/sudan-charges-25-death-penalty-apostasy-sharia-law|date=2020-01-27}}, theguardian.com, Accessed February 10, 2019</ref>
=== Turkey ===
In [[Turkey]], Quranist ideas became particularly noticeable,<ref>Aisha Y. Musa, [http://www.19.org/2810/quranists/ The Qur'anists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719104727/http://www.19.org/2810/quranists/|date=2013-07-19}}, 19.org, Retrieved 6 July 2013.</ref><ref>Mustafa Akyol, [http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=welcome-to-islamic-reformation-101-2008-03-01 "Welcome to Islamic Reformation 101"], ''Hurriyet Daily News'' 1 March 2008, Retrieved 26 January 2013.</ref> with portions of the youth either leaving Islam or converting to Quranism.<ref>Öztürk: ''Modern Döneme Özgü Bir Kur’an Tasavvuru''. 2010, S. 24.</ref> There has been significant Quranist scholarship in Turkey, with there being even Quranist theology professors in significant universities, including scholars like [[Yaşar Nuri Öztürk]]<ref>Mustafa Akyol, ''Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty'', W.W. Norton & Company, 2011, p. 234</ref> and [[Caner Taslaman]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Associates and Affiliates|url=http://www.19.org/organization/affiliates/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712212620/http://www.19.org/organization/affiliates/|archive-date=2013-07-12|access-date=2013-07-14|publisher=19.org}}</ref>
Quranists have responded to the criticisms of the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[Directorate of Religious Affairs|Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet)]] with arguments and challenged them to a debate.<ref>Alper Bilgili, [http://www.patheos.com/blogs/altmuslim/2018/04/quran-hadiths-or-both-where-quranists-and-traditional-islam-differs/ Quran, Hadiths or Both? Where Quranists and Traditional Islam Differs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913060016/https://www.patheos.com/blogs/altmuslim/2018/04/quran-hadiths-or-both-where-quranists-and-traditional-islam-differs/|date=2019-09-13}},, patheos.com, Accessed February 10, 2019</ref>
==Notable organizations==
===Association Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques (AIMC)===
The Association Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques (AIMC), or International Association of Quranic Muslims is a Quranist organisation founded by the Tunisian author, professor, and Islamologist [[Mohamed Talbi]].<ref>Rachid Barnat, [http://www.kapitalis.com/afkar-2/15589-tunisie-islam-le-musulman-coranique-selon-mohamed-talbi.html Tunisie-Islam : Le «musulman coranique» selon Mohamed Talbi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013636/http://www.kapitalis.com/afkar-2/15589-tunisie-islam-le-musulman-coranique-selon-mohamed-talbi.html |date=2019-03-01 }}, kapitalis.com, Accessed February 16, 2019</ref><ref>Sadok Belaid, [http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/22458-in-memoriam-mohamed-talbi-1921-2017 In memorium: Mohamed Talbi (1921–2017) – (Album photos)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428092628/https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/22458-in-memoriam-mohamed-talbi-1921-2017 |date=2019-04-28 }}, leaders.com, Accessed February 16, 2019</ref> The organisation aims to promote Quranism and counter the preaching of [[Salafism]] and [[Wahhabism]].<ref>Rachid Barnat, [http://www.kapitalis.com/afkar-2/15589-tunisie-islam-le-musulman-coranique-selon-mohamed-talbi.html Tunisie-Islam : Le «musulman coranique» selon Mohamed Talbi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013636/http://www.kapitalis.com/afkar-2/15589-tunisie-islam-le-musulman-coranique-selon-mohamed-talbi.html |date=2019-03-01 }}, kapitalis.com, Accessed February 16, 2019</ref>
===Izgi Amal===
{{main|Izgi Amal}}
''İzgi amal'' ({{langx|kk|Ізгі амал}}) is a Quranist organization in [[Kazakhstan]]. It has an estimated 70 to 80 thousand members. Its leader, Aslbek Musin, is the son of the former Speaker of the [[Mazhilis|Majlis]], [[Aslan Musin]].<ref>[http://www.nm2000.kz/news/2009-11-27-22877/ Личность и ислам (Начало. Интервью с Аслбеком Мусиным)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043539/http://nm2000.kz/news/2009-11-27-22877/ |date=2019-03-06 }}, nm2000.kz, Accessed March 4, 2019</ref><ref>Талгат Адилов, [http://www.contur.kz/node/517 Казахстанские кораниты: элита будущего или ответ«Ак Орды» радикальному исламу] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708094619/http://www.contur.kz/node/517 |date=2019-07-08 }}, contur.kz, Accessed March 4, 2019</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=The first true Quranist was the Prophet Muhammad, who did not follow anything except the Qur'an. Quranists are not a new direction in this respect.|author=Aslbek Musin}}
=== Kala Kato===
{{main|Kala Kato}}
[[Kala Kato]] is a Quranist movement whose adherents reside mostly northern [[Nigeria]],<ref name="Sa'isu">Isa Sa'isu, [https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kala-kato-meet-group-with-yet-another-perception-of-islam.html Kala-Kato: Meet group with yet another perception of Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428162247/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kala-kato-meet-group-with-yet-another-perception-of-islam.html |date=2019-04-28 }}, dailytrust.com.ng, Accessed February 10, 2019</ref> with some adherents residing in Niger.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127248.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2009], state.gov, Accessed February 10, 2019</ref> Kala Kato means a "man says" in the [[Hausa language]], in reference to the sayings, or hadiths, posthumously attributed to Muhammad. Kala Kato accept only the Quran as authoritative and believe that anything that is not Kala Allah, which means what "God says" in the Hausa language, is Kala Kato.<ref>Aminu Alhaji Bala, [http://saspjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/SJAHSS-35B1034-1039.pdf Qur’anists’ Deviant Da'wah as Reflected in Their Trends of Tafsir in Northern Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212131324/http://saspjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/SJAHSS-35B1034-1039.pdf |date=2019-02-12 }}, saspjournal.com, Accessed February 10, 2019</ref>
===Quran Sunnat Society===
The Quran Sunnat Society is a Quranist movement in India. The movement was behind the first ever woman to lead mixed-gender [[Jumu'ah|congregational prayers]] in India.<ref>Ziya Us Salam, [https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/i-follow-the-quran/article10074190.ece 'I follow the Quran'], frontline.thehindu.com, Accessed February 10, 2019</ref> It maintains an office and headquarters within Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/muslim-woman-receives-death-threats-leading-prayers-kerala-india |title=Muslim woman receives death threats after leading prayers in Kerala |first=Amrit |last=Dhillon |date=30 January 2018 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163349/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/muslim-woman-receives-death-threats-leading-prayers-kerala-india |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> There is a large community of Quranists in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Aftab Ahmad |title=Islamic Culture and the Modern World 2 |journal=Defence Journal |volume=20 |number=4 |date=2016 |page=49}}</ref> One of its leaders, Jamida Beevi, has also spoken out against India's [[Triple talaq in India|triple talaq]] law which is mostly based on the Sunni inspired [[Muslim personal law in India|Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937]].<ref>Jiby J Kattakayam, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jibber-jabber/quran-has-capacity-to-reflect-and-absorb-changes-in-society-over-time-it-did-not-discriminate-between-men-and-women/ ‘Quran has capacity to reflect and absorb changes in society over time … it did not discriminate between men and women’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610224644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jibber-jabber/quran-has-capacity-to-reflect-and-absorb-changes-in-society-over-time-it-did-not-discriminate-between-men-and-women/ |date=2020-06-10 }}, timesofindia.indiatimes.com, Accessed February 10, 2019</ref> The most prominent predecessor to the Quran Sunnat Society in India was from the views put forth by Ahmed Khan in the 19th century.
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fanack.com/religions/quranists-islams-outcasts/ |title=Quranists, Islam's Outcasts - Fanack.com |access-date=2020-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223133853/https://fanack.com/religions/quranists-islams-outcasts/ |archive-date=2019-12-23 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Tolu-e-Islam===
{{main|Tolu-e-Islam (organization)}}
The movement was initiated by [[Ghulam Ahmed Pervez]].<ref>Aisha Y. Musa, ''Hadith As Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam,'' Palgrave MacMillan, 2008, pg. 86</ref><ref>Aisha Y. Musa, [http://www.academia.edu/1035742/The_Quranists The Qur'anists] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904021828/http://www.academia.edu/1035742/The_Quranists |date=2015-09-04 }}, Academia.edu, Accessed April 7, 2019</ref><ref>Nadeem F. Paracha, [https://www.dawn.com/news/1132974 The rise and fall of a spiritual rebel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407154917/https://www.dawn.com/news/1132974 |date=2019-04-07 }}, Dawn.com, Accessed April 7, 2019</ref><ref>Nadeem F. Paracha, [https://www.dawn.com/news/790958 Crazy diamonds – V] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407154915/https://www.dawn.com/news/790958 |date=2019-04-07 }}, Dawn.com, Accessed April 7, 2019</ref> Ghulam Ahmed Pervez did not reject all hadiths; however, he accepted only hadiths that "are in accordance with the Quran or do not stain the character of the Prophet or his [[Sahabah|companions]]".<ref name=toluislam>{{cite web|url=http://www.tolueislam.com/|title=Bazm-e-Tolu-e-Islam|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122050911/http://www.tolueislam.com/|archive-date=22 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The organization publishes and distributes books, pamphlets, and recordings of Pervez's teachings.<ref name=toluislam/> Tolu-e-Islam does not belong to any political party, [[non-denominational Islam|nor does it belong to any religious group or sect]].
===United Submitters International{{anchor|Submitters}}===
In the United States, at the end of the 20th century, the Egyptian Quranist biochemist [[Rashad Khalifa]], who is known as the discoverer of the [[Quran code]] (Code 19), which is a hypothetical mathematical code in the Quran, developed a theological doctrine that influenced Quranists in many other countries. With the help of computers, he carried out a numerical analysis of the Quran, which according to him clearly proved that it is of divine origin.<ref>Musa: ''The Qur’anists''. 2010, S. 13.</ref> The number 19, which is mentioned in chapter 74 of the Quran as being "one of the greatest miracles" played the fundamental role,<ref>Q 74:30: „Über ihr sind neunzehn.“ Übersetzung von Hartmut Bobzin: ''Der Koran''. 2017.</ref> which according to Khalifa can be found everywhere in the structure of the Quran.<ref>Khan: ''Nineteen''. 2010, S. 112.</ref> Some objected to these beliefs and, in 1990, Khalifa was assassinated by someone associated with the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] group [[Jamaat ul-Fuqra]].<ref name="tucson">[https://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/historic-house/Content?oid=1830625 Historic House: The story behind that building with the words 'Happiness Is Submission to God'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709055621/https://www.tucsonweekly.com/tucson/historic-house/Content?oid=1830625|date=2020-07-09}}, Tucsonweekly.com, Accessed July 7, 2020</ref>
The organization "United Submitters International" (USI) founded by Khalifa has its center in [[Tucson]] and has published a monthly newsletter with the title "Submitter's Perspective" since 1985.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Who are Submitters and what is Submission? |url=https://masjidtucson.org/submission/submitter_and_submission.html |access-date=2021-05-23 |website=masjidtucson.org}}</ref> The movement popularized the phrase: "The Quran, the whole Quran, and nothing but the Quran."<ref name="The Quranists" /> Among those influenced by Khalifa's ideas include [[Edip Yuksel|Edip Yüksel]],<ref name="tucson" /> [[Ahmad Rashad]],<ref name="auto">Murray Olderman, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GrgdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Jl0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1963%2C3707744 Rashad Made A Name For Himself. . . Twice.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515161635/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GrgdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Jl0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1963%2C3707744|date=2020-05-15}}, ''The Pittsburgh Press'', Accsessed February 16, 2019</ref> and Nigerian [[High Court Judge]], Isa Othman.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/nrn/WP2Alkali.pdf|title=Overview of Islamic actors in northern Nigeria|author1=Muhammad Nur Alkali|author2=Abubakar Kawu Monguno|date=January 2012|publisher=Nigeria Research Network|page=16|author3=Ballama Shettima Mustafa|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306043352/http://www3.qeh.ox.ac.uk/pdf/nrn/WP2Alkali.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
A [[Turkish people|Turkish]] (of [[Kurdish population|Kurdish]] descent) activist, [[Edip Yüksel]], initially campaigned for a Quranist-Islamic revolution in [[Turkey]], which is why he was imprisoned.<ref name="Musa 20102">Musa: ''The Qur’anists''. 2010, S. 18.</ref> Later he met Khalifa and joined the organisation after witnessing the "19 miracle".<ref>Musa: ''Ḥadīth as Scripture''. 2008, S. 100.</ref> In 1989 he had to leave the country because of this and joined the headquarters in Tucson.<ref>Haddad und Smith: ''Muslim Minority Groups in American Islam''. 2014, S. 153.</ref> Yüksel and two other authors created their own translation of the Quran.<ref>Edip Yüksel; Layth Saleh al-Shaiban; Martha Schulte-Nafeh: ''Quran: A Reformist Translation''. Brainbow Press, 2007.</ref> In some points, however, his views differ from those of Khalifa.<ref>Yüksel; al-Shaiban; Schulte-Nafeh: ''Quran: A Reformist Translation''. 2007, S. 507.</ref>
==Notable individuals==
{{Incomplete list|date=May 2021}}
Individuals with full or partial Quranistic ideas include:
*[[Kassim Ahmad]] (1933–2017), Malaysian intellectual, writer, poet and an educator known for his rejection of the authority of hadiths.<ref>Mariam Mokhtar, [http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2017/03/16/dont-let-the-hardliners-get-their-way/ Don't let the hardliners get their way] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712154940/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2017/03/16/dont-let-the-hardliners-get-their-way/ |date=2019-07-12 }}, freemalaysiatoday.com, Accsessed February 16, 2019</ref><ref>Predeep Nambiar, [http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2017/10/10/kassim-ahmad-died-a-beautiful-death-says-daughter/ Kassim Ahmad died a ‘beautiful death’, says daughter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712134359/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2017/10/10/kassim-ahmad-died-a-beautiful-death-says-daughter/ |date=2019-07-12 }}, freemalaysiatoday.com, February 16, 2019</ref> He was the founder of the Quranic Society of Malaysia.<ref>Gatut Adisoma, [http://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/books/sp/1993/oct/page4.html QURANIC SOCIETY OF MALAYSIA ESTABLISHED] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013355/http://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/books/sp/1993/oct/page4.html |date=2019-03-01 }}, masjidtuucson.org, Accsessed February 16, 2019</ref> At the time of his death, he was working on a Malay translation of the Quran.<ref>[http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/son-regrets-kassim-ahmad-unable-to-complete-malay-translation-of-quran#83KyoWWA11spYbCk.97 Son regrets Kassim Ahmad unable to complete Malay translation of Quran] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013200359/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/son-regrets-kassim-ahmad-unable-to-complete-malay-translation-of-quran#83KyoWWA11spYbCk.97 |date=2017-10-13 }}, themalayonline.com, Accsessed February 16, 2019</ref>
*[[Muammar Gaddafi]] (1942 – 20 October 2011), Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist. [[Islam in Libya#Islam in Gaddafi%27s Libya|He governed Libya]] as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya until 2011. He ruled according to his own Third International Theory.<ref name="Hager 1985 85"/>
*[[Gamal al-Banna]] (1920–2013), Egyptian author and trade unionist.<ref>[https://www.metransparent.com/old/texts/michael_slackman_a_liberal_brother_at_odds_with_the_muslim_brotherhood.htm A Liberal Brother at Odds With the Muslim Brotherhood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702132114/https://www.metransparent.com/old/texts/michael_slackman_a_liberal_brother_at_odds_with_the_muslim_brotherhood.htm |date=2020-07-02 }}, Metransparent.com, Accessed June 29, 2020</ref>
*[[Mustafa İslamoğlu]] (born 1960), [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[Theology|theologian]], poet and writer. He was criticised in [[Turkey]] and received threats for his ideas that promoted logic above tradition and denying the authority of hadith,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=6 March 2013|title=Sahih hadisi inkâr eden Mustafa İslamoğlu'na Cevap – Ubeydullah Arslan|url=https://www.youtube.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214123929/http://www.youtube.com/|archive-date=14 December 2006|access-date=30 December 2015|publisher=YouTube|language=tr}}</ref> who he saw to be fabricated.<ref name="İslamoğlu">{{cite web|date=23 April 2015|title=Mustafa İslamoğlu – Sahih Hadisleri İnkâr Ediyor|url=https://www.youtube.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214123929/http://www.youtube.com/|archive-date=14 December 2006|access-date=30 December 2015|publisher=YouTube|language=tr|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Rashad Khalifa]] (1935–1990), Egyptian-American biochemist, professor doctor, theologian, computer expert and Islamic reformer. In his book ''Quran, Hadith and Islam'' and his English translation of the Quran, Khalifa argued that the Quran alone is the sole source of Islamic belief and practice.<ref name="The Quranists" /> He claimed that the Quran had a code-system based on the number 19 which proved it's divinity.
*[[Samina Ali]] (born at an unknown date in the late 20th century), Indian-American author and activist.<ref>{{cite web|title=International Museum of Women merged with Global Fund for Women in March 2014|url=http://www.imow.org/about|url-status=dead|publisher=IMOW|accessdate=28 February 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312034558/http://www.imow.org/about|archivedate=12 March 2015}}</ref>
*[[Hassan al-Maliki]] (born 1970), a [[Saudi Arabia]]n writer, [[History of Islam|Islamic historian]] and [[Islamic scholar]].<ref name=":11">{{cite web|title=Saudi Islamic scholar Dr. Al Malki at risk of execution {{!}} MENA Rights Group|url=https://www.menarights.org/en/caseprofile/saudi-islamic-scholar-dr-al-malki-risk-execution|access-date=2020-06-30|website=www.menarights.org|date=11 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="true">{{cite web|author= |title=Misconceptions|url=https://quranstruelight.com/some-history/misconceptions|access-date=2021-05-25|website=quranstruelight.com|language=en-gb}}</ref>
*[[Ahmed Subhy Mansour]] (born 1949), Egyptian-American Islamic scholar.<ref name="ahl-alquran1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/aboutus.php |title=About Us |website=Ahl-alquran.com |access-date=6 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131020530/http://ahl-alquran.com/English/aboutus.php |archive-date=31 January 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/12/AR2005051201788.html?noredirect=on |title=Muslims' Unheralded Messenger |first=Don |last=Oldenburg |date=13 May 2005 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=6 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143808/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/05/12/AR2005051201788.html?noredirect=on |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Chekannur Maulavi]] (born 1936), Islamic cleric who lived in Edappal in Malappuram district of Kerala, India. He was noted for his controversial and unconventional interpretation of Islam based on the Quran alone.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Girja |date=1997 |title=The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Har Anand Publications |pages=34–35 |isbn=978-8-12410-525-2}}</ref>
*[[Yaşar Nuri Öztürk]] (1951–2016), Turkish university professor of [[Islamic theology]], lawyer, columnist and a former member of [[Turkish parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yaşar Nuri Öztürk'ün yaşı ve sevgilisi... - Reha Muhtar – GAZETE VATAN|url=http://haber.gazetevatan.com/yasar-nuri-ozturkun-yasi-ve-sevgilisi/403503/4/Haber}}</ref><ref>{{in lang|tr}} [http://www.ulusalkanal.com.tr/gundem/yasar-nuri-ozturk-hayatini-kaybetti-h108301.html Yaşar Nuri Öztürk lost his life.] – [[Ulusal Kanal]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=(Blog)|first=Yurt Gazetesi (Mizah) (Basın Bildirisi) (Kayıt)|title=Gökçek 29 Ekim'de müstafi olmuş: Şimdi ibre Tuna'yı mı Tiryaki'yi mi gösteriyor?|date=2 November 2017 |url=http://www.yurtgazetesi.com.tr/yasam/gercek-sunneti-kurandan-ogrenin-h57014.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=İBDA-C'nin suikast timi yakalandı|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/ibda-cnin-suikast-timi-yakalandi-39113759|access-date=2020-12-16|website=www.hurriyet.com.tr|date=16 November 1999 |language=tr}}</ref> Öztürk died in 2016, due to stomach cancer.<ref name="Öztürk died">{{cite web|last=Haberleri|first=ABChaber.com – Güncel son dakika|title=İlahiyatçı Yaşar Nuri Öztürk hayatını kaybetti|url=http://www.abchaber.com/gundem/ilahiyatci-yasar-nuri-ozturk-hayatini-kaybetti-h1141.html|website=ABChaber.com – Güncel son dakika haberleri}}</ref>
*[[Ahmad Rashad]] (born 1949), American sportscaster (mostly with [[NBC Sports]]) and former professional football player. Ahmad Rashad studied the Arabic language and the Quran with his mentor, the late Rashad Khalifa.<ref name="auto" /><ref>Ken Shouler, [https://www.cigaraficionado.com/article/catching-it-all-6084 Catching It All] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301135854/https://www.cigaraficionado.com/article/catching-it-all-6084 |date=2019-03-01 }}, cigaraficionado.com, Accessed February 16, 2019</ref>
*[[Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi]] (1881–1920),<ref name="Juynboll-1969-23">{{cite book|last1=Juynboll|first1=G. H. A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAUVAAAAIAAJ&q=Muhammad+Tawfiq+Sidqi&pg=PA23|title=The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature: Discussions in Modern Egypt ...|date=1969|publisher=Brill Archive|page=23|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> Egyptian scholar and physician who focused on criticising hadith as a whole religiously from the Quran as well as based on hadithic pseudo-scientific claims on medicine.<ref name="JACBMM2014:69">[[Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi#JACBMM2014|J.A.C. Brown, ''Misquoting Muhammad'', 2014]]: p.69</ref><ref name="DWBRTMIT1996:672">[[Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi#DWBRTMIT1996|Brown, ''Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought'', 1996]]: p.67</ref>
*[[Mohamed Talbi]] (1921–2017), Tunisian historian and professor. He was the founder of the Association Internationale des Musulmans Coraniques (AIMC), or International Association of Quranic Muslims.<ref>Rachid Barnat, [http://www.kapitalis.com/afkar-2/15589-tunisie-islam-le-musulman-coranique-selon-mohamed-talbi.html Tunisie-Islam : Le «musulman coranique» selon Mohamed Talbi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013636/http://www.kapitalis.com/afkar-2/15589-tunisie-islam-le-musulman-coranique-selon-mohamed-talbi.html |date=2019-03-01 }}, kapitalis.com, Accessed February 16, 2019</ref><ref>Sadok Belaid, [http://www.leaders.com.tn/article/22458-in-memoriam-mohamed-talbi-1921-2017 In memorium: Mohamed Talbi (1921–2017) – (Album photos)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428092628/https://www.leaders.com.tn/article/22458-in-memoriam-mohamed-talbi-1921-2017 |date=2019-04-28 }}, leaders.com, Accessed February 16, 2019</ref>
*[[Caner Taslaman]] (born 1968), [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[academician]], [[Quran]] expert and [[writer]] known for his works on [[Big Bang|The Big Bang]] theory and the scientific structure of the Quran.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://www.canertaslaman.com|title=Biyografi|accessdate=|date=|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102020350/https://www.canertaslaman.com/|archivedate=2 November 2005|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Edip Yüksel]] (born 1957), [[Turkish Americans|Turkish-]][[Kurdish Americans|Kurdish-American]] philosopher, lawyer, Quranist advocate, author of ''Nineteen: God's Signature in Nature and Scripture'', ''Manifesto for Islamic Reform'' and a co-author of ''Quran: A Reformist Translation''. He taught philosophy and logic at [[Pima Community College]] and medical ethics and criminal law courses at [[Brown Mackie College]].<ref name="Musa 2008" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenney |first1=Jeffrey T. |last2=Moosa |first2=Ebrahim |date=2013 |title=Islam in the Modern World |publisher=Routledge |page=21}}</ref>
*In addition to these names, Quranists assert that naturally [[Muhammad]] and his [true] [[sahaba|companions]] were also Quranists.
== See also ==
* [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam]]
* [[Islamic schools and branches]]
* [[Sola scriptura]], an analogous doctrine within Christianity
* [[Karaite Judaism]], an analogous movement within Judaism
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==Further reading==
* Aisha Y. Musa, ''Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on the Authority of Prophetic Traditions in Islam'', New York: Palgrave, 2008. {{ISBN|0-230-60535-4}}.
* Ali Usman Qasmi, ''Questioning the Authority of the Past: The Ahl al-Qur'an Movements in the Punjab'', Oxford University Press, 2012. {{ISBN|0-195-47348-5}}.
* Daniel Brown, ''Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought'', Cambridge University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-521-65394-0}}.
{{Quranism}}
{{Religion topics}}
[[Category:Quranism| ]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Islamic branches]]
[[Category:Islam in Turkey]]