View source for Rønne

{{Redirect|Ronne}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name                   = Rønne
| other_name                      =
| native_name                     =
| nickname                        =
| settlement_type                 = Town
| motto                           =
| image_skyline                   = Rønne.jpg
| imagesize                       = 200px
| image_caption                   = Rønne in late-July 2006
| image_flag                      =
| flag_size                       =
| image_shield                    = Coat of arms of Rønne.svg
| seal_size                       =
| image_map                       =
| mapsize                         =
| map_caption                     =
| pushpin_map                     = Denmark Bornholm#Denmark
| pushpin_label_position          = above
| pushpin_mapsize                 =
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location on [[Bornholm]]
| subdivision_type                = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Denmark}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[Regions of Denmark|Region]]
| subdivision_name1               = {{flag|Capital Region of Denmark}}
| subdivision_type2               = [[Municipalities of Denmark|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Bornholm]]
| government_footnotes            =
| government_type                 =
| leader_title                    =
| leader_name                     =
| established_title               = Founded
| established_date                = 1327
| unit_pref                       = Metric
| area_footnotes                  =
| area_urban_km2                  = 8.12
| area_land_km2                   =
| population_as_of                = 2024
| population_footnotes            =
| population_note                 =
| population_urban                = 13759
| population_density_urban_km2    = auto
| population_blank1_title         = Gender <ref>[https://m.statbank.dk/TableInfo/BY1?lang=en BY1: Population 1st January by urban areas, age and sex] The Mobile Statbank from [[Statistics Denmark]]</ref>
| population_blank1               = 6624 males and 7135 females
| population_blank2_title         = Municipality
| population_blank2               = 39332
| population_demonym              = Rønnebo
| timezone1                       = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1                     = +1
| timezone1_DST                   = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST                 = +2
| coordinates                     = {{coord|55|05|55|N|14|42|05|E|region:DK|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes             =
| elevation_m                     = 15
| postal_code_type                = Postal code
| postal_code                     = 3700
| area_code                       = (+45) 56
| website                         = {{URL| brk.dk}}
| footnotes                       =
}}
'''Rønne''' ({{IPA|da|ˈʁɶnə}}; {{langx|sv|Rönne}}; {{langx|de|Rönne}}) is the largest town on the [[Denmark|Danish]] island of [[Bornholm]] in the [[Baltic Sea]]. It has a population of 13,759 (1 January 2024).<ref>[https://m.statbank.dk/TableInfo/BY3?lang=en BY3: Population 1st January by urban areas, area and population density] The Mobile Statbank from [[Statistics Denmark]]</ref> It was a municipality in its own right from 1970 until 2002, when Bornholm was a [[Bornholm County|county]] ([[Danish language|Danish]]: ''Bornholms Amt''). It has an area of 29.11 square kilometres (11.24 square miles), and is the administrative centre of the Bornholm municipality. {{As of|2018}} 11,539 inhabitants live in [[:da:Rønne Sogn|Rønne Parish]] (number 16 on the map of parishes), which is a narrow piece of land on the westernmost of the island and stretching north and southward comprising around a third of the area of the former municipality. [[:da:Knudsker Sogn|Knudsker Parish]] (number 11 on the map) made up the rest of the former municipality. Not all inhabitants of either Rønne (statistikbanken.dk/(table) KM1:number 400-7552) or Knudsker (400-7553) parishes live in the city (contiguous built-up area) of Rønne.
Owing to its natural harbour and its strategic position in the [[Baltic Sea]], Rønne has an interesting history coming under German and Swedish influence during its development as a herring fishing port. Today, with its cobbled streets, half-timbered houses and interesting museums, it attracts visitors mainly from Denmark, Germany, Sweden and Poland.
==History==
[[File:Resens kort over Rønne 1679 (Rigsarkivet).jpg|thumb|180px|Rosen's map of Rønne, 1679]]
Rønne probably originated around the year 1000 when a small fishing community grew up around the natural harbour. Around 1275,<ref name="bip">{{Cite web |url= http://www.bornholminpictures.com/roenne-bornholm-denmark.html |title= Rønne, Bornholm |publisher= Bornholm in Pictures |access-date= May 28, 2010 |archive-date= 29 June 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130629121318/http://www.bornholminpictures.com/roenne-bornholm-denmark.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> a small chapel dedicated to St Nicolas was built on the site where Rønne's church now stands. The community was soon granted the status of a market town with its own mayor and council and its own law court. However, by the beginning of the 14th century, the King of Denmark, the Archbishop of [[Lund]] and even various north German princes were all competing for control of the town. The Germans took a special interest in Bornholm because of its strategic position in the [[Baltic Sea]] between the German coast and [[Visby]] in [[Gotland]], off the coast of southern [[Sweden]], at times establishing their own interests in the town. After the church's expansion in 1360, the parish of Rønne was established.
As its trade prospered, by the beginning of the 15th century Rønne was repeatedly plundered and burnt by men from [[Lübeck]].<ref>[http://roenne.ws/historie/ "Rønne i Middelalderen"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120717192850/http://roenne.ws/historie/ |date=17 July 2012 }} {{in lang|da}} Retrieved 28 May 2010.</ref> In 1525, they took control of Bornholm as compensation for the large debts that Denmark was unable to repay. They even allowed their own merchants to establish businesses in Rønne. Though the Lübeckers contributed to the success of the fishing trade, they demanded ever-higher taxes from the local population. The citizens took revenge, chasing the Lübeckers off while allowing other German communities to remain. The result was that in 1576, control of Rønne returned to the Danish Crown. However the Baltic Sea had by this time lost much of its strategic importance. The fishing industry declined and after the town was twice struck by the plague in 1619 and 1655, it took decades for it to recover.<ref>[http://roenne.ws/historie/luebeckertiden.htm "Lübeckertiden 1525–1576."] {{in lang|da}} Retrieved 28 May 2010.</ref>
A further setback occurred in April 1658 when, in the midst of the [[Dano-Swedish War (1657–1658)|Dano-Swedish war]], Denmark ceded Bornholm to Sweden under the [[Treaty of Roskilde]]. The occupation was however short-lived as the Swedes were overcome by the local population in December of the same year.<ref>[http://roenne.ws/historie/bornholms_besaettelse.htm Bornholms besættelse 1658] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120715030829/http://roenne.ws/historie/bornholms_besaettelse.htm |date=15 July 2012 }}. {{in lang|da}} Retrieved 28 May 2010.</ref>
In 1834, Rønne Town Hall was built on the ''Store Torv'', the town's main square. This important building was the centre of administration in Rønne and Bornholm for many years, and the island's courthouse and jail were there.<ref name="LP P.169">Bender & O'Brien (2005), p.169</ref>
[[File:Rønne in 1945.jpg|thumb|left|Soviet bomb damage in May 1945]]
{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}At the end of [[World War II]], on 7 and 8 May 1945, the town was bombed by Soviet aircraft when the commandant of the German occupying forces refused to surrender.<ref name="bip"/><ref>Bender & O'Brien (2005), p.171</ref> The air raid destroyed 212 houses,<ref>Andreas Haller: ''Bornholm'', p. 82. Erlangen 2013</ref> but only ten civilians were killed, the population having been alerted in advance.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c-smAQAAIAAJ&q=R%C3%B8nne+killed|title = Outlook on Bornholm|date = 1948|journal = Russia Today Newsletter}}</ref> Although the rest of Denmark had been liberated on 4 May, the Soviets occupied Bornholm on 9 May, sending the Germans back to Germany. The Soviet Union did not leave until 5 April 1946 when an agreement was reached with the Danish authorities and the island finally came under Danish rule once more.<ref>{{Citation|last= Knudsen |first= Ann Vibeke |year= 2001 |edition= 2
|title= Bornholm i Krig 1940-1946
|publisher= Bornholms Museum & Museumsrådet for Bornholms Amt |location= Bornholm
|isbn= 87-88179-49-4 }}
</ref>
Most of the houses in Rønne were destroyed or damaged by the bombs and it took several years to rebuild the town, retaining its traditional architecture, quaint streets and half-timbered houses.<ref name="bip"/> The Swedes contributed 300 timber houses to the town while the rest of Denmark including [[Greenland]] and the [[Faroe Islands|Faroes]] raised the considerable sum of 8 million [[Danish krone]]r to help rebuild the town.
[[File:-ImageRoenne 1900.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Rønne in 1900]]
== Geography ==
=== Climate ===
Climate is [[temperate]] [[Oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Cfb]]) with balanced temperatures year round. Island's climate allows local variety of [[common fig]] trees, ''Bornholm's Diamond'', to thrive in locality lying far out of its normal habitats.
{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Rønne
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 3.8
|Feb high C = 3.6
|Mar high C = 8.5
|Apr high C = 12.5
|May high C = 17.6
|Jun high C = 20.3
|Jul high C = 22.1
|Aug high C = 22.0
|Sep high C = 17.2
|Oct high C = 13.1
|Nov high C = 8.9
|Dec high C = 5.4
|year high C = 12.9
|Jan mean C = 1.9
|Feb mean C = 2.0
|Mar mean C = 5.0
|Apr mean C = 8.3
|May mean C = 13.2
|Jun mean C = 16.1
|Jul mean C = 18.0
|Aug mean C = 17.9
|Sep mean C = 14.4
|Oct mean C = 10.3
|Nov mean C = 7.0
|Dec mean C = 4.2
|year mean C = 9.8
|Jan low C = 0.0
|Feb low C = 0.3
|Mar low C = 1.5
|Apr low C = 4.1
|May low C = 8.7
|Jun low C = 11.9
|Jul low C = 13.8
|Aug low C = 13.7
|Sep low C = 11.5
|Oct low C = 7.4
|Nov low C = 5.1
|Dec low C = 2.9
|year low C = 6.7
|Jan precipitation mm = 43
|Feb precipitation mm = 28
|Mar precipitation mm = 31
|Apr precipitation mm = 32
|May precipitation mm = 39
|Jun precipitation mm = 46
|Jul precipitation mm = 56
|Aug precipitation mm = 49
|Sep precipitation mm = 61
|Oct precipitation mm = 49
|Nov precipitation mm = 53
|Dec precipitation mm = 46
|year precipitation mm = 533
|Jan precipitation days = 11
|Feb precipitation days = 7
|Mar precipitation days = 9
|Apr precipitation days = 7
|May precipitation days = 7
|Jun precipitation days = 6
|Jul precipitation days = 8
|Aug precipitation days = 8
|Sep precipitation days = 9
|Oct precipitation days = 10
|Nov precipitation days = 12
|Dec precipitation days = 12
|year precipitation days = 103
|Jan sun = 43
|Feb sun = 76
|Mar sun = 152
|Apr sun = 247
|May sun = 311
|Jun sun = 315
|Jul sun = 282
|Aug sun = 252
|Sep sun = 192
|Oct sun = 104
|Nov sun = 53
|Dec sun = 37
|year sun = 2063
|source 1 = DMI
|source = {{cite web|url=https://www.dmi.dk/vejrarkiv/|title=Danish Meteorological Institute}}
}}
== Economy and infrastructure ==
The economic status of Rønne grew dramatically during the Middle Ages with the development of the [[herring]] industry.<ref name="Berezin (2006)">{{Cite book|author=Berezin, Henrik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lthm5k9LE_MC&q=R%C3%B8nne.+bornholm&pg=PA454|title=Adventure Guide to Scandinavia|publisher=Hunter Publishing,Inc|page=454|year=2006|isbn=1-58843-579-2}}</ref> However, by the late 16th century, the fishing industry had begun to decline and for the next 300 years there was practically no further growth. The [[ceramic]] industry in the town surpassed that of the fishing industry and has continued into modern times, with as many as 50 ceramics shops in Rønne today.<ref name="bip"/> However tourism is now the most important contributor to the local economy:<ref name="bip"/> There are several notable sandy beaches in the area used by tourists.<ref name="Berezin (2006)"/>
===Local heat and electricity production===
The local utility company [[BEOF|Bornholms Energi og Forsyning]]<ref>See local webpage [http://www.beof.dk "Bornholms Energi og Forsynings' webpage"]</ref> is located at the harbour of Rønne and produces electricity and heat.
===Grandfather clocks===
[[File:Bornholmerur.jpg|thumb|right|upright=.5|Bornholm longcase clock]]
Rønne also became famous for its [[longcase clock]]s or ''Bornholmerure'' which were manufactured from the middle of the 18th century until around 1900. Interest in clock-making started when a Dutch ship sailing from England ran aground off Rønne in 1744 carrying five grandfather clocks which were damaged in the accident. In view of the clocks' value, the sailors called on Poul Ottesen Arboe, a local [[turning|turner]], who was able to repair them. As a result of the experience he gained in the repair work, he was able to manufacture clocks himself, giving birth to a new local industry.
Several workshops soon began to produce Bornholm clocks which became popular as they were cheaper than the more authentic models produced elsewhere. There were probably about 30 different clockmakers in the town at the beginning of the 19th century. By the 1840s, some 2,000 clocks were made each year. Over the years, they were produced in various styles with both wooden and metal casings. The smaller pendulum clocks which were also produced became popular too. Around the end of the 19th century, production came to a halt as industrially produced clocks became far cheaper than Bornholm's handcrafted artefacts.<ref>[http://www.bornholmsmuseum.dk/ure.htm "Bornholmerure - et rigtigt eventyr"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002213152/http://www.bornholmsmuseum.dk/ure.htm |date=2 October 2011 }}, Bornholmsmuseum.dk. {{in lang|da}} Retrieved 1 June 2020.</ref><ref>[http://www.tidsskrift.dk/visning.jsp?markup=&print=no&id=69783 Karl Blemsted, "En oversigt over udviklingen af Rønnes industri"], ''[[Danish Journal of Geography|Geografisk Tidsskrift]]'', Bind 52 (1952 - 1953). {{in lang|da}} Retrieved 1 June 2010.</ref>
==Demographics==
{{historical populations
|cols=2 |align=none
|1965| 15957
|1975| 15440
|1985| 15343
|1990| 15187
|1995| 15220
|1999| 15148
|2002| 14837
|2010| 13924
|2011| 13904
|2012| 13887
|2013| 13730
|2014| 13568
|2015| 13579
|2016| 13639
|footnotes=Registerbased, 1 January, except 1965:census (date unknown). Source: Years 1965-2002:[[Den Store Danske Encyklopædi|SDE]].Years 2010-:Statistikbanken.dk/Befolkning og valg/(table] BY1/400-11152 Rønne.
}}
{{See also|Bornholm#Notable residents}}
==Landmarks==
[[File:Slippen, Rønne 2009a.jpg|thumb|right|Rønne architecture and Methodist Church]]
The town has some quaint cobbled streets and low-timbered houses. Two streets of particular interest are the [[Laksegade]] and the [[Storegade]], which contain many historic houses which were once the homes and trade buildings of merchants and noblemen.<ref name="LP P.168">Bender & O'Brien (2005), p.168</ref><ref name="LP P.170">Bender & O'Brien (2005), p.170</ref> Notable landmarks include the [[Bornholm Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bornholmsmuseum.dk/engelsk/index.html |title=About the museum |publisher=Bornholm Museum |access-date=May 28, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605064523/http://www.bornholmsmuseum.dk/engelsk/index.html |archive-date=5 June 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> the Defence Museum (''Forsvarsmuseet''), [[St Nicolas' Church, Rønne|St Nicolas' Church]], the Smedegårds riding school in the southern part of town, and the lighthouse.<ref name="bip"/>
The Bornholm Museum offers an insight into the history of Rønne and the island of Bornholm, from the [[Paleolithic]] era to the modern age, including the occupation during World War II. The museum houses a number of [[Nordic Bronze Age]] and [[Nordic Iron Age|Iron Age]] artefacts relating to the island and has a [[Mjolnir]], discovered in [[Bornholm]] but now housed in the [[National Museum of Denmark]], as its logo.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} It also has a notable collection of Roman coins, pottery and paintings.<ref name="LP P.168"/>
The [[Rønne Lighthouse]], a slender white-painted octagonal tower in cast iron, stands on the waterfront not far from the church. Constructed in 1880, it was decommissioned in 1989.<ref>[http://fyrtaarne.dk/roennehavnbagfyr.html "Rønne Havn Bagfyr"], ''Danske fyrtårne''. {{in lang|da}} Retrieved 30 October 2012.</ref>
[[File:Rønne Kirke.JPG|thumb|left|Skt. Nicolaj Kirke]]
St Nicolas's Church, with its distinctive tower, is part of the [[Diocese of Copenhagen]] and in its present form was enlarged and fully refurbished in 1918. It stands on the site of an earlier church or chapel from the 13th century of which some sections can still be seen.<ref>O. Norn, C.G. Schultz, Erik Skov, "Danmarks Kirke udgivet af Nationalmuseet: Bornholm", Copenhagen, G.E.C. Gads Forlag, 1954.</ref>
''Forsvarsmuseet'', or the Rønne Defence Museum, is housed in a round tower with walls 3.5 m (11 feet) thick known as ''Kastellet'' or the citadel. Built in 1744 for the town's defence, there was never any occasion for it to be used. The museum has numerous artefacts relating to military history such as guns, blades, bombs and uniforms.<ref name="LP P.168"/> Store Torv, the central square, was formerly used for military parades. Several notable buildings lie in the heart of the town, including the [[Rønne Public Library]], the [[Nordeabank]] and old merchant/noble warehouses and residences.<ref name="LP P.168"/> Buildings of note include ''[[Erichsens Gård]]'', built in 1806 and now a museum, the neo-classical ''[[Kommandantgården]]'', built in 1846 and now a ceramics museum, and the ''[[Amtmandsgården]]'', located at Storegade 36.<ref name="LP P.170"/> The ''[[Toldboden]]'' is a merchant warehouse, built in 1624, and is one of Rønne's oldest half-timbered buildings.<ref name="LP P.170"/> The ''[[Torhus]]'' building, at the side of the square, was built in 1834 and is the former town hall, courthouse and jail.<ref name="LP P.169"/> [[Rønne Theatre]] built in 1823 is Denmark's oldest provincial theatre still in active use.<ref name="LP P.170"/> ''[[Hovedvagten]]'' at Søndergade 12 was built as a guard house in 1744 with bricks from [[Hammershus]] which was being demolished at the time. It is the oldest brick house in the town.<ref>[http://www.bornholmsmuseum.dk/roenneguide_eng/category/hovedvagten/ "Hovedvagten"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719121825/http://www.bornholmsmuseum.dk/roenneguide_eng/category/hovedvagten/ |date=19 July 2011 }}, Bornholmsmuseum.dk. Retrieved 31 May 2010.</ref> The Methodist Church with another distinctive tower was built 1917-1918 and consecrated 6 January 1918.<ref>Søren Olsen: ''Oplev Bornholm og Christiansø'', p. 23. Gjern 2015</ref> Another sightworthy building in the centre of Rønne is the Baptist Church which was built in 1888.
{{wide image|Bornholm Denmark - Roenne harbour.jpg|750px|Rønne harbor}}
==Transportation==
[[File:Færgeforbindelser fra Bornholm.jpg|thumb|right|Ferry routes connecting Bornholm]]
[[File:Rønne Havn med Villum Claussen.jpg|thumb|right|Rønne Havn with [[HSC Villum Clausen]]]]
[[File:Bornholm Denmark - Roenne railway station model in Museum of Bornholm.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rønne Railway Station]] model in Bornholm Museum]]
Rønne is connected to the rest of Denmark and to the outside world by ferry lines. [[Bornholmslinjen]] operates the lines to [[Køge]], [[Ystad]] and [[Sassnitz]], while [[Polferries]] operates the line to [[Świnoujście]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bornholm.info/Rejseveje/273we.aspx?langId=2 |title=Ferries |publisher=bornholm.info |access-date=2009-01-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701114739/http://www.bornholm.info/Rejseveje/273we.aspx?langId=2 |archive-date=1 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
There is a high speed [[catamaran]] link to Ystad which connects with a direct train link between Ystad and Copenhagen.
Outside Rønne, [[Bornholm Airport]] offers flights to Copenhagen and to some summer destinations.
==Twin towns – sister cities==
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Darlowo]], Poland
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Høyanger]], Norway
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Karlshamn]], Sweden
* {{flagicon|EST}} [[Kuressaare]], Estonia
* {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Mänttä]], Finland
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Neustadt in Holstein|Neustadt]], Germany
||
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Ronneby]], Sweden
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Simrishamn]], Sweden
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sölvesborg]], Sweden
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Władysławowo]], Poland
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Wolgast]], Germany
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|author1=Bender, A |author2=O'Brien. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/denmark00bend|url-access=registration |quote=Rønne bombing. |title=Lonely Planet Denmark|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2005|isbn=1-74059-489-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/denmark00bend/page/168 168]–71}}
==External links==
*{{in lang|da}} {{Official website|http://www.brk.dk}}
*[https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/Denmark/Ronne Weather forecast Rønne, Denmark] weather-atlas.com
{{Commons category-inline|Rønne}}
{{Bornholm Denmark}}
{{Municipal seats of Denmark}}
{{WWII city bombing}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ronne}}
[[Category:Rønne| ]]
[[Category:Municipal seats in the Capital Region of Denmark]]
[[Category:Municipal seats of Denmark]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in the Capital Region of Denmark]]
[[Category:Former municipalities of Denmark]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea]]
[[Category:Bornholm]]