View source for RD-0109

{{Short description|Rocket engine}}
{{Infobox rocket engine
|name            = RD-0109
|image           =Russian thruster4.jpg
|image_size      =
|caption         =
|country_of_origin=[[USSR]]
|date            =
|first_date      =1960-12-22<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|last_date       =1991-08-29<ref name=guntervostok />
|designer        =[[KBKhA|OKB-154]], [[Semyon Kosberg|S.A. Kosberg]]<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|manufacturer    =[[Voronezh Mechanical Plant]]
|purpose         =Upper Stage
|associated      =[[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]]
|predecessor     =[[RD-0105]]<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|successor       =[[RD-0108]]
|status          =Retired
|type            =liquid
|fuel            =[[RG-1 (propellant)|RG-1]]
|oxidiser        =[[LOX]]
|mixture_ratio   =
|cycle           =[[Gas-generator cycle (rocket)|Gas Generator]]<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|pumps           =
|description     =
|combustion_chamber=1
|nozzle_ratio    =
|thrust          =
|thrust_at_altitude=
|thrust(Vac)     ={{convert|54.5|kN|lbf}}<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|thrust(SL)      =
|thrust_to_weight=
|chamber_pressure={{convert|5|MPa|psi}}
|specific_impulse=
|specific_impulse_vacuum=323.5 seconds<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|specific_impulse_sea_level=
|total_impulse   =
|burn_time       =430s<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|capacity        =
|dimensions      =
|length          ={{convert|1555|mm|in}}<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|diameter        ={{convert|733|mm|in}}<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|dry_weight      ={{convert|121|kg|lb}}<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|used_in         =[[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]] Block-E
|references      =
|notes           =
}}
{{Infobox rocket engine
|name            = RD-0105
|image           =
|image_size      =
|caption         =
|country_of_origin=[[USSR]]
|date            =
|first_date      =1959-01-02<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|last_date       =1960-12-01<ref name=guntervostok />
|designer        =[[KBKhA|OKB-154]], [[Semyon Kosberg|S.A. Kosberg]]<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|manufacturer    =[[Voronezh Mechanical Plant]]
|purpose         =Upper Stage
|associated      =[[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok 8K72]]
|predecessor     =
|successor       =RD-0109
|status          =Retired
|type            =liquid
|fuel            =[[RG-1 (propellant)|RG-1]]
|oxidiser        =[[LOX]]
|mixture_ratio   =
|cycle           =[[Gas-generator cycle (rocket)|Gas Generator]]<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|pumps           =
|description     =
|combustion_chamber=1
|nozzle_ratio    =
|thrust          =
|thrust_at_altitude=
|thrust(Vac)     ={{convert|49.4|kN|lbf}}<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|thrust(SL)      =
|thrust_to_weight=
|chamber_pressure={{convert|4.5|MPa|psi}}
|specific_impulse=
|specific_impulse_vacuum=316 seconds<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|specific_impulse_sea_level=
|total_impulse   =
|burn_time       =454s<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|capacity        =
|dimensions      =
|length          ={{convert|49,4|mm|in}}<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|diameter        ={{convert|733|mm|in}}<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|dry_weight      ={{convert|130|kg|lb}}<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
|used_in         =[[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]] Block-E
|references      =
|notes           =
}}
The '''RD-0109''' is a [[rocket engine]] burning [[liquid oxygen]] and [[kerosene]] in a [[Gas-generator cycle (rocket)|gas generator combustion cycle]]. It has single nozzle and is an evolution of the [[RD-0105]]. It was the engine used on the [[Vostok-K|Vostok]] Block-E that launched [[Yuri Gagarin]] to orbit.<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
== Development ==
After the success of [[Sputnik 1]], [[Sergei Korolev|Korolev]] sent series of letters to the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] proposing a bold plan to send robotic spacecraft to [[Mars]] and [[Venus]]. As part of such plan, a fourth stage was needed to enhance the three stage [[Sputnik (rocket)|R-7]] rocket and enable it to send useful payloads to those high energy destinations. This fourth stage was called Block-E, and its development started during 1958.<ref name=harvey />
Korolev's [[S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia|OKB-1]] design bureau initially competed two projects for the Block-E propulsion: 8K72, using the [[Semyon Kosberg|S.A. Kosberg]]'s [[KBKhA|OKB-154]] RD-0105, and the 8K73, using [[Valentin Glushko|Glushko]]'s [[NPO Energomash|OKB-456]] RD-109 engine. Due to the complication of developing that latter, Kosberg got the contract.<ref name=lardier-8k72 />
Since the February 20, 1958 order of development, it took nine months to develop the engine. It was done by using RD-0102 assemblies and combustion chamber. Fifty eight static tests were conducted with 27 engines.<ref name=lardier-cd />
Between 1959 and 1960 the engine was modified to improve reliability for crewed flight.<ref name=lardier-cd /> Thrust was also increased 2%, thanks to improved injection elements. It also introduced an innovation attributed to S.A. Kosbergs in its construction, that has been a staple of Soviet (and later Russian) engines. It used a corrugated metal construction for the cooling jackets, with the lower section of the nozzle lacking an external liner, to save weight.<ref name=sutton-kbkha /> This led to a 9.3% weight reduction even with the increased thrust.<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 /> This new version was christened as the RD-0109 and entered service on the December 22, 1960, launch of a ([[Vostok spacecraft|Vostok]]) spacecraft aboard a [[Vostok-K]] 8K72K.<ref name=kbkha-rd0109 />
The RD-0109 is the basis for the [[Brazilian Space Agency]] [[Brazilian Space Agency#Engines|L75]] engine project.<ref name=bis-2009-08-30 /><ref name=bis-2010-02-26 />
== History ==
While the first launches for [[Sputnik 1]] satellites could be done with the two stage booster [[Sputnik (rocket)|Sputnik]], to achieve escape velocity required by the [[Luna programme]], a third stage was needed. The task of developing the specified engine was entrusted to OKB-154 (KBKhA), which did the job in 9 months. The engine received intra name RO-5.
The first flight of a [[Luna (rocket)|Luna 8K72]], which included the new Block-E stage propelled by the RD-0105 was on September 23, 1958. It was supposed to launch the [[Luna E-1 No.1]] probe, but ended 92 seconds after launch when the rocket broke up from longitudinal vibration, causing the strap-ons to separate from the vehicle, which then crashed downrange.<ref name=tent /> Neither was successful the second flight of a Luna 8K72 (October 11, 1958), which was to launch the [[Luna E-1 No.2]] probe and ended 104 seconds after launch when the rocket again disintegrated from vibration. The third flight of a Luna 8K72 (December 4, 1958), which was to launch the [[Luna E-1 No.3]] probe, also ended 245 seconds after launch when the Block-I core stage shut down from loss of engine lubricant.
On January 2, 1959, as part of the Luna 8K72's Block-E stage, the engine RD-0105 finally performed its first successful mission, the launch of [[Luna 1]]. It was also the first deep space engine ignition, the first spacecraft to reach [[escape velocity]] and, while the spacecraft missed the Moon with which it was supposed to crash, it became the first human made object to enter a [[Heliocentric orbit|heliocentric]] orbit.<ref name=kbkha-records />
On September 14, 1959, the RD-0105 propelled [[Luna 2]] towards the Moon. It was the first spacecraft [[Moon landing|to reach the surface of the Moon]], and the first man-made object to land on another celestial body. It took with it a pennant with the [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|State Emblem]] of the [[USSR]].<ref name=kbkha-records />
On August 19, 1960, the RD-0105 propelled [[Korabl-Sputnik 2]] mission. It was the third [[Vostok (spacecraft)|Vostok spacecraft]] and the first spaceflight to send animals into orbit and return them safely back to Earth.<ref name=kbkha-records />
On December 22, 1960, the RD-0109 had its first flight on a [[Vostok-K]] Block-E. Regrettably, the gas generator of the rocket third stage suffered a failure and the RD-0109 could not prove itself in flight. That chance came with the second [[Vostok-K]] launch, where the RD-0109 successfully launched the [[Korabl-Sputnik 4]] mission to orbit.
On April 12, 1961, the RD-0109, as part of the Block-E stage of the [[Vostok-K]] 8K72K rocket, propelled the historic [[Vostok 1]] to orbit making [[Yuri Gagarin]] the first human to go to [[outer space]] and the first to orbit the Earth.<ref name=kbkha-records />
On June 16, 1963, the RD-0109 propelled the [[Vostok 6]] making  [[Valentina Tereshkova|Valentina V. Tereshkova]] the first woman to orbit Earth.<ref name=kbkha-records />
== Versions ==
Improvement and modifications required to comply with the man rating of the RD-0105 led it to have two versions:
* RD-0105 ([[GRAU]] Index: 8D714), also known as RD-448 or RO-05.<ref name=lardier-cd /> Was the first version but had some reliability issues. Used on the [[Luna (rocket)|Luna]] and [[Vostok-L]] 8K72 rockets.
* RD-0109 ([[GRAU]] Index: 8D719). Improved and more reliable version which was used on the rest of the [[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]] family.
==See also==
*[[Luna (rocket)|Luna]] - The first launch vehicle that used the RD-0105 and the first to send object beyond Earth orbit.
*[[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]] - The launch vehicle that enabled [[Yuri Gagarin]] to be the first human to orbit Earth.
*[[KBKhA]] - The RD-0105/RD-0109 design bureau.
*[[Voronezh Mechanical Plant]] - A space hardware manufacturer company that manufactured the RD-0109.
==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=kbkha-rd0109>{{cite web |url=http://www.kbkha.ru/?p=8&cat=8&prod=38 |title= RD0105. Luna (8K72) launch vehicle. RD0109. Vostok (8K72K) launch vehicle |publisher=KBKhA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326225432/http://kbkha.ru/?p=8&cat=8&prod=38 |archive-date=26 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=guntervostok>{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vostok.htm |title=Vostok |publisher=Gunter Space Page |access-date=2015-06-01}}</ref>
<ref name=harvey>{{cite book |last=Harvey|first=Brian|date=2007|title=Russian Planetary Exploration: History, Development, Legacy and Prospects |publisher=Springer-Praxis |pages=24–25|isbn=978-0-387-46343-8}}</ref>
<ref name=lardier-8k72>{{cite book |last1=Lardier |first1=Christian |last2= Barensky |first2=Stefan |date=2013-03-12|title=The Soyuz Launch Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph |url=https://archive.org/details/soyuzlaunchvehic00lard |url-access=limited |publisher=Springer-Praxis |chapter= Chapter 5 - The Various Versions |pages=[https://archive.org/details/soyuzlaunchvehic00lard/page/n153 140]–145 |isbn=978-1461454595}}</ref>
<ref name=lardier-cd>{{cite book |last1=Lardier |first1=Christian |last2= Barensky |first2=Stefan |date=2013-03-12|title=The Soyuz Launch Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph |url=https://archive.org/details/soyuzlaunchvehic00lard |url-access=limited |publisher=Springer-Praxis |chapter= Chapter 3 - The Council of Chief Designers |pages=[https://archive.org/details/soyuzlaunchvehic00lard/page/n101 87]–88|isbn=978-1461454595}}</ref>
<ref name=sutton-kbkha>{{cite book |last=Sutton |first=George Paul|date=November 2005|title=History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines|publisher=[[AIAA]]|chapter=8.5 KB Khimautomatiki or Chemical Automatics Design Bureau |page=635 |isbn=978-1563476495 }}</ref>
<ref name=bis-2009-08-30>{{cite web |url=http://brazilianspace.blogspot.com.ar/2009/08/o-programa-de-lancadores-de-satelites.html |title=O Programa de Lançadores de Satélites do Brasil - Opinião |first=Victor |last=Magno Gomes de Paula |publisher=Brazilian Space |date=2009-08-30 |access-date=2015-06-01 }}</ref>
<ref name=bis-2010-02-26>{{cite web |url=http://brazilianspace.blogspot.com.ar/2009/08/o-programa-de-lancadores-de-satelites.html |title=Contrato Assinado com a FUNCATE é Sobre o MFPL L75 |first=Duda |last=Falcão |publisher=Brazilian Space |date=2010-02-26 |access-date=2015-06-01 }}</ref>
<ref name=tent>{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html |title=Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures |publisher=NASA NSSDC |date=2005-01-06}}</ref>
<ref name=kbkha-records>{{cite web |url=http://www.kbkha.ru/?p=103 |title= KBKHA LIQUID ROCKET ENGINES, WHICH ENSURED THE SUCCESSFUL REALIZATION OF THE ADVANCED SPACE PROGRAMS (FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE WORLD) |publisher=KBKhA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324212613/http://www.kbkha.ru/?p=103
|archive-date=24 March 2016}}</ref>
}}
==External links==
{{commons category|RD-0109}}
* [http://www.kbkha.ru/ KbKhA Home Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210306041911/http://vmzvrn.ru/eng/products-and-services/liquid-rocket-engine/ Voronezh Mechanical Plant ''(Archived)'']
* [http://en.samspace.ru/ RSC Progress Home Page]
{{Rocket engines}}
[[Category:Rocket engines of Russia]]
[[Category:Rocket engines of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Rocket engines using kerosene propellant]]
[[Category:Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle]]
[[Category:KBKhA rocket engines]]