View source for RNR4

{{Short description|Gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''RNR4''' ('''RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 4'''<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: RNR1 RNA, ribosomal 4| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6055| accessdate = 2024-08-01}}</ref>) is a human [[ribosomal DNA]] gene located on [[Chromosome 21]]. Tandem copies of this gene form one of five [[nucleolus organizer region]]s in the human genome, they are located on the chromosomes 13 ([[RNR1]]), 14 ([[RNR2]]), 15 ([[RNR3]]), 21 ([[RNR4]]), 22 ([[RNR5]]).<ref name=Schmidt2017Springer>{{cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Olaf |editor-last=Fritsche |editor-first=Olaf |date=2017  |title=Genetik und Molekularbiologie |trans-title=Genetics and molecular biology |series=Kompaktwissen Biologie |language=German |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher= Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-662-50273-0 |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-50274-7}}</ref><ref name="entrez"/>
==See also==
* [[Ribosomal RNA]] (rRNA)
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin | 2}}
* [[Nucleolus organizer region]]s are chromosomal regions crucial for the formation of the nucleolus, located on the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Kern SE, Kinzler KW, Bruskin A, etal |title=Identification of p53 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. |journal=Science |volume=252 |issue= 5013 |pages= 1708–1711 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2047879 |doi=10.1126/science.2047879  |bibcode=1991Sci...252.1708K |s2cid=19647885 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Gonzalez IL, Chambers C, Gorski JL, etal |title=Sequence and structure correlation of human ribosomal transcribed spacers. |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=212 |issue= 1 |pages= 27–35 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2319598 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(90)90302-3  |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Sylvester JE, Petersen R, Schmickel RD |title=Human ribosomal DNA: novel sequence organization in a 4.5-kb region upstream from the promoter. |journal=Gene |volume=84 |issue= 1 |pages= 193–196 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2606358 |doi=10.1016/0378-1119(89)90155-8  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=La Volpe A, Simeone A, D'Esposito M, etal |title=Molecular analysis of the heterogeneity region of the human ribosomal spacer. |journal=J. Mol. Biol. |volume=183 |issue= 2 |pages= 213–223 |year= 1985 |pmid= 2989541 |doi=10.1016/0022-2836(85)90214-1  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Bartsch I, Schoneberg C, Grummt I |title=Evolutionary changes of sequences and factors that direct transcription termination of human and mouse ribsomal genes. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=7 |issue= 7 |pages= 2521–2529 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3649563 |doi=  10.1128/mcb.7.7.2521| pmc=365386  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Haltiner MM, Smale ST, Tjian R |title=Two distinct promoter elements in the human rRNA gene identified by linker scanning mutagenesis. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=6 |issue= 1 |pages= 227–235 |year= 1987 |pmid= 3785147 |doi=  10.1128/mcb.6.1.227| pmc=367502  }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Gonzalez IL, Gorski JL, Campen TJ, etal |title=Variation among human 28S ribosomal RNA genes. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=82 |issue= 22 |pages= 7666–7670 |year= 1985 |pmid= 3865188 |doi=10.1073/pnas.82.22.7666  | pmc=391394  |bibcode=1985PNAS...82.7666G |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=McCallum FS, Maden BE |title=Human 18 S ribosomal RNA sequence inferred from DNA sequence. Variations in 18 S sequences and secondary modification patterns between vertebrates. |journal=Biochem. J. |volume=232 |issue= 3 |pages= 725–733 |year= 1986 |pmid= 4091818 |doi=  10.1042/bj2320725| pmc=1152944  }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Financsek I, Mizumoto K, Mishima Y, Muramatsu M |title=Human ribosomal RNA gene: nucleotide sequence of the transcription initiation region and comparison of three mammalian genes. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=79 |issue= 10 |pages= 3092–3096 |year= 1982 |pmid= 6954460 |doi=10.1073/pnas.79.10.3092  | pmc=346359  |bibcode=1982PNAS...79.3092F |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Gonzalez IL, Sylvester JE |title=Complete sequence of the 43-kb human ribosomal DNA repeat: analysis of the intergenic spacer. |journal=Genomics |volume=27 |issue= 2 |pages= 320–328 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7557999 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1995.1049 }}
*{{cite journal   |vauthors=Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor TD, etal |title=The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. |journal=Nature |volume=405 |issue= 6784 |pages= 311–319 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10830953 |doi= 10.1038/35012518 |bibcode=2000Natur.405..311H |doi-access= free }}
*{{cite journal  | vauthors=Gonzalez IL, Sylvester JE |title=Human rDNA: evolutionary patterns within the genes and tandem arrays derived from multiple chromosomes. |journal=Genomics |volume=73 |issue= 3 |pages= 255–263 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11350117 |doi= 10.1006/geno.2001.6540 }}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Non-coding RNA]]
[[Category:Ribosomal RNA]]
[[Category:Ribozymes]]
{{gene-21-stub}}