View source for Racket-tipped thorntail

{{short description|Species of hummingbird}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2024}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Bandeirinha (Discosura longicaudus) ESEC de Caetés, PE.jpg
| image_caption = A male in [[Pernambuco]], Brazil, spreading its tail
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=Racket-tipped Thorntail ''Discosura longicaudus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22687285A93146569 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687285A93146569.en |access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Discosura
| species = longicaudus
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin, JF]], 1788)
| range_map = Discosura longicaudus map.svg
| range_map_caption = Range of the racket-tipped thorntail
| synonyms = ''Discosura longicauda'' <small>(Gmelin, 1788)</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ cite journal | last1=David | first1=Norman | last2=Gosselin | first2=Michel | date=2002 | title=Gender agreement of avian species names | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=122 | issue=1 | pages=14–49 [37, No. 161, 47] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40416404 }}</ref>
}}
The '''racket-tipped thorntail''', formerly called '''racket-tailed coquette''', ('''''Discosura longicaudus''''') is a species of [[hummingbird]] in subfamily [[lesbiinae]] of family [[Trochilidae]].<ref name=IOC14.2>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/hummingbirds/ |title=Hummingbirds |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 14.1 | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen |date=August 2024 |access-date=August 19, 2024 }}</ref> It is found in [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], and [[Venezuela]].<ref name=SACCcountries>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 28, 2024</ref>
==Taxonomy==
The racket-tipped thorntail was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1788 by the German naturalist [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]] in his revised and expanded edition of [[Carl Linnaeus]]'s ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with all the other hummingbirds in the [[genus]] ''[[Streamertail|Trochilus]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Trochilus longicaudus''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Gmelin | first=Johann Friedrich | author-link=Johann Friedrich Gmelin| year=1788 | title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=13th | volume=1, Part 1 | language=Latin | location=Lipsiae [Leipzig] | publisher=Georg. Emanuel. Beer | page=498 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2897098 }}</ref> Gmelin based his description on the "L'oiseau-mouche à raquettes" that had been described by the French polymath [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon]] in 1779 in his ''Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Buffon | first=Georges-Louis Leclerc de | author-link=Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon | year=1779 | title=Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux | volume=6 | location=Paris | publisher=De l'Imprimerie Royale | pages=23–24 | chapter=L'oiseau-mouche à raquettes| language=French | chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1069718q/f51.item }}</ref> Buffon did not specify the origin of his specimen but in 1902 [[Hans von Berlepsch]] and [[Ernst Hartert]] designated the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] as [[Cayenne]], French Guiana.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Berlepsch | first1=Hans von | author1-link=Hans von Berlepsch | last2=Hartert | first2=Ernst | author2-link=Ernst Hartert | year=1902 | title=On the birds of the Orinoco region | journal=Novitates Zoologicae | volume=9 | pages=1–135 [89] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3268776 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1945 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=5 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts  | page=35 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480046 }}</ref> The racket-tipped thorntail is now placed with four other hummingbirds in the genus ''[[Discosura]]'' that was introduced in 1850 by the French naturalist [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Bonaparte | first=Charles Lucien | author-link=Charles Lucien Bonaparte | year=1850 | title=Conspectus Generum Avium | volume=1 | language=Latin | publisher=E.J. Brill | location=Leiden | page=84 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43560131 }}</ref><ref name=IOC14.2/> Formerly, some ornithologists erroneously used the binomial name ''Discosura longicauda'' instead of ''Discosura longicaudus''.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=David | first1=Norman | last2=Gosselin | first2=Michel | date=2002 | title=Gender agreement of avian species names | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=122 | issue=1 | pages=14–49 [37, No. 161, 47] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40416404 }}</ref> The genus name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ''diskos'' meaning "plate" with ''oura'' meaning "tail". The [[specific epithet]] ''longicaudus'' combines the [[Latin]] ''longus'' meaning "long" and ''cauda'' meaning "tail".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n137/mode/1up 137], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n229/mode/1up 229]}}</ref>
The racket-tipped thorntail was previously called the racket-tailed coquette. Beginning in 2019 taxonomic systems gradually changed the name to match that of the other members of genus ''[[Discosura]]'', which are all called "thorntail".<ref name=SACCrecent>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America: Recent Changes. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCRecentChanges.htm retrieved August 24, 2024</ref><ref name=Clements2019>Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2019. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2019. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved August 30, 2019</ref><ref name=HBW8>HBW and BirdLife International (2023). Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 8. Available at: https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/taxonomy retrieved December 28, 2023</ref> In 2024 the [[International Ornithological Congress]] was the last major system to do so.<ref name=IOC14.2/>
Until the late 1900s some taxonomists placed the other four thorntails in genus ''Popelairia'', leaving the racket-tipped thorntail the [[monotypic taxon|only member]] of genus ''[[Discosura]]''.<ref name=SACClist>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 27 July 2024. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved July 28, 2024</ref>
The racket-tipped thorntail is [[monotypic]]: No [[subspecies]] are recognized.<ref name=IOC14.2/>
[[File:MonographTrochi3Goul 0046.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Two males (center and bottom) and a female (top) illustrated in [[John Gould]]'s ''A monograph of the Trochilidae'']]
==Description==
Male racket-tipped thorntails are {{convert|10|to|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and females about {{convert|8|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on}}. They weigh about {{convert|3|to|3.7|g|oz}}. Both sexes have a short, straight, black bill. Males have an iridescent green crown and mostly bronzy green upperparts with a buffy white band across their rump. Their tail is long and mostly purplish; the outer pair of feathers are much longer and end in a wide blackish "racket". Their throat is iridescent emerald green, their lower breast golden-coppery, and their belly whitish. Females also have a green crown though it is not iridescent. Their upperparts are like the male's. Their tail is moderately long and slightly forked; the feathers are gray with a dark purple bar near the end and white tips on the outer feathers. Their throat is black with narrow white sides, their breast green, and their belly buffy white.<ref name=RTTH-BOW>Züchner, T., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Racket-tipped Thorntail (''Discosura longicaudus''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.ratcoq2.01 retrieved August 24, 2024</ref><ref name=Fogden>{{cite book | last1 =Fogden | first1 =Michael | last2 =Taylor | first2 =Marianne | last3 =Williamson | first3 =Sheri L. |  title = Hummingbirds: A Life-size Guide to Every Species | publisher = HarperCollins| date =2014 | location =New York | pages =363  |isbn =978-0-06-228064-0 }}</ref><ref name=McMullan>{{cite book | last1 =McMullan | first1 =Miles | last2 =Donegan | first2 =Thomas M. | last3 =Quevedo | first3 =Alonso |  title = Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia | publisher = Fundación ProAves| date =2010 | location =Bogotá | pages =84  |isbn =978-0-9827615-0-2 }}</ref><ref name=Hilty>{{cite book | last =Hilty | first =Steven L. | title =Birds of Venezuela | publisher =Princeton University Press | edition =second | date =2003 | location =Princeton NJ | pages =Plates 29 and 31 | language =English }}</ref><ref name=vanPerlo>{{cite book | last =van Perlo | first = Ber| title =A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =2009 | location =New York | pages =164–165 | isbn =978-0-19-530155-7 }}</ref>{{overcite|date=October 2024}}
[[Martin Johnson Heade]] depicted two coquettes in his painting ''Two Green-Breasted Hummingbirds'' ({{circa|1863}}), as part of his "Gems of Brazil".<ref name="stebbins">{{cite book|last1=Theodore E. Jr.|first1=Stebbins|authorlink1=Theodore Stebbins|last2=Comey|first2=Janet L.|last3=Quinn|first3=Karen E.|title=The Life and Work of Martin Johnson Heade: A Critical Analysis and Catalogue Raisonné|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNFx52gtYpUC&pg=PA71|access-date=25 February 2013|year=2000|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-08183-1|page=71}}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
The racket-tipped thorntail has a [[disjunct distribution]] with two populations. The larger range is from southeastern Colombia and western [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas state]] in Brazil east through southern and eastern Venezuela, northern Brazil, and [[the Guianas]] to the Atlantic in Brazil's [[Amapá]] state. The other is near the coast of northeastern Brazil from [[Rio Grande do Norte]] south to [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro state]]. The species inhabits humid forest, typically along rivers, and also scrubby savannah. In Colombia its habitat is mostly on sandy soils. In most areas it occurs below about {{convert|200|to|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} though there are Venezuelan records higher in [[Sierra de Lema]] and at about {{convert|910|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} in the [[Gran Sabana]].<ref name=RTTH-BOW/><ref name=Fogden/><ref name=McMullan/><ref name=Hilty/><ref name=vanPerlo/>{{overcite|date=October 2024}}
==Behavior==
===Movement===
The racket-tipped thorntail is generally a year-round resident throughout its range<ref name=RTTH-BOW/> though is only known seasonally in parts of Venezuela<ref name=Hilty/><!-- -->. Its flight is "slow, weaving, and beelike."<ref name=Hilty/>
===Feeding===
The racket-tipped thorntail feeds in the forest canopy, taking nectar from a variety of flowering trees both native and introduced. It also gleans small [[arthropod]]s from foliage and spider webs. It is often chased by larger hummingbirds when it sneaks in to feed in their territories.<ref name=RTTH-BOW/><ref name=Fogden/><ref name=Hilty/>
===Breeding===
The racket-tipped thorntail's breeding season has not been defined. The female makes a cup nest of soft plant material lined with seed down and other plant fibers. It places it on a horizontal branch between about {{convert|3|and|6|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above the ground. The clutch size is two eggs. The incubation period is 13 to 14 days and fledging occurs 20 to 22 days after hatch. The female alone incubates the clutch and cares for nestlings.<ref name=RTTH-BOW/><ref name=Fogden/>
{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Discosura-longicaudus |species=the racket-tipped thorntail}}
===Vocalization===
As of August 2024 the [[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]]'s [[Macaulay Library]] had no recordings of racket-tipped thorntail vocalization.<ref name=RTTH-BOW/> [[Xeno-canto]] had only six.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Discosura-longicaudus |title=Racket-tailed Coquette ''Discosura longicaudus'' |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 24, 2024 |website=xeno-canto |access-date=August 24, 2024 |quote=}}</ref>
==Status==
The [[IUCN]] has assessed the racket-tipped thorntail as being of Least Concern. It has a large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/> It is considered rare in most of its range and rare to uncommon in Venezuela.<ref name=RTTH-BOW/><ref name=Hilty/> It is "[a]ffected by extensive deforestation in many parts of range, most of which is unprotected" though it does include some protected areas. It "[d]oes not adapt to man-modified habitats".<ref name=RTTH-BOW/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Discosura longicaudus}}
{{Wikispecies|Discosura longicauda}}
*{{ITIS|id=693151|taxon=''Discosura longicaudus''}}
*{{EOL | 2=Discosura longicaudus}}
*{{Avibase|name=Discosura longicaudus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q922321}}
[[Category:Discosura|racket-tipped thorntail]]
[[Category:Birds of the Atlantic Forest]]
[[Category:Birds of the Guiana Shield]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1788|racket-tipped thorntail]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin|racket-tipped thorntail]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]