View source for Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez

{{Short description|Spanish Military Officer, politician, and statesman}}
{{family name hatnote|Izquierdo|Gutiérrez|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox President
| name                = Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez
| image               = Retrato de Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez.jpg
| caption             =
| birth_name          = Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1820|9|30|df=y}}{{efn|name=dob|One source states September 24, 1820 as his date of birth.<ref name="andalucia"/>}}<ref name="baptism">[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-266-11556-20049-55?cc=2078544&wc=SDGY-MNL:357504401,361271701,361271702,361271703 Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo's Baptismal Register]</ref><ref name="Governors">{{cite web | title=Governors | url= http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Puerto_Rico.html| work= World’s Statesmen | access-date=2010-01-19}}</ref>
| birth_place         = [[Santander, Cantabria|Santander]], [[Spanish Empire]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1883|11|09|1820|09|30|df=y}}<ref name="andalucia">[https://books.google.com/books?id=0LejBRBHkqAC&pg=PA63 Diccionario biográfico de parlamentarios de Andalucía, 1810-1869: H]</ref>
| death_place         = [[Madrid]], Spanish Empire
| parents             = <!-- parents: include only if they are independently notable or particularly relevant. -->
| signature           =
| office              = Governor-General of the Philippines
| order               = 83rd
| monarch             = [[Amadeo I of Spain|Amadeo I]]
| term_start          = 4 April 1871
| term_end            = 8 January 1873
| predecessor         = [[Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada]]
| successor           = Manuel MacCrohon (acting)
| office2             = Governor of Puerto Rico
| order2              = 113th
| termstart2          = 17 February 1862
| termend2            = 29 April 1862
| preceded2           = [[Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham]]
| succeeded2          = Félix María de Messina Iglesias
}}
'''Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez'''<ref name=Karnow>{{cite-Karnow|Rafael de Izquierdo}}</ref> (30 September 1820{{efn|name=dob}} – 9 November 1883)<ref name="baptism"/><ref name="andalucia"/> was a [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[Officer (armed forces)|military officer]], [[politician]], and [[Diplomat|statesman]]. He served as [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] from 4 April 1871 to 8 January 1873. He was famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government, contradicting the liberal government of his predecessor, [[Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada]]. He was the governor-general during the [[1872 Cavite mutiny]] which led to execution of 41 of the mutineers, including the [[Gomburza]] priests. Izquierdo also acted as [[Governor of Puerto Rico]]<ref name="Governors"/> from February to April 1862.
==Early life==
Izquierdo was born on 30 September 1820{{efn|name=dob}} in [[Santander, Cantabria|Santander]], [[Spain]], to Antonio Izquierdo del Monte and Antonia Gutiérrez de la Cámara. He was baptized Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano by Isidro Sánchez on the same day.<ref name="baptism"/><ref name="andalucia"/>
Entering as a cadet in the regiment of infantry of Gerona, Rafael Izquierdo reached the military rank of captain<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=awfAc6QFTxsC&pg=RA3-PA191 Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1861].</ref><ref>Emma Helen Blair, James Alexander Robertson: [https://books.google.com/books?id=AH1nx7cmUDkC&pg=PA237 The Philippine Islands 1493-1898].</ref> by the age of 17<ref>{{cite book | last=Duka | first=C.D. | title=Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed. | publisher=Rex Book Store | year=2008 | isbn=978-971-23-5045-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA106 |page=106}}</ref> when he participated in the [[First Carlist War]] in [[Navarre]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} At the start of the [[Second Carlist War]] which took place in [[Africa]], Izquierdo was already a lieutenant colonel and at the end of the war [[brigadier general]]. He was then assigned to [[Lugo|Lugo, Spain]], as military governor in 1861. The following year he was assigned as lieutenant-general to [[Puerto Rico]] before becoming an interim governor-general when Rafael Echagüe y Bermingham vacated the position. Izquierdo then went back to Spain until in 1868 when he supported the revolution in [[Andalusia]]<ref>Gregorio de la Fuente Monge: [https://books.google.com/books?id=EGxzOA54IzYC&pg=PA57 Los revolucionarios de 1868: élites y poder en la España liberal].</ref> and was tasked as deputy for Malaga and Alicante<ref>[[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congreso de los Diputados de España]]: [http://www.congreso.es/portal/page/portal/Congreso/Congreso/SDocum/ArchCon/SDHistoDipu/SDIndHistDip?_piref73_1340024_73_1340023_1340023.next_page=/wc/servidorCGI&CMD=VERLST&BASE=DIPH&FMT=DIPHXLDA.fmt&DOCS=1-25&DOCORDER=FIFO&OPDEF=Y&QUERY=(56750).NDIP. Archivo histórico de diputados].</ref> in 1869 until 1871.
==Philippine governorship==
[[File:Gomburza.jpg|thumb|220px|Priests Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora]]
Replacing General Carlos María de la Torre on 4 April 1871, Rafael Izquierdo<ref>{{cite web | title= El movimiento propagandístico| url=http://www.proyectos-saluda.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1817&Itemid=156| work= Proyectos Saludas | access-date=2010-02-03}}</ref> was installed as Governor-General of the Philippines. He is responsible for the opening of steamship<ref>{{cite web | title= Governors of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period| url=http://www.zamboanga.com/html/Spanish_governors_of_the_philippines.htm | work= Zamboanga.com | access-date=2010-01-19}}</ref> and telegraph lines in the country.
He was also known to have promptly rescinded the liberal<ref>{{cite web | title=The Philippines as a Spanish Colony | url=http://www.philippines-archipelago.com/history/spanish_colony.html | work= Philippines-Archipelago | access-date=2010-01-19}}</ref> measures, thus implementing harsher laws,<ref name="Karnow"/><ref>{{cite web | title=Rafael A-Vicente | url=http://trophort.com/research/017/597/uranium-resources-san-rafael-district-emery-county-utah.php | work=Trophort | access-date=2010-01-19}}</ref> which ignited an uprising.<ref>{{cite book|title=In search of Southeast Asia: a modern history|first= David P |last=Chandler|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-1110-0}}</ref> The reformation suggested that the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps should pay taxes, from which they were previously exempt. Another drastic change was the requirement to perform [[manual labor]]. These changes eventually led to the [[1872 Cavite mutiny]], in which around 200 soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps revolted and killed their officers. In retaliation, many liberals were implicated in the involvement of the conspiracy. The Spanish military court<ref>{{cite web | title=Nationalist Movement and Katipunan Rebellion 1834 - 1897  | url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~vmitchel/fw3.html | work= University of Alberta| access-date=2010-01-19}}</ref> condemned the martyred priests, Fathers [[Mariano Gomez (priest)|Mariano Gomez]], [[José Burgos]], and [[Jacinto Zamora]] ([[Gomburza|GOMBURZA]]), to capital punishment by means of the [[garrote]], on 17 February 1872. This uprising led to delays in rebuilding [[Malacañan Palace]], and in turn almost transferred colonial governance back within the walls of [[Intramuros]]<ref>{{cite web | title= The Making of Malacañang | url= http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/past.asp | access-date= 2010-01-19 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090125100117/http://op.gov.ph/museum/past.asp | archive-date= 2009-01-25 }}</ref> for security purposes. The plan to transfer the colonial government to Intramuros ended when Izquierdo fell ill and he stepped down from his position on 8 January 1873.
Rafael Izquierdo spent the remaining years of his life in Madrid, Spain, where he died in 1882.
==See also==
*[[Philippine revolts against Spain]]
*[[1872 Cavite mutiny]]
*[[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)]]
*[[Freedom of religion in the Philippines]]
==Notes==
{{noteslist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Carlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada|Carlos María de la Torre]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Governor-General of the Philippines]]
| years = 4 April 1871 – 8 January 1873
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Manuel MacCrohon]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = {{ill|Rafael Echagüe y Bermingham|es|nobold=1}}
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Acting [[Governor of Puerto Rico]]
| years = March 1862 – April 1862
}}
{{s-aft
| after = {{ill|Félix María de Messina e Iglesias|es|nobold=1}}
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Governor-General of the Philippines}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Izquierdo y Gutierrez, Rafael Geronimo Cayetano}}
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Santander, Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish generals]]
[[Category:Captains general of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Cantabria]]
[[Category:Politicians from Cantabria]]