View source for Relocation of Serbian industry during the Informbiro period

{{Short description|Strategy of the government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}}
{{POV|date=August 2020}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2023}}
The moving of the Serbian industry to western Yugoslav republics was a strategy of the government of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia]] to conduct massive transfer of industrial plants, machinery, technology and experts from [[PR Serbia]] to the western republics of [[SFR Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (primarily [[PR Croatia]] and [[PR Slovenia]]) during the [[Informbiro period]] (1948—52) and shortly after it. In some cases, only parts of industrial plants were moved while in others the whole factories were dismounted and transported out of Serbia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sociološki pregled|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ln7ZAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Sociološko društvo Srbije, u saradnji sa Centrom za sociološka istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka}}</ref> Since the ratio of highly educated people was very low at that time, moving experts out of Serbia had substantial negative consequences for its future development.<ref>Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 536</ref>
The Yugoslav communist leadership, supported by Slovene and Croatian communists, used expected [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] invasion as an official explanation for this project while Serbian and Montenegrin communists argued against it. The Slovene and Croatian side argued that their republics' substantially higher level of average academic achievement and education among urban population of [[PR Slovenia]] and [[PR Croatia]] at the time would make it easier to find additional skilled workers than in [[PR Serbia]] or likewise replace existing Serbian ones if necessary. According to a [[CIA]] report, [[Josip Broz Tito]] supported Slovenian and Croatian communists. The number of factories moved from Serbia to western Yugoslav republics is between 70 and 76, according to texts published in contemporary media.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.express.hr/top-news/bomba-iz-cia-e-tito-iz-srbije-u-hrvatsku-prebacio-70-tvornica-8775|title= Bomba iz CIA-e: Tito iz Srbije u Hrvatsku prebacio 70 tvornica! |last= Arslani |first= Melita |date= 19 December 2017 |website= www.express.hr |publisher= Express |access-date= 16 August 2018 |quote=}}</ref> The destination of moved Serbian industry were primarily the republics of Croatia and Slovenia, followed by Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, while some industry ended up in Albania.<ref>Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 535</ref>
The moved industry included aircraft production and heavy vehicle production.
Since many new destinations for the Serbian industry were much closer to Soviet-controlled territories, i.e. [[Maribor]] in [[Slovenia]] or [[Varaždin]] in [[Croatia]], than their original locations in Serbia, many authors concluded that the real reason for moving Serbian industries out of Serbia was not fear of Soviet invasion but communist intention to punish [[Serbian nationalists]] for their rhetoric and aspiration of reforming Yugoslavia as a [[Greater Serbia]]n state. {{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
== Background ==
After the Partisans took over control of Serbia after WWII, they moved numerous factories from Serbia to other parts of Yugoslavia. The communists cited the ''Resolution of the Informbirou'' as the reasoning.
The followers of Informbiro were from the ranks of Montenegrins, Serbs in Bosnia and Serbia proper, and in a smaller extent Croats and Slovenians.<ref>{{cite book|title=FBIS Daily Report: East Europe|publisher=The Service|page=49|year=1996|quote= Informbiro — the followers of Informbiro were from the ranks of Montenegrins, Serbs in Bosnia, and Serbs in Serbia proper, in a smaller extent Croats and Slovenians.}}</ref> According to some sources the real reason was not to prevent those factories to fall in hands of Soviet enemies, but to punish Serbia for "Greater Serbian nationalism" by causing major economic damage to it.<ref>{{harv|Jovanović|2003|p=332}}:"...... фабрика из Србще ни]е вршено да не би пале у руке агресора, како је причано, потвр^'е пресељење фабрике камиона ... Титов цшь ]е био да економски оштети Србију, то ]ест да је казни због „вели- косрпског национализма и ..."</ref> Using old communist prejudices about privileged position of Serbia within [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] were among the reasons for Serbia, along with Slovenia, to be programmed for the slowest industrial development.<ref>{{harv|Jovanović|2003|p=332}}</ref> Although some industries were moved to Serbia from other republics, the balance shows that 43% industry moved out of Serbia more than moved into Serbia.<ref>Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 535</ref>
CIA reported that plan of Yugoslav leaders to move factories from Serbia to Slovenia, supported by Slovenian and Croatian communists, met opposition of Serb and Montenegrin communists and that Tito supported Slovenian and Croatian communists.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A008600430009-4.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170123233916/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A008600430009-4.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= January 23, 2017 |title= Transfer of industries from Serbia to Slovenia |last= |first= |date= 13 December 1955 |website=www.cia.gov |publisher= CIA |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
== Aircraft industry ==
[[File:522uMuzejuJvBeogradSlika2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A preserved [[Soko 522]] (initially produced by Ikarus) exhibited at the [[Museum of Aviation in Belgrade]].]]
The ''Ikarus'', the first Serbian industry of airplanes, automobiles and machines was moved from [[Belgrade]] to [[Mostar]], Bosnia and Herzegovina. A new factory was established in Mostar using machinery brought from Ikarus. Its name was [[SOKO|Soko]]. The communist authorities moved from Belgrade to Mostar both machines and the best skilled experts and technicians who knew how to operate and maintain the machines.<ref>{{cite book|title=Histoire du vingtième siècle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Institut za savremenu istoriju}}</ref> Soko was considered as informal successor of Ikarus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jane's All the World's Aircraft|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbtTAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Jane's Information Group|isbn=978-0-7106-1898-6|page=14}}</ref> Some experts who worked in Ikarus presented their opposition to the moving and destruction of the aviation program of company who had such substantial tradition in it.<ref>{{cite book|title=Histoire du vingtième siècle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Institut za savremenu istoriju|page=131|quote=Some of the experts in Ikarus expressed a subdued opposition to the translocation and destruction of companies with a long tradition in aviation.}}</ref>
[[Prva Petoletka]], [[Trstenik, Serbia|Trstenik]], Serbia had complete line for production of fighter aircraft received from German war reparations in late 1949's. The complete airplane production program of the [[Prva Petoletka]], [[Trstenik, Serbia|Trstenik]], Serbia was also moved to Soko in Mostar.<ref>{{harv|Žutić|2002|p=115}}: "Фабрика Соко у Мостару, на коју је пренет и програм производње авиона из Прве петолетке, почела је да се гради априла..."</ref>
== Other industries ==
[[File:Praga RN early series.jpg|thumb|Production of the heavy truck [[Praga RN]] was moved from [[Industrija Motora Rakovica|IMR]] in Serbia to [[Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor|TAM]] in Slovenia]]
Most of the factory ''Jugoalat'' from [[Novi Sad]], Serbia which was specialized in production of tools was moved to [[Trebinje]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], while [[foundry]] ''Partizan'', [[Subotica]], Serbia was moved to Sarajevo in 300 railway wagons.<ref>{{cite book|title=Zbornik za istoriju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPZPAQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Матица|page=75}}</ref> After the WWII communists nationalized ''Zavod Aleksandar Ranković (ZAR)'' in Belgrade and renamed it to [[Industrija Motora Rakovica]] (IMR). Since 1938 this factory produced trucks [[Praga RN]] according to license bought by ZAR from [[Praga (company)|Praga]]. Based on the order of Yugoslav Ministry for heavy industry after the WWII Belgrade truck producer IMR had to give complete technical documentations, manufacturing tools and acquired know-how to Slovenian producer [[Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor]] in [[Maribor]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1319858 |title= Hronika sloma našeg "fergusona" |last=Milošević |first= Milan |date= |website= www.vreme.com |publisher= Vreme |access-date= 16 August 2018 |quote=  a onda su, po odluci Ministarstva teške industrije, konstrukciona i tehnološka dokumentacija, alati i stečeno iskustvo bili ustupljeni Fabrici TAM u Mariboru.}}</ref>
== Consequences ==
In a period which was very important for laying fundaments for future industrial development of the republics, the share of Serbia in Yugoslav industrial production was reduced for 13,8%<ref>Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 538</ref> The moving of factories from Serbia to northwestern parts of Yugoslavia was one of the main reasons for Serbia to become less developed in comparison to Slovenia and Croatia, i.e. in 1947 Slovenia had 67% stronger economy than Serbia while in 1987 the ratio in favor of Slovenia grew to 254%.<ref>{{cite book|last=Вуковић |first=Слободан|title=Социолошки преглед|volume=XLV|year=2011|publisher=Институт друштвених наука|pages=488 }}</ref>
== Aftermath ==
On 24 July 1991 the Assembly of Serbia adopted a recommendation to stop the glorification of communist leaders who were responsible for damaging Serbia's economy through moving its factories to other parts of Yugoslavia and other political measures which damaged people of Serbia in past decades of communist rule.<ref>{{harv|Radovanović|2010|p=8}}</ref> In the early 1990s this move of factories from Serbia was presented in school geography textbooks for 8th grade. [[Dubravka Stojanović]] believed that the motive to put such texts in school textbooks was to present arguments that Serbia and Serbs were exploited and subordinated in Yugoslavia, with final aim to create psychological basis for the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pescanik.net/eksplozivna-naprava-s-odlozenim-dejstvom/ |title=Eksplozivna naprava s odloženim dejstvom |last=Stojanović |first=Dubravka |date=30 March 2011 |website=pescanik.net |publisher=Peščanik |access-date= 16 August 2018 |quote=Da bi se pokazali razlozi zbog kojih je Srbija bila nezadovoljna u federaciji, navode se poznati argumenti o preseljenjima srpskih fabrika u druge republike. Fabrike su u udžbeniku detaljno pobrojane; uz livnice, mlinove, drugi železnički kolosek kod Jagodine, na tom spisku se našla i “najpoznatija ergela rasnih konja u Evropi”, koja je iz Starih Moravica preseljena u Sloveniju.[11] Time su argumenti poznati iz Memoranduma SANU i velike medijske kampanje usmerene na dokazivanje teškog položaja Srbije i Srba u Jugoslaviji i na stvaranje slike o njihovoj ugroženosti i potčinjenosti, ušli u obrazovanje. ....Takvi argumenti bili su neophodni da bi se stvorila psihološka osnova za rat, ....}}</ref> In 2010 [[Boris Dežulović]] published text about moving factories from Serbia emphasizing that main destination of Serbian factories were not Slovenia and Croatia, but Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/region.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=01&nav_id=408039 |title= Srpska industrija se vraća kući |last= Dežulović |first= Boris |date= 1 February 2010 |website= www.b92.net |publisher=b92 |access-date=16 August 2018 |quote=....činjenice su govorile i da velika većina tih mašina zapravo nije završila u Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj, nego u „strateškoj“ Bosni i Hercegovini ....}}</ref> In his text titled "Serbian industry goes home" Dežulović ridiculed with situation that many impoverished Serb workers whose factories were taken away from Serbia to western Yugoslav republics after WWII are now cheap labor for some contemporary Croatian and Slovenian entrepreneurs who moved their production plants to Serbia in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/region.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=01&nav_id=408039 |title= Srpska industrija se vraća kući |last= Dežulović |first= Boris |date= 1 February 2010 |website= www.b92.net |publisher=b92 |access-date=16 August 2018 |quote=....prljava, siva industrijska zona u kojoj će siromašni vijetnamci iz Rumunije i Srbije za bedne nadnice sastavljati frižidere, pakovati sardine, puniti pivo i sklapati Fiat Punto. .}}</ref>
In 2013 Oliver Antić, Serbian high representative in the Commission of Succession of Former Yugoslavia, stated that it is necessary to consider part of industries moved out of Serbia into succession agreements.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/srbija.php?yyyy=2013&mm=09&dd=12&nav_id=753056 |title="Slovenci, gde su naše fabrike?" |last=Antić |first=Oliver |date=12 September 2013 |website=www.b92.net |publisher=B92 |access-date= 16 August 2018 |quote="Ako se deo industrije iz Srbije, koja je bila ne ranjena nego unakažena posle Drugog svetskog rata, iseli u Sloveniju, znate, o tome se mora voditi računa. To je isto sukcesija. To niko nije pomenuo pre mene", tvrdi Antić. Na konstataciju novinarke lista "Danas" da to ne može da stavi u već potpisani i ratifikovani Ugovor o sukcesiji, Antić odgovara: "Mogu. Nego šta ću nego ću da stavim".}}</ref>
== Analysis ==
According to some sources the real reason was not to prevent those factories to fall in hands of Soviet enemies, but to punish Serbia for "Greater Serbian nationalism" by causing major economic damage to it.<ref>{{harv|Jovanović|2003|p=332}}:"...... фабрика из Србще ни]е вршено да не би пале у руке агресора, како је причано, потвр^'е пресељење фабрике камиона ... Титов цшь ]е био да економски оштети Србију, то ]ест да је казни због „вели- косрпског национализма и ..."</ref> The arguments brought by those sources are:<ref>Слободан Вуковић, Зауимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 535</ref>
# After the danger of Soviet invasion passed, the industry has not been returned to Serbia or compensated in any way
# The moving of industry out of Serbia continued even after the danger of Soviet invasion passed
# There was no similar moving of industry out of Slovenia or Croatia during the crisis connected to [[Free Territory of Trieste]] or after the crisis because of the shooting two US airplanes in Slovenia in 1946
# During the period of moving industry out of Serbia there was also a ban on industry investments valid only for the northern Serbian province of [[Vojvodina]]
# Moving production to ill-prepared locations resulted in difficulties of maintaining continuous production and quality
# The first five-year plan of economical development in Yugoslavia projected slower development and lower investment in industry of Serbia
Using old communist prejudices about privileged position of Serbia within [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] were among the reasons for Serbia, along with Slovenia, to be programmed for the slowest industrial development.<ref>{{harv|Jovanović|2003|p=332}}</ref> Although some industries were moved to Serbia from other republics, the balance shows that 43% industry moved out of Serbia more than moved into Serbia.<ref>Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 535</ref>
Other sources say that the moving of industry was used by the [[SANU]] and media campaigns aimed at proving the difficult situation of Serbia and the Serbs in Yugoslavia and creating an image of their vulnerability and subordination, with final aim to create psychological basis for the war. These are included in school textbooks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pescanik.net/eksplozivna-naprava-s-odlozenim-dejstvom/ |title=Eksplozivna naprava s odloženim dejstvom |last=Stojanović |first=Dubravka |date=30 March 2011 |website=pescanik.net |publisher=Peščanik |access-date= 16 August 2018 |quote=Da bi se pokazali razlozi zbog kojih je Srbija bila nezadovoljna u federaciji, navode se poznati argumenti o preseljenjima srpskih fabrika u druge republike. Fabrike su u udžbeniku detaljno pobrojane; uz livnice, mlinove, drugi železnički kolosek kod Jagodine, na tom spisku se našla i “najpoznatija ergela rasnih konja u Evropi”, koja je iz Starih Moravica preseljena u Sloveniju.[11] Time su argumenti poznati iz Memoranduma SANU i velike medijske kampanje usmerene na dokazivanje teškog položaja Srbije i Srba u Jugoslaviji i na stvaranje slike o njihovoj ugroženosti i potčinjenosti, ušli u obrazovanje. ....Takvi argumenti bili su neophodni da bi se stvorila psihološka osnova za rat, ....}}</ref>
In 2010, [[Boris Dežulović]] published an eassy about the topic in which he emphasized that the main destination of Serbian factories were not Slovenia and Croatia, but Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/region.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=01&nav_id=408039 |title= Srpska industrija se vraća kući |last= Dežulović |first= Boris |date= 1 February 2010 |website= www.b92.net |publisher=b92 |access-date=16 August 2018 |quote=....činjenice su govorile i da velika većina tih mašina zapravo nije završila u Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj, nego u „strateškoj“ Bosni i Hercegovini ....}}</ref> In his text titled "Serbian industry goes home" Dežulović ridiculed with situation that many impoverished Serb workers whose factories were taken away from Serbia to western Yugoslav republics after WWII are now cheap labor for some contemporary Croatian and Slovenian entrepreneurs who moved their production plants to Serbia in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/region.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=01&nav_id=408039 |title= Srpska industrija se vraća kući |last= Dežulović |first= Boris |date= 1 February 2010 |website= www.b92.net |publisher=b92 |access-date=16 August 2018 |quote=....prljava, siva industrijska zona u kojoj će siromašni vijetnamci iz Rumunije i Srbije za bedne nadnice sastavljati frižidere, pakovati sardine, puniti pivo i sklapati Fiat Punto. .}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== Sources ==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book|last=Žutić|first=Nikola|title=Histoire du vingtième siècle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Institut za savremenu istoriju}}
* {{cite book|last=Radovanović|first=Jovan|title=Moje polemike|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KldQAQAAIAAJ|year=2010|publisher=Sanimex|isbn=9788684073305}}
* {{cite book|last=Jovanović|first=Batrić|title=Rasrbljivanje Crnogoraca: Staljinov i Titov zločin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WI_AQAAIAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Srpska školska knj.|isbn=9788683565115 }}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* Đorđević Života, "[http://istorija20veka.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Istorija-20.-veka-2002-1.pdf Preseljenje industrije Srbije od 1944. do 1953. godine]" (The moving of the Serbian industry, 1944 to 1953) 1ndustrija X1X (1992), no. 4.61-67
* Никола Жутић, „Пресељење (уништење) српске авио-индустрије 1952-1961. - пример ’Икаруса’ : одумирање војне авио-производње и јачање цивилних ауто-програма у ’Икарусу’ 1952-1955”, Историја 20. века, 1, Београд, 2002, стр. 115-131
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moving of the Serbian Industry}}
[[Category:Economy of Yugoslavia]]