View source for Reorganization plan of United States Army

{{Short description|United States Army modernization and reorganization plan from 2006 to 2016}}
[[File:Purpose chart of US Army Transformation.jpg|thumb|350px|Graphic legend of [[Transformation of the United States Army|Army Transformation]]{{efn|name=g357}}]]
The '''reorganization plan of the United States Army''' was implemented from 2006 to 2016 under the direction of the [[Brigade Modernization Command]].
This effort formally began in 2006 when General [[Peter Schoomaker]] (the 35th [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]]) was given the support to move the [[United States Army|Army]] from its [[Cold War]] divisional orientation to a [[Full-spectrum dominance|full-spectrum capability]] with fully manned, equipped and trained brigades; this effort was completed by the end of 2016.<ref name=JMC2017 /> It has been the most comprehensive reorganization since [[World War II]] and included modular [[#Modular combat brigades|combat brigades]], [[#Modular support brigades|support brigades]], and [[#Command headquarters|command headquarters]], as well as rebalancing the active and reserve components.
The plan was first proposed in 1999 by Army Chief of Staff General [[Eric Shinseki]] but was bitterly opposed internally by the Army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shinseki |first=Eric |date=June 10, 2003 |title=End of Tour Memorandum |url=http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/opinions/documents/shinseki.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307104405/http://media.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/opinions/documents/shinseki.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2009 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Washington Post}}</ref>
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{{anchor|convergenceCreatesOvermatch}}[[United States Army Futures Command#Waypoint 2028 and the Army of 2030|By 2028]], in [[#Multi-domain operations (MDO)|Multi-Domain Operations]] (MDO){{efn|name= unclMdoConcept }}—as part of the Joint force, Army Strategy is to counter a near-peer adversary which is capable of [[#Competition|competition in all domains]].{{efn|name=leoLRPFKillChain}}<ref name=tp525,3,1 /><ref name=2020fy19,21accomplishments,investmentPlan >US Army [https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/about/usarmy_fy19_21_accomplishments_and_investment_plan.pdf (2020) AMERICA'S ARMY: READY NOW, INVESTING IN THE FUTURE] FY19-21 accomplishments and investment plan</ref><ref name=mdo,afcToddSouth >Todd South, Military Times [https://www.businessinsider.com/army-futures-command-general-4-things-needed-to-win-future-wars-2019-5#4-the-armys-culture-of-risk-aversion-needs-to-change-4 (8 May 2019) 4 things the general in charge of the Army's newest command says are needed to win the wars of the future]</ref><ref name=MDO,Wesley,sxsw >Anthony Small, U.S. Army Futures Command [https://www.army.mil/article/218531/futures_command_highlights_changes_new_structure_at_sxsw (March 13, 2019) Futures Command highlights changes, new structure at SXSW]: "Synchronizing or creating convergence allows the joint force to create overmatch" —Eric Wesley</ref><ref name=infArsenal /><ref name=amec30 >William B King [https://www.army.mil/article/232835/conference_focuses_on_army_modernization_equipping_soldiers (AMC) (18 February 2020) Conference focuses on Army modernization, equipping Soldiers] Equipping Enterprise (AMC) + Modernization Enterprise (AFC)</ref> In 2019, the planning was for Large Scale ground Combat Operations ([[#Competition|LSCO]]) at [[Echelon above corps|echelons]] above the brigade combat team (meaning division-sized units, or larger).<ref name=charOfWar >Jim Garamone, Defense.gov [https://www.army.mil/article/225575/milley_discusses_army_changes_as_he_passes_authority (August 9, 2019) Milley discusses Army changes as he passes authority]</ref><ref name=vCorps /><ref name=2019posture>[https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/aps/aps_2019.pdf 23rd Secretary Mark Esper and 39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley (MARCH 26, 2019) ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY]</ref> Multi-Domain Task Forces ([[#mdoMDTF|MDTFs]]) operate in a [[combatant commander]]'s theater ([[area of responsibility]]). MDTFs are experimental brigade-sized units which are tailored to the theater; they are to operate subordinate to a Theater fires command, or to a corps, or division headquarters, jointly or independently, depending on the mission.<ref name=theaterFiresCommands >Sydney Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/04/army-rebuilds-artillery-arm-for-large-scale-war/ (27 April 2020) Army Rebuilds Artillery Arm For Large-Scale War]</ref><ref name=2020fy19,21accomplishments,investmentPlan /> These MDTFs increase the "capability to connect with national assets" in space and cyber, with "the capacity to penetrate with long range fires, with the ability to integrate [[#jadoConceptBy2020|all domains]]".<ref name=theaterFiresCommands /><ref name=cyberDataOne /> —This is ''integrated deterrence'':<ref name= ramstein >C Todd Lopez [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3007229/austin-to-host-meeting-in-germany-to-discuss-ukraines-long-term-defense-needs/ (21 Apr 2022) Austin to Host Meeting in Germany to Discuss Ukraine's Long-Term Defense Needs] integrate with allies and partners</ref><ref name=brasilia >Jim Garamone [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3118205/austin-launches-new-round-of-discussions-with-hemispheric-partners/ (5 Aug 2022) Austin Launches New Round of Discussions With Hemispheric Partners]</ref> taking existing capabilities, as well as building on [[#Modernizing the Army|new capabilities]], which have been deployed in new and networked ways,{{efn|name=leoLRPFKillChain}} all tailored to the security landscape of the respective regions, in order to [[#Deterrence|deter]] the antagonists.<ref name=intgrtdDeterrence>—Sec. Def. Lloyd Austin— Gen Charles Flynn [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/817241/ausa-2021-warriors-corner-new-approaches-new-dilemmas-and-new-opportunities-us-army-multi-domain-land-power-indo (12 Oct 2021) AUSA 2021 Warriors Corner – New Approaches, New Dilemmas and New Opportunities: U.S. Army Multi-Domain Land Power in the Indo-Pacific] video clip,minute 3:06. ''See, sense, understand'' Indo-Pacom</ref><ref name= cuts2023 >Davis Winkie  [https://www.defensenews.com/news/your-army/2023/06/28/exclusive-army-secretary-talks-force-structure-cuts-sof-reform/ (28 Jun 2023) Exclusive: Army secretary talks force structure cuts, SOF 'reform'] in favor of MDTFs, IFPC (indirect fires protection capability), DE-MSHORAD (directed energy mobile short-range air defense using high-energy lasers); and maintaining the Immediate response force</ref>
In 2020, the Army's 40th Chief of Staff, Gen. [[James C. McConville]], was calling for transformational change, rather than incremental change by the Army.<ref name="transformationalChange" >{{citation |first=Jeff |last=Martin |url=https://www.defensenews.com/video/2020/01/24/can-the-army-achieve-transformational-change-defense-news-weekly-full-episode-jan-24-2020/ |date=24 January 2020 |title=Video: Can the Army achieve 'transformational change'? |website=www.defensenews.com |quote= Army Chief of Staff: "We need transformational change", rather than incremental change.}}</ref>{{rp|minute 4:55}} In 2021, McConville laid out Aimpoint 2035, a direction for the Army to achieve Corps-level "large-scale combat operations" (LSCO) by 2035, with Waypoints from 2021 to 2028.<ref name=aimpoint2035 >Chief of Staff Paper #1 [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/23/eeac3d01/20210319-csa-paper-1-signed-print-version.pdf (16 Mar 2021) Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Ready to Win in Competition and Conflict] army.mil</ref><ref name=csa2 /><ref name="waypoint2028,9">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Combined Arms Center/ U.S. Army Training and Doctrine |date=August 6, 2021 |title=Waypoint 2028-2029 |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2021/08/06/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Stand-To! |publisher=US Army }}</ref>
In fall 2018, Army Strategy for the next ten years was articulated listeding four Lines of Effort to be implemented.<ref name=Strategy2018>[https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/the_army_strategy_2018.pdf The Army Strategy] 2018 army.mil</ref> By August 2023, the Army's 41st<ref name= swornInJber >Sgt. 1st Class Michael Sword [https://www.army.mil/article/270160/gen_randy_george_sworn_in_as_41st_army_chief_of_staff (22 Sep 2023) Gen. Randy George sworn in as 41st Army Chief of Staff]</ref><ref name= senateConfirmation >Michael Marrow and Ashley Rocque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/senate-confirms-army-marine-corps-chiefs-though-tuberville-hold-continues/ (21 Sep 2023) Senate confirms Army, Marine Corps chiefs, though Tuberville hold continues]</ref> Chief of Staff Gen. [[Randy A. George]] could lay out his priorities:<ref name= sheely >Sgt. 1st Class Zach Sheely [https://www.army.mil/article/269236/george_lays_out_his_vision_for_the_future_of_the_army_and_how_the_guard_fits_in (21 Aug 2023) George lays out his vision for the future of the Army, and how the Guard fits in]</ref> The priorities are
#Warfighting capability
#Ready combat formations
#Continuous transformation
#Strengthening the profession of arms.<ref name=sheely/><ref name=pacificPartners2 >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/222783/pacific_pathways_20_to_bolster_presence_in_the_theater (June 4, 2019) Pacific Pathways 2.0 to bolster presence in the theater]</ref>
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==Origin and initial design==
Before Schoomaker's appointment, the Army was organized around large, mostly mechanized, [[Division (military)|divisions]] of around 15,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to fight in two major [[Theater (warfare)|theatres]] simultaneously. Under the new plan, the Army would be organized around modular brigades of 3,000–4,000 soldiers, intended to deploy continuously in different parts of the world and to organize the Army closer to the way it fights.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
An additional 30,000 soldiers were recruited as a short-term measure to ease the structural changes, although a permanent end-strength change was not expected because of fears of funding cuts. This forced the Army to pay for the additional personnel from procurement and readiness accounts. Up to 60% of the defense budget is spent on personnel; at the time, each 10,000 soldiers cost roughly [[United States dollar|US$]]1.4 billion annually.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
In 2002, the [[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]] held a key conference: the "Belfer Center Conference on Military Transformation". Co-sponsored by the [[United States Army War College]] and the Dwight D. Eisenhower National Security Series, on November 22 and 23, it brought together present and former defense officials and military commanders to assess the Department of Defense's progress in achieving a "transformation" of U.S. military capabilities.<ref name="BelfCen">{{cite web |last1=White |first1=John P. |last2=Deutch |first2=John |date=March 2003 |title=Security Transformation: Report of the Belfer Center Conference on Military Transformation |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA415025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041217/http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA415025 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |publisher=[[Strategic Studies Institute]], [[United States Army War College]] |format=citation}}</ref>
In 2004, the [[United States Army Forces Command]] (FORSCOM), which commands most active and reserve forces based in the Continental United States, was tasked with supervising the modular transformation of its subordinate structure.
In March 2004, a contract was awarded to Anteon Corporation (later a part of [[General Dynamics]]) to provide "Modularity Coordination Cells" (MCCs) to each transforming corps, division and brigade within FORSCOM. Each MCC contained a team of functional area specialists who provided direct, ground-level support to the unit. The MCCs were coordinated by the Anteon office in [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]].
In 2007 a new deployment scheme known as [[Grow the Army]] was adopted that enabled the Army to carry out continuous operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.army.mil/-speeches/2006/12/14/989-statement-by-general-peter-schoomaker-chief-of-staff-united-states-army-before-the-commission-on-national-guard-and-reserves/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221114904/http://www.army.mil/-speeches/2006/12/14/989-statement-by-general-peter-schoomaker-chief-of-staff-united-states-army-before-the-commission-on-national-guard-and-reserves/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2006 |title=Statement by General Peter Schoomaker, Chief of Staff United States Army, before the Commission on National Guard and Reserves |publisher=Army.mil |date=14 December 2006 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref>
The plan was modified several times including an expansion of troop numbers in 2007 and changes to the number of modular brigades.
On 25 June 2013, plans were announced to disband 13 modular [[brigade combat team]]s (BCTs) and expand the remaining brigades with an extra maneuver battalion, extra fires batteries, and an [[Military engineering|engineer]] battalion.
{{anchor|Campaign of learning}}In 2009 an "ongoing campaign of learning" was the capstone concept for force commanders, meant to carry the Army from 2016 to 2028.<ref name=pc09>[https://www.benning.army.mil/mcoe/usmc/content/pdf/The%20army%20capstone%20concept.pdf TRADOC (21 Dec 2009) The Army Capstone Concept] TRADOC Pam 525-3-0</ref><ref name="waypoint2028,9">{{Cite web |last=U.S. Army Combined Arms Center/ U.S. Army Training and Doctrine |date=August 6, 2021 |title=Waypoint 2028-2029 |url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2021/08/06/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Stand-To! |publisher=US Army }}</ref>
<!--;New capabilities{{anchor|Modernizing the Army}}
In the summer of 2018, the [[United States Army Futures Command|U.S. Army Futures Command]] (AFC),<ref name=futuresCommand >David Vergun, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/197886/us_army_futures_command_to_reform_modernization_says_secretary_of_the_army (December 8, 2017) US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army]
*US Army [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-01-16/ Army Directive 2017–33: Enabling the Army Modernization Task Force]</ref><ref name=futuresCommandPressConf >AFC [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WL_CsiuTVFU AFC announcement, Friday (13 July 2018) Army Officials Announce New Army Command] video 34 minutes, 27 seconds</ref> a new Army command for modernization was [[#Four major commands|activated]].<ref name=McCarthy2017Nov >US Army
[https://www.army.mil/article/196619/modernization_turnaround_worth_the_effort_says_acting_secarmy_mccarthy Modernization turnaround worth the effort, says acting SecArmy McCarthy]</ref><ref name=CFTs >Army Times [https://www.armytimes.com/land/2017/11/06/armys-modernization-command-taking-shape-under-freshly-picked-leaders/ Army's modernization command taking shape under freshly picked leaders]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The modernization effort, coordinated with FORSCOM, [[United States Army Materiel Command|US Army Materiel Command]] (AMC), and [[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command|US Army Training and Doctrine Command]] (TRADOC), addresses the long lead times<ref name=Hough2018 >Col. Richard Hough [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/01/armys-basic-illusions-gone-time-for-futures-command/ (4 January 2018) Opinion: "Army's Basic Illusions Gone; Time For Futures Command" ''Breaking Defense.com'']</ref> for introducing new [[materiel]] and capabilities into the brigades of the Army.<ref name=McCarthy2017Nov /><ref name=acqReformCulture >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/219858/acquisition_reform_requires_culture_shift_officials_say (April 8, 2019) Acquisition reform requires culture shift, officials say]</ref><ref name=2019AMS>[[Michael A. Grinston]], [[James C. McConville]], and [[Ryan McCarthy (U.S. Army)|Ryan McCarthy]] [https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/567902.pdf (October 2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy] as cited by Sydney Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/army-launches-16-year-plan-to-tackle-russia-china/ (October 16, 2019) Army Launches 16-Year Plan To Tackle Russia, China] Summary</ref>{{efn|name= aCFT}} This planned Joint capability was demonstrated to the Combatant commanders (who are the "customers" for the capability) and the Joint Chiefs (who advise the government on the importance of this effort) at [[White Sands Missile Range]] in September 2020,<ref name=killChainInSeconds /><ref name=ccdrsNeedToChooseTheirTopPriority >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/picking-1st-abms-capabilities-a-top-issue-at-air-force-corona/ (23 September 2020) Picking 1st ABMS Capabilities A Top Issue At Air Force Corona] in Nov 2020 at Air Force Academy</ref> in an ongoing campaign for achieving [[#pc20|integrated deterrence]]. By [[#pc20|2020 Project Convergence]], a campaign of learning, was pressed into service at Yuma Proving Ground, in the Army's campaign to modernize,<ref name=intelDataFeedToKillChain /> by experimental prototype and demonstration of a [[Army Futures Command#protoTITAN|networking concept]];<ref name=McCarthy2017Nov /> Project Convergence 2021 ([[#JWCjado|PC21]])<ref name=pc21Ausa>[https://www.dvidshub.net/video/817277/ausa-2021-cmf-3-project-convergence Gen Mike Murray (12 Oct 2021) AUSA 2021: CMF #3 – Project Convergence] 2021: 7 capstone cases</ref> was then a vehicle for the entire DoD, in its Joint Warfighting Concept (JWC) demonstration of [[Joint All-Domain Command and Control|Joint all-domain command and control]] (JADC2).<ref name=whatWorkedPc21>Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2021/11/armys-second-connect-everything-experiment-reveals-progress-future-hurdles/186783/ (10 Nov 2021) What Worked, What Didn't at Army’s Second Connect-Everything Experiment] PC21</ref><ref name=rcv,DroneCoordination>Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/robotic-vehicles-drones-coordinate-recon-at-armys-project-convergence-21/ (22 Nov 2021) Robotic vehicles, drones coordinate recon at Army’s Project Convergence 21] ISR relay</ref> [[#Project Convergence 2022|Project Convergence 2022]] (PC22) now has a website for candidate entries,<ref name="pc22UkAu">Sarantinos, Argie (17 September 2021) [https://www.army.mil/article/250369/project_convergence_2022_web_portal_links_industry_academia_to_army Project Convergence 2022 web portal links industry, academia to Army] DEVCOM Public Affairs army.mil</ref> even as PC21 was underway in 2021. Analysis is underway in FY2022 to [[#Deterrence|balance modernization and readiness]] going forward.<ref name=wormuthAusa2021 >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/army-kicks-off-analysis-effort-to-inform-future-investments/ (11 Oct 2021) Army Kicks Off Analysis Effort To Inform Future Investments]</ref><ref name=persistence >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/murray-armys-modernization-push-requires-persistence-to-be-successful/ (11 Oct 2021) Murray: Army’s Modernization Push Requires Persistence To Be Successful]</ref><ref name=fccAustin />
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===History of "Army Force Generation" (ARFORGEN)===
The [[United States Secretary of the Army|Secretary of the Army]] approved implementing "Army Force Generation" (ARFORGEN), a transformational force generation model, in 2006. [http://www.army.mil/aps/08/addenda/addenda_e.html ARFORGEN process diagram]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306000906/https://secureweb2.hqda.pentagon.mil/vdas_armyposturestatement/2010/addenda/Addendum_F-Army%20Force%20Generation%20%28ARFORGEN%29.asp 2010 Army Posture Statement, Addendum F, Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN)]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://secureweb2.hqda.pentagon.mil/vdas_armyposturestatement/2010/addenda/Addendum_F-Army%20Force%20Generation%20(ARFORGEN).asp |title=Addendum F Army Force Generation (ARFORGEN) The Army's Core Process |work=2010 Army Posture Statement |publisher=Office of the Director of the Army Staff Executive Strategy Group |access-date=2010-06-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306000906/https://secureweb2.hqda.pentagon.mil/vdas_armyposturestatement/2010/addenda/Addendum_F-Army%20Force%20Generation%20%28ARFORGEN%29.asp |archive-date=2012-03-06}}</ref>
ARFORGEN model concept development began in the summer of 2004 and received its final approval from the Army's senior leadership in early 2006.<ref name=Kenyon >Henry S. Kenyon [https://www.afcea.org/signal/articles/templates/SIGNAL_Article_Template.asp?articleid=1139&zoneid=185 (June 2006) U.S. Army Reforges Training and Readiness.]</ref>
[[FORSCOM]], Department of the Army AR 525-29 [http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r525_29.pdf Military Operations, Army Force Generation, 14 Mar 2011] <!-- BROKEN LINK: F[https://www.forscom.army.mil/graphics/r525_29.pdf Military Operations, Army Force Generation, 14 Mar 2011] Unclassified. Electronic document only. -->{{dead link|date=April 2017}}
In 2016 the Army force generation process ARFORGEN was sidelined because it relied mostly on the Active Army, in favor of the total force policy, which includes the Reserve and National Guard; in the new model, the total force could have fallen to 980,000 by 2018,<ref name=Abrams2016>[https://www.army.mil/article/169082/Soldiers_need_to_be_ready_100_percent_of_time__says_FORSCOM_commander/ Soldiers need to be ready 100 percent of time, says FORSCOM commander], Army.mil, accessdate=2016-06-05</ref> subject to DoD's Defense Strategic Guidance to the Joint Staff.<ref name=Gates2012 />{{rp|note especially pp.1–3}} <!--Subject to change: Watch for any new changes --> By 15 June 2017, the Department of the Army approved an increase in the Active Army's end-strength from 475,000 to 476,000. The total Army end-strength increases to 1.018 million.<ref name=15Jun2017>[https://www.army.mil/article/189082/department_of_the_army_announces_force_structure_decisions_for_fiscal_year_2017 Department of the Army announces force structure decisions for fiscal year 2017] accessdate=2017-06-25
*Global security.org: [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/end-strength.htm  2017 National Defense Authorization Act "Military Personnel"] accessdate=2017-02-02</ref>
==Planning process, evolution, and transformation==
The commander-in-chief directs the planning process, through guidance to the Army by the [[US Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]].<ref name=Gates2012>Robert M. Gates [http://archive.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf (5 Jan 2012) "Defense Strategic Guidance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607134737/http://archive.defense.gov/news/Defense_Strategic_Guidance.pdf |date=7 June 2016 }}</ref> Every year, Army Posture Statements by the [[Secretary of the Army]] and the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Chief of Staff of the Army]] summarize their assessment{{efn|name=aoc|1= 2015 Army Operating Concept (AOC): "Win in a Complex World"<ref name=aocReadyArmy >US Army TRADOC [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-46HlgVPYDQ Perkins discusses operationalizing the Army Operating Concept (AOC)] AOC = "Win in a Complex World"</ref>{{rp|minute 1:15:00/1:22:58}} }} of the Army's ability to respond to world events,<ref name=2015posture>HQDA [https://www.army.mil/e2/rv5_downloads/aps/aps_2015.pdf McHugh & Odierno, A STATEMENT ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610220728/https://www.army.mil/e2/rv5_downloads/aps/aps_2015.pdf |date=2016-06-10 }}, Army.mil, accessdate=2016-06-05</ref><ref name=2017PostureDefenseStatement >DoD [https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2017DODPOSTURE_FINAL_MAR17UpdatePage4_WEB.PDF 2017 DoD Posture Defense Statement]</ref> and also to transform for the future.<ref>Army.mil,[https://www.army.mil/info/organization/ Mission of the U.S. Army]  accessdate=2016-09-11</ref> In support of transformation for the future, [[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command|TRADOC]], upon the advice of the Army's stakeholders, has assembled 20 warfighting challenges.<ref name=AWFCs >ARCIC [http://www.arcic.army.mil/Initiatives/ArmyWarfightingChallenges Army Warfighting Challenges (AWFCs)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175110/http://www.arcic.army.mil/Initiatives/ArmyWarfightingChallenges |date=2016-10-25 }} accessdate=2016-10-25</ref> These challenges are under evaluation during annual Army warfighting assessments, such as AWA 17.1, held in October 2016. AWA 17.1 was an assessment by 5,000 US Soldiers, Special Operations Forces, Airmen, and Marines,<ref name=Tradoc2Nov2016>TRADOC News [http://tradocnews.org/tag/army-warfighting-assessment/ THE EVOLUTION OF THE ARMY WARFIGHTING ASSESSMENT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106063308/http://tradocnews.org/tag/army-warfighting-assessment/ |date=2016-11-06 }}</ref> as well as by British, Australian, Canadian, Danish, and Italian troops.<ref name=OctAWA17.1 >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/176856/army_tests_new_warfighting_tech_at_army_warfighting_assessment Army tests new warfighting tech at Army Warfighting Assessment] accessdate=2016-10-23</ref><ref name="SOPF, AWA17.1" >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/177292/special_operations_forces_integrate_into_awa_171 Special Operations Forces integrate into AWA 17.1] accessdate=2016-10-28</ref><ref name=IncreasingPaceInAWA >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/177286/awa_171_increasing_the_pace_of_battle_in_a_coalition_environment AWA 17.1: Increasing the pace of battle in a coalition environment] accessdate=2016-10-29</ref><ref name=ricu>A [[RIC-U]] might be used by a coalition partner to encrypt their individual networks, when interoperating with a US Army voice network.</ref> For example, "reach-back" is among the capabilities being assessed; when under attack in an unexpected location, a Soldier on the move might use [[PM WIN-T|Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T)]]. At the halt, a light Transportable Tactical Command Communications (T2C2 Lite) system<ref name=wshT2c2 >[[ASA(ALT)]] Weapon System Handbook (2018) [https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/533115.pdf Transportable Tactical Command Communications (T2C2)]</ref>{{rp|p.356}}<ref name=winTt2c2>Spc. Matthew Marcellus, 1st Armored Division. Communications in Motion:  (15 May 2019) Iron Soldiers train on inflatable satellite communications system T2C2 http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/15/communications-in-motion-iron-soldiers-train-on-inflatable-satellite-communications-system-t2c2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812024126/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/15/communications-in-motion-iron-soldiers-train-on-inflatable-satellite-communications-system-t2c2/ |date=2019-08-12 }}</ref><ref name=30minSetup>Mark Pomerleau [https://www.c4isrnet.com/c2-comms/2018/03/23/the-armys-newest-satellite-antenna-is-remarkably-simple/ (March 23, 2018) The Army's newest satellite antenna is remarkably simple]</ref><ref name=gatrTechnologies >Mr. Joe Welch, Lt. Col. Jack "Shane" Taylor and Mr. Michael Beery [https://www.army.mil/article/171399/network_marketplace_open_for_business_and_growing (July 12, 2016) Network Marketplace: Open for Business and Growing]</ref><ref name=c4isrnet>{{cite news|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/industry/2018/01/18/the-army-makes-it-easier-for-first-responders-to-connect-to-tactical-networks/|title=The Army makes it easier for first responders to connect to tactical networks|last=Knapp|first=Brandon|date=January 18, 2018|work=C4ISRNET|access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> could reach back to a mobile command post, to communicate the unexpected situation to higher echelons,<ref>US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/161115/Army_prepares_to_test_enhanced_network_operation_tools_at_NIE_16_2/ Army prepares to test enhanced network operation tools at NIE 16.2] accessdate=2016-11-05</ref><ref name=JWA2017 >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/181655/new_concept_calls_for_semi_independent_units_leaders_in_emerging_battlefields Future warfighting calls for semi-independent units, empowered leaders] accessdate=2017-02-16</ref>
a building block in [[#Multi-domain operations (MDO)|multi-domain operations]].<ref name=MarkMilley2017>"We are going to have to empower [and] decentralize leadership to make decisions and achieve battlefield effects in a widely dispersed environment where subordinate leaders, junior leaders ... may not be able to communicate to their higher headquarters, even if they wanted to", Milley said. C. Todd Lopez, Army News Service. [https://www.army.mil/article/187293/future_warfare_requires_disciplined_disobedience_army_chief_says (May 5, 2017)  Future warfare requires 'disciplined disobedience,' Army chief says] accessdate=2017-05-05</ref><ref name=multiDomain >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/181271/white_paper_new_task_force_bring_multi_domain_concept_closer_to_reality Army, Marine leaders bring multi-domain concept closer to reality] accessdate=2017-02-16
*US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/184215/air_force_may_join_army_in_refining_multi_domain_concept Air Force may join Army in refining multi-domain concept] accessdate=2017-03-18</ref><ref name=Strategy2018 /><ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/04/multi-domain-overhaul-may-impact-national-guard/ (April 03, 2019) How Army's Multi-Domain Overhaul May Impact The National Guard]
*' In 2009, the Army officially replaced "[[command and control]]" with "[[mission command]]"'
** Austin Carne [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6g9ur4lY7vc (7 Jul 2020) Mission Command: The Army's Powerful Leadership Tool]
* Col. Douglas M. McBride Jr. and Reginald L. Snell, Ph.D. [https://www.army.mil/article/179942/applying_mission_command_to_overcome_challenges (9 January 2017) Applying mission command to overcome challenges] Creating trust is the foundation for accomplishing the mission.
*US Army {{Cite web|url= https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN18314-ADP_6-0-000-WEB-3.pdf |title=ADP 6-0|website=armypubs.us.army.mil|publisher=Army Publications}}
</ref>
===Implementation and current status===
[[Grow the Army]] was a transformation and re-stationing initiative of the United States Army which began in 2007 and was scheduled to be completed by fiscal year 2013. The initiative was designed to grow the army by almost 75,000 soldiers, while realigning a large portion of the force in Europe to the continental United States in compliance with the 2005 [[Base Realignment and Closure]] suggestions. This grew the force from 42 [[Brigade Combat Teams]] (BCTs) and 75 [[#Modular support brigades|modular support brigades]] in 2007 to 45 Brigade Combat Teams and 83 modular support brigades by 2013.
On 25 June 2013, 38th [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|Army Chief of Staff]] General [[Raymond T. Odierno]] announced plans to disband 13 brigade combat teams and reduce troop strengths by 80,000 soldiers. While the number of BCTs will be reduced, the size of remaining BCTs will increase, on average, to about 4,500 soldiers. That will be accomplished, in many cases, by moving existing battalions and other assets from existing BCTs into other brigades. Two brigade combat teams in Germany had already been deactivated and a further 10 brigade combat teams slated for deactivation were announced by General Odierno on 25 June. (An additional brigade combat team was announced for deactivation 6 November 2014.) At the same time the maneuver battalions from the disbanded brigades will be used to augment armored and infantry brigade combat teams with a third maneuver battalion and expanded brigades fires capabilities by adding a third battery to the existing fires battalions. Furthermore, all brigade combat teams—armored, infantry and Stryker—will gain a Brigade Engineer Battalion, with "gap-crossing" and route-clearance capability.<ref name=2013reform>US Army {{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/106373/Brigade_combat_teams_cut_at_10_posts_will_help_other_BCTs_grow/ |title=Brigade combat teams cut at 10 posts will help other BCTs grow &#124; Article &#124; The United States Army |publisher=Army.mil |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref>
On 6 November 2014, it was reported that the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]], currently stationed in South Korea, was to be deactivated in June 2015 and be replaced by a succession of U.S.-based brigade combat teams, which are to be rotated in and out, at the same nine-month tempo as practiced by the Army from 2001 to 2014.<ref>Stripes.com {{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/2nd-id-unit-in-korea-to-deactivate-be-replaced-by-rotational-force-1.312557 |title=2nd ID unit in Korea to deactivate, be replaced by rotational force – News |work=Stripes |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref>
Eleven brigades were inactivated by 2015. The remaining brigades as of 2015 are listed [[#Divisions and brigades|below]]. On 16 March 2016, the Deputy Commanding General (DCG) of [[FORSCOM]] announced that the brigades would now also train to move their equipment to their new surge location as well as to train for the requirements of their next deployment.<ref name=edre >Arpi Dilantsian and Matthew Howard [https://www.army.mil/article/219025/plan_prepare_practice_an_interview_with_lt_gen_laura_richardson (April 1, 2019) Plan, prepare, practice: An interview with Lt. Gen. Laura Richardson]</ref><ref>US Army {{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/164377/Future_of_deployments__surge_ready_and_rotationally_focused/ |title=Future of deployments: surge-ready and rotationally-focused &#124; Article &#124; The United States Army |website=Army.mil |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref>Michelle Tan [https://www.armytimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/02/09/army-bct-reorganization/22936227/ Big BCT changes mapped out for 2015]  February 9, 2015, ''Army Times''.</ref><ref>
DoD News [https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/612623 (July 9, 2015) Army Announces Force Structure, Stationing Decisions]</ref>
By 2018, [[Secretary of the Army]] [[Mark Esper]] noted that even though the large deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan had ceased, at any given time, three of the Armored Brigade Combat Teams are deployed to EUCOM, CENTCOM, and INDOPACOM, respectively, while two Infantry Brigade Combat Teams are deployed to Iraq, and Afghanistan, respectively.<ref name=23Apr2018 >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/204230/army_secretary_esper_senior_nco_dailey_discuss_modernization_recruiting_retention (23 April 2018) Army Secretary Esper, senior NCO Dailey discuss modernization, recruiting, retention]</ref>
{{Blockquote|[At any given time,] there are more than 100,000 Soldiers deployed around the world — Secretary of the Army Mark Esper<ref name=23Apr2018 />}}
In 2019 Esper asserted that the planning efforts, including <!--[[#Four major commands|]]-->Futures Command, the [[SFAB]]s, and the Decisive Action [[#Readiness model|readiness training]] of the [[#Modular combat brigades|BCTs]] are preparing the Army for [[#Multi-domain operations (MDO)|competition]] with both near-peer and regional powers.<ref name=plansForNearPeersAndRegionalPowers >Sydney J Freedberg Jr [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/army-can-manage-both-mideast-great-powers-sec-esper/ (May 20, 2019) Army Can Manage Both Mideast & Great Powers: Sec. Esper]</ref><ref name=AbramsUsfkAssess >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/222256/south_korean_exercises_being_revised_amid_peace_talks (May 28, 2019) South Korean exercises being revised amid peace talks] Abrams USFK assessment</ref> The Army and Marine Corps have issued "clear explanations and guidance for the 429 articles of the Geneva Conventions".<ref name=lolwd >Joseph Lacdan [https://www.army.mil/article/231892/army_updates_law_of_land_warfare_doctrine_to_increase_guidance_clarity (22 January 2020) Army updates Law of Land Warfare doctrine to increase guidance, clarity]</ref><ref name=fm6,27 >US Army FM 6-27, C1 [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN19354_FM%206-27%20_C1_FINAL_WEB_v2.pdf (20 September 2019) THE COMMANDER'S HANDBOOK ON THE LAW OF LAND WARFARE] 208 page handbook. The ''Department of Defense Law of War Manual'' (June 2015, updated December 2016) remains the authoritative statement</ref>
The Budget Control Act could potentially restrict funds by 2020.{{refn|<ref name=donCio >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [http://www.doncio.navy.mil/CHIPS/ArticleDetails.aspx?ID=10181 (March 28, 2018) CHIPS Articles: Army Secretary defines goals for coming decade — modernization, Futures Command] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003338/https://www.doncio.navy.mil/CHIPS/ArticleDetails.aspx?ID=10181 |date=April 4, 2019 }}</ref><ref name=judson$25b >Jeff Martin [https://www.defensenews.com/newsletters/tv-next-episode/2018/10/15/how-did-the-army-find-25-billion-for-new-equipment/ (15 October 2018) How did the Army find $25 billion for new equipment?] video</ref><ref name=deficitsBalloon,detail >Daniel Goure [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/10/can-trump-rebuild-the-military-as-deficits-balloon/ (October 18, 2018) Can Trump Rebuild The Military As Deficits Balloon?]</ref><ref name=cut33billion >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/10/joint-experiments-will-pick-budget-winners-losers-dunford/ (October 26, 2018) Joint Experiments Will Pick Budget Winners & Losers: Dunford] Task is to cut $33 Billion from 2020 budget</ref><ref name=716Billion,detail>CovertCabal [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DGRI18PDwA YouTube: What will $716 Billion Buy You? US Defense Budget 2019] Weapons</ref><ref name=nduProjection2017to2020 >Michael J. Meese, NDU Press [http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/Article/1026968/chapter-4-the-american-defense-budget-20172020/ (23 Dec 2016) Chapter 4 : The American Defense Budget 2017–2020] Note Fed chart 1970–2026</ref><ref name=2020cut>Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/10/breaking-trump-orders-dod-to-take-surprise-33b-budget-cut/ (October 26, 2018) Trump Orders DoD To Take Surprise $33B Budget Cut] 2020 DoD budget cut from $733 billion to $700 billion</ref><ref name=resignCMO,DoD >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/11/the-pentagons-first-ever-audit-a-big-disappointment/ (November 14, 2018) The Pentagon's First-Ever Audit: A Big Disappointment?]</ref><ref>Wesley Morgan [https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/09/trump-pentagon-defense-spending-budget-1054068 (09 December 2018) Trump reverses course, tells Pentagon to boost budget request to $750 billion]</ref><ref name=fy2020,30billion >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/217813/army_fy20_budget_proposal_realigns_30_billion Army (February 26, 2019) FY20 budget proposal realigns $30 billion]</ref> <!-- The 2020 Budget request for defense spending will trigger budget cuts<ref name=bca2020 /> in the face of the threat of sequestration from the Budget Control Act of 2011. This sets up up political clashes over spending caps for fiscal year 2020, triggering tandem increases in both defense spending and domestic spending.<ref name=bca2020 /> The history of government spending since the [[Budget Control Act of 2011]] suggests that the deficit will be increased in response.--> <ref name=bca2020 >Sydney J Freedberg Jr [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/defense-spending-will-bust-bca-caps-mark-cancian/ (May 24, 2019) Defense Spending Will Bust BCA Caps: Mark Cancian]</ref>}} By 2024–2025, the Fiscal Year Development Plan (FYDP) will have reallocated $10 billion more into development of the top six modernization priorities,{{efn|name= aCFT|1= The capabilities as prioritized by the 39th Chief of Staff, will use subject matter experts in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using Cross Functional Teams (CFTs) for:
# Improved [https://www.army.mil/standto/2018-01-17 long-range precision fires] (artillery):—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG John Rafferty <!-- BG Steve Maranian 30Mar2018--> ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Ammunition (AMMO)|PEO Ammunition (AMMO)]]
# [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-02-22 Next-generation combat vehicle]—(Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan) Lead: <!--BG Dave Lesperance--> BG Ross Coffman ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)|PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)]]
# [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-02-07 Vertical lift] platforms—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: BG Wally Rugen ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Aviation (AVN)|PEO Aviation (AVN)]]
# Mobile and [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-03-08 expeditionary (usable in ground combat)] communications network (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland)
## [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-03-08 Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence]— Lead: MG Pete Gallagher ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)|PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)]]
## [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-02-15 Assured Position Navigation and Timing]— (Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: William B. Nelson, SES
# [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-03-14 Air and missile defense]—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG Brian Gibson, ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)|PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)]]
# Soldier lethality
## [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-03-22 Soldier Lethality]—(Fort Moore, Georgia) Lead: BG David M. Hodne ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Soldier|PEO Soldier]]
## Synthetic Training Environment —(Orlando, Florida) Lead: MG Maria Gervais ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)|PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)]]
*Above, 'dotted line' relationship (i.e., coordination) is denoted by a ' ... '}} taking those funds from legacy spending budgets.<ref name=big6tenBillionMore >Sydney J Freedberg Jr [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/army-big-6-gets-10b-more-over-2021-2025/ (May 29, 2019) Army Big 6 Gets $10B More Over 2021–2025]</ref>
<!--The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) will be introduced into the Army in 2020, and will affect the Army's end-strength in the face of budget pressures on the Army to save money.-->
==Reorganization plans by unit type==
The Army has now been organized around modular brigades of 3,000–4,000 soldiers each, with the aim of being able to deploy continuously in different parts of the world, and effectively organizing the Army closer to the way it fights. The fact that this modernization is now in place has been acknowledged by the renaming of the '[[Brigade Modernization Command]]' to the "U.S. Army Joint Modernization Command," on 16 February 2017.<ref name=JMC2017>[http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}/fortblissbugle.com/bmc-redesignated-jmc-new-name-better-reflects-evolving-organizational-mission/ BMC redesignated JMC, New Name Better Reflects Evolving Organizational Mission] accessdate=2017-02-16</ref>
By 2021 the [[United States Army Futures Command#Waypoint 2028 and the Army of 2030|Army of 2030]] was envisioned to consist of Brigades for the close fight, Divisions for Large scale combat operations, Corps for enduring, sustained operations, and Theater-scale commands.<ref name=aimpoint2035/><ref name=csa2 >Chief of Staff Paper #2 [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/29/bf6c30e6/csa-paper-2-the-army-in-military-competition.pdf (1 March 2021) The Army in Military Competition]</ref> ''See [[Transformation of the United States Army]]''{{efn|name=g357|1= In Force modernization,<ref name= dodReadiness /> Deputy Chiefs of Staff [[Deputy Chief of Staff G-8 Programs of The United States Army|G-8]] and [[Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Plans and Training (G3/5/7)|G-3/5/7]] sit on the Army Requirements Oversight Council (AROC), to advise the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA).<ref name=htar >United States Army War College and Army  Force Management School [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1127933.pdf (2019-2020) How the Army Runs] HTAR: A senior leader reference handbook which synthesizes "existing and developing National, Defense, Joint, and Army systems, processes, and procedures currently practiced"</ref>{{rp|diagram on p.559}}<ref name= ar71_9 /><ref name= forceMgt >James Kennedy [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNY4nVNSOwE  (2019) Force Management Model - Complete]</ref> The [[United States Army Futures Command|commander, AFC]] is responsible for Force design.<ref name= ar71_9 />
*The Army's Force management model begins with a projection of the Future operating environment, in terms of resources: political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment, and the time available to bring the Current army to bear on the situation.<ref name= forceMgt />
*The [[United States Army Acquisition Corps#AROC|AROC]] serves as a discussion forum of these factors.<ref name= ar71_9 >Headquarters, Department of the Army  [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN31331-AR_71-9-000-WEB-1.pdf (29 Jun 2021) Army Regulation 71–9 Force Management. Warfighting Capabilities Determination] °1-6c, p.1) tasks for CG,AFC; °2-24 p.13) CG,AFC is a principal member of AROC, with 43 duties ''a through qq''; °3-1 ch.3 pp20-21) AROC is a forum for requirements decisions (RDF); °4-1 p.24)  CG,AFC is responsible for force design; °6-4 p39) figure 6-1 Deliberate staffing and review process; ''figures for more staffing and review processes follow.''</ref><ref name=ar71,9>Research, Development, and Acquisition [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11041_AR71-9_FINAL.pdf  AR 71–9 (2009) Warfighting Capabilities Determination] Aug 15, 2019 update</ref>
*The relevant strategy is provided by the Army's leadership.
*A [[DOTMLPF]] analysis models the factors necessary to change the Current force into a relevant Future force.
*A [[JCIDS]] process identifies the gaps in capability between Current and Future force.
*A Force design to meet the [[materiel]] gaps is underway.
*An organization with the desired capabilities (manpower, materiel, training) is brought to bear on each gap.<ref name= dodReadiness >C. Todd Lopez, DOD News [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3239668/us-military-readiness-goes-beyond-just-china-russia/ (8 Dec 2022) U.S. Military Readiness Goes Beyond Just China, Russia ]</ref>
**[https://armypubs.army.mil/ProductMaps/PubForm/Details.aspx?PUB_ID=60844 AR 5-22](pdf) lists the Force modernization proponent for each Army branch, which can be a [[Center of excellence#United States Army|CoE]] or [https://usacac.army.mil/branch-proponents Branch proponent] leader.
**Staff uses a Synchronization meeting<ref name= weeklyAsmForceInteg >James Kennedy, CGSC [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQUGlS5uL94 (Jun 2022) AY22 Force Integration CGSC] Weekly meetings on Change, Crisis, Competition, or Conflict. 50:31</ref>{{rp|minute 8:29 }} before seeking approval —HTAR Force Management 3-2b: "Managing change in any large, complex organization requires the synchronization of many interrelated processes".<ref name=htar />{{rp|p2-27}}
*A budget request is submitted to Congress.
*The resources are "dictated by Congress".<ref name= forceMgt />
*Approved requests then await resource deliveries which then become available to the [[combatant command]]ers.<ref name= cLee >Caitlin Lee [https://warontherocks.com/2022/03/the-u-s-militarys-force-management-tug-of-war/ (23 Mar 2022) The US Military's Force Management Tug-of-War] an allocation process</ref>}}
===Modular combat brigades===
{{Main|Brigade combat team}}
Modular combat brigades are self-contained combined arms formations.<ref name=fm3,96>[https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/fm3_96.pdf Field Manual No. 3-96 (8 October 2015) Brigade Combat Team] FM 3-96 [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN31505-FM_3-96-000-WEB-1.pdf updated 19 Jan 2021]</ref><ref name= fm30Oct22 >Headquarters, Department of the Army [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN36290-FM_3-0-000-WEB-1.pdf (1 October 2022) FM 3-0 Operations] 280 pages</ref> They are standardized formations across the active and reserve components, meaning an Armored BCT at [[Fort Cavazos]] is the same as one at [[Fort Stewart]].{{efn|name =stdBct|1= One consequence of a standardized BCT is that actions performed by one BCT can be made in behalf of a successor BCT. Thus [[#Prepositioned stocks|pre-positioned stocks]] can aid in the rapidity of deployment: [https://www.army.mil/article/179831/prepositioned_equipment_site_officially_opens_in_netherlands Army Prepositioned Stocks site in the Netherlands was established 15 Dec 2016, which will store and service about 1,600 U.S. Army vehicles].
*[https://www.army.mil/article/180295/media_advisory_us_military_equipment_to_arrive_in_germany U.S. military equipment to arrive in Germany, 6-9 Jan 2017]
*[https://www.army.mil/article/179087/tank_brigade_sets_quick_pace_moving_to_europe Tank Brigade (3ABCT/4th ID) sets quick pace moving to Europe]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pl68x1zUla0 Soldiers Journal: Rolling Into Europe (3ABCT/4th ID)]}}
Reconnaissance plays a large role in the new organizational designs. The Army felt the acquisition of the target was the weak link in the chain of finding, fixing, closing with, and destroying the enemy. The Army felt that it had already sufficient lethal platforms to take out the enemy and thus the number of reconnaissance units in each brigade was increased.{{efn|name=drones |1= The Army is introducing drones in its combat aviation brigades in order to increase its reconnaissance capability.<ref name= ftBlissDrones >The U.S. Army
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BoD4jm27_nc (2021) Army Assesses New UAS to Replace RQ-7B Shadow]</ref><ref name="fortblissbugle1">{{cite web |url=http://fortblissbugle.com/first-apache-battalion-to-carry-drones-reflags-as-heavy-cav |title=First Apache battalion to carry drones: reflags as 'Heavy Cav' |work=Fort Bliss Bugle |access-date=2015-03-28 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330054548/http://fortblissbugle.com/first-apache-battalion-to-carry-drones-reflags-as-heavy-cav/ |archive-date=2015-03-30 }}
*[https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/local/2015/05/03/heavy-cav-fort-bliss-aviation-unit-that-teams/30879477/ (May 3, 2015) Apache helicopter squadron is the first unit to incorporate Shadow drones]</ref>}} The brigades sometimes depend on joint fires from the Air Force and Navy to accomplish their mission. As a result, the amount of field artillery has been reduced in the brigade design.
The three types of BCTs are Armored Brigade Combat Teams (ABCTs), Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCTs) (includes Light, Air Assault and Airborne units), and Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCTs).
[[File:ABCT.png|thumb|300px|Armored Brigade structure]]
'''[[Armored Brigade Combat Team]]s''', or ABCTs consist of 4,743 troops. This includes the third maneuver battalion as laid out in 2013. The changes announced by the U.S. army on 25 June 2013,<ref name=2013reform /> include adding a third maneuver battalion to the brigade, a second engineer company to a new Brigade Engineer Battalion, a third battery to the FA battalion, and reducing the size of each battery from 8 to 6 guns. These changes will also increase the number of troops in the affected battalions and also increase the total troops in the brigade. Since the brigade has more organic units, the command structure includes a deputy commander (in addition to the traditional executive officer) and a larger staff capable of working with civil affairs, special operations, psychological operations, air defense, and aviation units. An Armored BCT consists of:
* the brigade headquarters and headquarters company ([[Headquarters and Headquarters Company (United States)|HHC]]): 43 officers, 17 warrant officers, 125 enlisted personnel – total: 185 soldiers. <!--The commander and deputy commander each have a personal [[M2 Bradley#M2A3|M2A3]] [[Infantry fighting vehicle|Infantry Fighting Vehicle]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}{{efn|name=ampv|1=[[Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle]] (AMPV): [https://www.army.mil/article/179779/armys_first_armored_multi_purpose_vehicle_rolls_off_production_line Army's first armored multi-purpose vehicle rolls off production line, 16 Dec 2016] [http://breakingdefense.com/2013/03/army-issues-rfp-for-6-billion-m113-replacement-armored-multi-p/ The AMPV will replace vehicles for:]
* 522 general purpose
* 993 mission command
* 216 medical treatment
* 790 medical evacuation
* 386 mortar carrier</ref> -->
* the Brigade Engineer Battalion (BEB) (formerly Brigade Special Troops Battalion (BSTB)), consisted of a headquarters company, signal company, military intelligence company with a [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|TUAV]] platoon and two combat engineer companies (A and B company). The former BSTB fielded 28 officers, 6 warrant officers, 470 enlisted personnel – total: 504 soldiers. Each of the combat engineer company fields 13× [[M2 Bradley#M2A2 ODS/ODS-E|M2A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) Operation Desert Storm-Engineer (ODS-E)]], 1× [[M113A3]] Armored Personnel Carrier (APC), 3× [[Assault Breacher Vehicle|M1150 Assault Breacher Vehicle (ABV)]], 1× [[M9 ACE|M9 Armored Combat Earthmover (ACE)]], and 2× [[M104 Wolverine|M104 Heavy Assault Bridge (HAB)]].
* a [[United States Cavalry|Cavalry]] (formerly Armed Reconnaissance) Squadron, consisting of a headquarters troop (HHT) and three reconnaissance troops and one armored troop. The [[headquarters and Headquarters Company|HHT]] fields 2× [[M3 Bradley|M3A3]] Cavalry Fighting Vehicles (CFVs) and 3× [[Bradley Fighting Vehicle#M7 Bradley Fire Support Vehicle|M7A3 Bradley Fire Support Vehicles]], while each reconnaissance troop fields 7× M3A3 CFVs. The squadron fields 35 officers and 385 enlisted personnel – total: 424 soldiers.
* three identical combined arms battalions, flagged as a battalion of an infantry, armored or cavalry regiment. Each battalion consists of a headquarters and headquarters company, two tank companies and two mechanized infantry companies. The battalions field 48 officers and 580 enlisted personnel each – total: 628 soldiers. The HHC fields 1× [[M1 Abrams|M1A2]] [[main battle tank]], 1× [[M2 Bradley#M2A3|M2A3]] infantry fighting vehicle, 3× [[M3 Bradley|M3A3]] cavalry fighting vehicles, 4× M7A3 fire support vehicles and 4× [[M1064 mortar carrier|M1064]] mortar carriers with [[Soltam K6|M120]] 120&nbsp;mm mortars. Each of the two tank companies fields 14× [[M1 Abrams|M1A2]] [[main battle tanks]], while each mechanized infantry company fields 14× M2A3 infantry fighting vehicles. In 2016, the ABCT's combined arms battalions adopted a triangle structure, of two armored battalions (of two armored companies plus a single mechanized infantry company) plus a mechanized infantry battalion (of two mechanized companies and one armored company).<ref name="Triangle">{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/162519/Cavalry_Brigade_Combat_Team_assumes_new_design__transition_nearly_complete |title=Cavalry Brigade Combat Team assumes new design, transition nearly complete |publisher=U.S. Army |date=17 February 2016 |access-date=8 January 2017}}</ref> This resulted in the reduction of two mechanized infantry companies; the deleted armored company was reflagged as a troop to the Cavalry Squadron.
* a Field Artillery battalion, consisting of a headquarters battery, two cannon batteries with 8× [[M109 howitzer#M109A6 Paladin|M109A6]] [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled]] 155&nbsp;mm [[howitzer]]s each (the changes announced by the U.S. Army on 25 June 2013,<ref name=2013reform /> include adding a third battery to the FA battalion, and reducing the size of each battery from 8 to 6 guns; these changes also increase the number of troops in the affected battalions and also increase the total troops in the Brigade), and a target acquisition platoon. 24 officers, 2 warrant officers, 296 enlisted personnel – total: 322 soldiers.
* a brigade support battalion (BSB),<ref name=FtcpCtcp>[https://www.army.mil/article/223838/in_search_of_synchronized_tactical_logistics Lt. Col. Mike Hammond (July 18, 2019) In Search of Synchronized Tactical Logistics] The BSB Commander is responsible for "field trains command post (FTCP) and combat trains command post (CTCP) operations". —Army Field Manual 3-96</ref> consisting of a headquarters, medical, distribution and maintenance company, plus six forward support companies, each of which support one of the three combined arms battalions, the cavalry squadron, the engineer battalion and the field artillery battalion. 61 officers, 14 warrant officers, 1,019 enlisted personnel – total: 1,094 soldiers.
[[File:IBCT.png|thumb|300px|Infantry Brigade structure]]
'''[[Infantry Brigade Combat Team]]''', or IBCTs, comprised around 3,300 soldiers, in the pre-2013 design, which did not include the 3rd maneuver battalion. The 2013 end-strength is now 4,413 Soldiers:
* Special Troops Battalion (now Brigade Engineer Battalion)
* Cavalry Squadron
* (2), later (3) Infantry Battalions
* Field Artillery Battalion
* Brigade Support Battalion<ref name=FtcpCtcp />
[[File:SBCT.png|thumb|300px|Stryker Brigade structure]]
'''[[Stryker Brigade Combat Team]]''' or SBCTs comprised about 3,900 soldiers, making it the largest of the three combat brigade constructs in the 2006 design, and over 4,500 Soldiers in the 2013 reform.
Its design includes:
* Headquarters Company
* Cavalry Squadron (with three 14-vehicle, two-120&nbsp;mm mortar reconnaissance troops plus a surveillance troop with [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]] and [[Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear|NBC]] detection capability)
* (3) Stryker infantry battalions (each with three rifle companies with 12 infantry-carrying vehicles, 3 mobile gun platforms, 2 120&nbsp;mm mortars, and around 100 infantry dismounts each, plus an HHC with scout, mortar and medical platoons and a sniper section.)
* Engineer Company (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion) [An additional engineer company was added to the battalion<ref name=2013reform /> in the 2013 reform]
* Signal Company (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion)
* Military Intelligence Company (with UAV platoon) (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion)
* Anti-tank company (9 TOW-equipped Stryker vehicles) (folded into the Brigade Engineer Battalion)
* Field Artillery Battalion (three 6-gun 155&nbsp;mm Howitzer batteries, target acquisition platoon, and a joint fires cell)
* Brigade Support Battalion (headquarters, medical, maintenance, and distribution companies)<ref name=FtcpCtcp />
===Modular support brigades===
====Combat support brigades====
[[File:HCAB.png|thumb|upright|Heavy Combat Aviation Brigade Structure]]
[[File:FSCAB.png|thumb|upright|Full Spectrum Combat Aviation Brigade Structure]]
Similar modularity will exist for support units which fall into five types: Aviation, Fires (artillery), Battlefield Surveillance (intelligence), Maneuver Enhancement (engineers, signal, military police, chemical, and rear-area support), and Sustainment (logistics, medical, transportation, maintenance, etc.). In the past, artillery, combat support, and logistics support only resided at the division level and brigades were assigned those units only on a temporary basis when brigades transformed into "brigade combat teams" for particular deployments.
[[Combat Aviation Brigade]]s are multi-functional, offering a combination of attack helicopters (i.e., [[Boeing AH-64 Apache]]), reconnaissance helicopters (i.e., [[OH-58 Kiowa]]), medium-lift helicopters (i.e., [[UH-60 Black Hawk]]), heavy-lift helicopters (i.e., [[CH-47 Chinook]]), and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) capability. Aviation will not be organic to combat brigades but will continue to reside at the division-level due to resource constraints.
Heavy divisions (of which there are six) will have 48 Apaches, 38 Blackhawks, 12 Chinooks, and 12 Medevac helicopters in their aviation brigade. These are divided into two aviation attack battalions, an assault lift battalion, a general aviation support battalion. An aviation support battalion will have headquarters, refuelling/resupply, repair/maintenance, and communications companies.<ref>"Ft Hood's 615th ASB trains at McGregor Range", ''Fort Bliss Monitor'' June 26, 2013</ref> Light divisions will have aviation brigades with 60 armed reconnaissance helicopters and no Apaches, with the remaining structure the same. The remaining divisions will have aviation brigades with 30 armed reconnaissance helicopters and 24 Apaches, with the remaining structure the same. Ten Army Apache helicopter units will convert to heavy attack reconnaissance squadrons, with 12 [[AAI RQ-7 Shadow|RQ-7B Shadow]] drones apiece.<ref name="fortblissbugle1" /><ref>[http://www.army.mil/article/164542/Unmanned_Aerial_System__More_than_just_remote_controlled_planes/ 3rd Squadron, 6th Cavalry, in Iraq] Army.mil, accessdate=2016-03-18</ref> The helicopters to fill out these large, combined-arms division-level aviation brigades comes from aviation units that used to reside at the corps-level.
[[File:FIB.png|thumb|upright|Fires Brigade Structure]]
[[Field Artillery Brigade]]s (known as "Fires Brigades" prior to 2014) provide traditional artillery fire ([[M109 howitzer#M109A6 Paladin|M109 Paladin]] self-propelled howitzer, [[M270 MLRS]] and [[HIMARS]] rocket artillery) as well as information operations and non-lethal effects capabilities. After the [[#Implementation and current status|2013 reform]], the expertise formerly embodied in the pre-2007 Division Artillery (DIVARTY) was formally re-instituted in the Division Artillery (DIVARTY) of 2015, with a colonel as commander.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/documents/2008/may/artillerywhitepaper.pdf 2008 White Paper] requesting DIVARTY</ref> The operational Fires battalions will now report to this new formulation of DIVARTY, for training and operational Fires standards, as well as to the BCT.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sill-www.army.mil/USAFAS/DIVARTY.html|title=DIVARTY – Division Artillery|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-date=3 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803031034/http://sill-www.army.mil/USAFAS/DIVARTY.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=4-27-fa>{{cite web |work=Fort Bliss Bugle |url=http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/15/agile-and-lethal-4-27-field-artillery-conducts-table-xviii-gunnery-training-may-7/ |author=Spc. Matthew Marcellus, 1st Armored Division |date=May 15, 2019 |title="Agile and lethal: 4-27 Field Artillery conducts Table XVIII gunnery training May 7" |accessdate=2019-08-11 |publisher=US Army |archive-date=2019-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812024100/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/15/agile-and-lethal-4-27-field-artillery-conducts-table-xviii-gunnery-training-may-7/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
[[Air Defense Artillery Branch (United States)|Air Defense]]: The Army was no longer to provide an organic air defense artillery (ADA) battalion to its divisions as of 2007. Nine of the ten active component (AC) divisional ADA battalions and two of the eight reserve (ARNG) divisional ADA battalions will deactivate. The remaining AC divisional ADA battalion along with six ARNG divisional ADA battalions will be pooled at the Unit of Employment to provide on-call air and missile defense (AMD) protection. The pool of Army AMD resources will address operational requirements in a tailorable and timely manner without stripping assigned AMD capability from other missions. [[SHORAD|Maneuver short-range air defense]] (MSHORAD)<ref name=amdFy20>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/218504/fy20_budget_to_boost_air_missile_defense |author=Gary Sheftick, Army News Service |date=March 13, 2019 |title= FY20 budget to boost air & missile defense |publisher=US Army}}</ref> with laser cannon prototypes fielding by 2020.<ref>Joe Lacdan (October 22, 2018)  [https://www.army.mil/article/212749/army_to_fuse_laser_technology_onto_air_defense_system "Army to fuse laser technology onto air defense system"]</ref> But by 2015 the Division Artillery was restored.
[[Maneuver Enhancement Brigade]]s are designed to be self-contained, and will command units such as chemical, military police, civil affairs units, and tactical units such as a maneuver infantry battalion. These formations are designed so that they can operate with coalition, or joint forces such as the Marine Corps, or can span the gap between modular combat brigades and other modular support brigades.{{efn|name=2013reform|1= In the 2013 reform the active duty brigades are deactivating by 2015, leaving only the National Guard's, and the Reserve's, maneuver enhancement brigades.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michelle Tan |title=5 BCTs set to inactivate this year; MEBs also going away |archive-date=2014-09-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140912131729/http://www.armytimes.com/article/20131229/NEWS/312290003/5-BCTs-set-inactivate-year-MEBs-also-going-away |url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20131229/NEWS/312290003/5-BCTs-set-inactivate-year-MEBs-also-going-away |website=www.armytimes.com }}</ref> }}
[[File:CSB.png|thumb|upright|Combat Sustainment Brigade Structure]]
[[Sustainment Brigade]]s provide echelon-above-brigade-level logistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/atp4_93.pdf |title=Sustainment Brigade |date=August 2013 |publisher=Headquarters Department of the Army |access-date=2014-09-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814214012/http://armypubs.army.mil/doctrine/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/atp4_93.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-14 }}</ref> On its rotation to South Korea, 3rd ABCT, 1st Armored Division deployed its supply support activity (SSA) common authorized stockage list (CASL)<ref name=newCasl>Lt. Col. Fenicia L. Jackson, Capt. Karina Cuenca, and Chief Warrant Officer 3 Daniel Austin (October 1, 2019) [https://www.army.mil/article/227939/early_results_testing_the_new_casl_at_ntc_improves_readiness "Early results testing the new CASL at NTC improves readiness"] US Army</ref> as well.<ref name=ssa,casl>Lt. Col. Charles L. Montgomery (April 1, 2019) [https://www.army.mil/article/219084/deploying_an_ssas_casl_for_an_armored_brigade_combat_team Deploying an SSA's CASL for an armored brigade combat team]</ref> The CASL allows the ABCT to draw additional stocks beyond its pipeline of materiel from GCSS-A.<ref name=ssa,casl /> The DoD-level [[Global Combat Support System]] includes an Army-level tool (GCSS-A), which runs on [[tablet computer]]s with [[bar code reader]]s which 92-A specialists use to enter and track materiel requests, as the materiel makes its way through the supply chain to the brigades.<ref name=gcss,a>US Army (31 May 2018) [https://www.army.mil/article/206120/additional_supply_system_focus_boosts_student_knowledge_of_new_technology Additional supply system focus boosts student knowledge of new technology]</ref> This additional information can then be used by GCSS-A to trigger resupply for Army pre-positioned stocks, typically by sea.<ref name=gcss,a /><ref name=jadoSustainmentJulySept2020 >Headquarters, Department of the Army [https://alu.army.mil/alog/currentissue.pdf PB 700–20–03 (July-September 2020) ''Army Sustainment''] Army Sustainment Professional Bulletin (ASPB) Vol. 52, Issue 3</ref>{{rp|p.12}} The data in GCSS-Army is displayed on the Commander's Dashboard —Army Readiness-Common Operating Picture (AR-COP); this dashboard is also available to the commander at BCT, division, corps, and Army levels.<ref name=gcssCommonOperatingPic>Maj. Gen. Rodney D. Fogg, Brig. Gen. Heidi J. Hoyle, and Percy Alexander (4 November 2019) [https://www.army.mil/article/219024/building_the_army_readiness_common_operating_picture Building the Army Readiness-Common Operating Picture] US Army</ref>
[[File:BFSB.png|thumb|upright|Battlefield Surveillance Brigade Structure]]
The former [[Battlefield Surveillance Brigade]]s,<ref name="BSB changes">{{cite web|url=http://archive.militarytimes.com/article/20131229/NEWS/312290003/5-BCTs-set-inactivate-year-MEBs-also-going-away |title=5 BCTs set to inactivate this year; MEBs also going away |website=Archive.militarytimes.com |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref> now denoted ''Military Intelligence Brigades (Expeditionary)'', will offer additional [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]] and long-term surveillance detachments.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150519215622/http://fortblissbugle.com/204th-bn-leader-leaves-with-positive-message/ 204th Military Intelligence Battalion to join Aerial Intelligence Brigade]}}, Fortblissbugle.com, accessed 2015-05-21 </ref> Each of the three active duty brigades is attached to an Army Corps.<ref name="BSB changes" />
[[File:MEB.png|thumb|upright|Maneuver Enhancement Brigade Structure]]
{{anchor|Security Force Assistance Brigade}}
====Security Force Assistance Brigades====
[[Security force assistance brigade]]s (SFABs) are brigades whose mission is to train, advise, and assist (TAA) the armed forces of other states. The SFAB are neither bound by conventional decisive operations nor counter-insurgency operations. Operationally, a 500-soldier SFAB would free-up a 4500-soldier BCT from a TAA mission.
On 23 June 2016 General Mark Milley revealed plans for train/advise/assist Brigades, consisting of seasoned officers and NCOs with a full chain of command,<ref name=Priorities2016>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJzyN_yiTZ4 Priorities for Our Nation's Army with General Mark A. Milley] (23 Jun 2016)</ref>{{rp|Minute 18:40/1:00:45}} but no junior Soldiers. In the event of a national emergency the end-strengths of the SFABs could be augmented with new soldiers from basic training and advanced individual training.<ref name=Priorities2016 />
An SFAB was projected to consist of 500 senior officers and NCOs, which, the Army says, could act as a cadre to reform a full BCT in a matter of months.<ref name=Milley20160623>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/170344/csa_explains_how_skeletal_advisory_brigades_could_regenerate_force|title=CSA explains how skeletal advisory brigades could regenerate force|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> In May 2017, the initial SFAB staffing of 529 soldiers was underway, including 360 officers. The officers will have had previous command experience.<ref name=Priorities2016 />{{rp|21:20}} Commanders and leaders will have previously led BCTs at the same echelon.<ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/195178/first_security_force_assistance_brigade_training_for_deployment (16 October 2017) First security force assistance brigade training for deployment]</ref> The remaining personnel, all senior NCOs, are to be recruited from across the Army.<ref name=SFAB >Lolita C. Baldor [https://www.yahoo.com/news/uncle-sam-want-train-others-074241042.html (4 May 2017) ''Associated Press'' Uncle Sam: We want you... to train others! $5K bonus offered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505194002/https://www.yahoo.com/news/uncle-sam-want-train-others-074241042.html |date=5 May 2017 }} accessdate=2017-05-05</ref><ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/188004/well_trained_sfabs_to_free_bcts_from_advise_assist_mission Security force assistance brigades to free Brigade combat teams from advise, assist mission]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/183757/us-army-to-establish-security-force-assistance-brigades.html |title=Army Moves Closer to Establishing First Security Force Assistance Brigade |access-date=2017-05-23 |archive-date=2017-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523043957/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/183757/us-army-to-establish-security-force-assistance-brigades.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Promotable [[United States Army#Enlisted personnel|E-4s]] who volunteer for the SFAB are automatically promoted to Sergeant upon completion of the Military Advisor Training Academy.<ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/196383/1st_security_force_assistance_brigade_promotes_first_soldiers_under_new_promotion_policy 1st SFAB promotes first Soldiers to sergeant under new policy]</ref> A team of twelve soldiers would include a medic, personnel for intelligence support, and air support,<ref>Jaffe and Ryan [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/up-to-1000-more-us-troops-could-be-headed-to-afghanistan-this-spring/2018/01/21/153930b6-fd1b-11e7-a46b-a3614530bd87_story.html (21 January 2018), ''Washington Post'' Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring]</ref> as cited by Keller.<ref name=Keller /><ref name=arn8448Atp3_96_1 >US Army [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN8448_ATP%203-96x1%20FINAL%20Web.pdf Security Force Assistance Brigade (2 May 2018) ATP 3-96.1] 152 pages</ref>
These SFABs would be trained in languages, how to work with interpreters,<ref>Capt. John May [https://www.army.mil/article/197404/military_advisor_training_academy_trains_1st_sfab_on_security_force_assistance (November 27, 2017) Military Advisor Training Academy prepares 1st SFAB as combat advisors]</ref> and equipped with the latest equipment<ref name=serbu >Jared Serbu [https://federalnewsradio.com/army/2018/08/army-experimenting-with-equipment-proven-by-sof-forces-while-it-builds-long-term-plan-for-its-tactical-network/ (August 24, 2018) Army experimenting with SOF-tested equipment while building long-term tactical network plan]</ref> such as Integrated Tactical Network (ITN)<ref name=foc31July2019 >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/224660/futures_command_showcases_efforts_ahead_of_upcoming_foc (July 18, 2019) Futures Command showcases efforts ahead of upcoming FOC] ITN for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd SFABs</ref> using T2C2 systems<ref name=t2c2Sfab >Kimberly Underwood [https://www.afcea.org/content/us-army-fields-inflatable-satellite-antenna (20 August 2018) U.S. Army Fields Inflatable Satellite Antenna]</ref><ref>US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/198514/equipping_sfabs_a_rubiks_cube_of_logistics (December 21, 2017) Equipping SFABs: A 'Rubik's Cube' of logistics] over 5,000 pieces of equipment</ref> including secure, but unclassified, communications<ref name=PEO,C3T>Bridget Lynch & Greg Hall, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/210697/network_support_continues_for_armys_sfabs (September 5, 2018)]
*U.S. Army PEO C3T [https://www.army.mil/article/211433/army_awards_2_channel_leader_radio_contract (September 21, 2018) Army Awards 2-Channel Leader Radio Contract]</ref> and weapons to support coalition partners,<ref name=mennes >Mennes, AUSA [https://www.army.mil/article/195178/first_security_force_assistance_brigade_training_for_deployment  (16 October 2017) AUSA Video clip, Warriors corner #9: All things Security Force Assistance Brigade (SFAB), part of the article, "First security force assistance brigade training for deployment"]</ref> as well as unmanned aircraft systems (UASs).<ref name=uas >U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/197810/eyes_in_the_sky_with_1st_sfab (6 December 2017) Eyes in the Sky with 1st SFAB]</ref> The first five SFABs would align with the Combatant Commands ([[SOUTHCOM]], [[AFRICOM]], [[CENTCOM]], [[EUCOM]], and [[United States Pacific Command|USINDOPACOM]], respectively);<ref name=aimpoint2035 >Chief of Staff Paper #1 [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/23/eeac3d01/20210319-csa-paper-1-signed-print-version.pdf (16 Mar 2021) Army Multi-Domain Transformation: Ready to Win in Competition and Conflict] army.mil</ref> an SFAB could provide up to 58 teams (possibly with additional Soldiers for force protection).<ref name=mennes />
Funding for the first two SFABs was secured in June 2017.<ref name=15Jun2017 /> By October 2017, the first of six planned SFABs (the [[1st Security Force Assistance Brigade]])<ref>U.S. Army {{Cite web |url=http://www.benning.army.mil/tenant/1SFAB/content/pdf/SFAB%20Brochure.pdf?V3 |title=1st Security Force Assistance Brigade: Who we are and why You should volunteer |access-date=2017-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022193904/http://www.benning.army.mil/tenant/1SFAB/content/pdf/SFAB%20Brochure.pdf?V3 |archive-date=2017-10-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> was established at [[Fort Moore]].<ref>U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/182646/army_creates_security_force_assistance_brigade_and_military_advisor_training_academy_at_fort_benningArmy Army creates Security Force Assistance Brigade and Military Advisor Training Academy at Fort Moore] accessdate=2017-02-24</ref><ref name=Priorities2016 />{{rp|minute 50:00}}
On 16 October 2017, BG Brian Mennes of Force Management in the Army's G3/5/7 announced accelerated deployment of the first two SFABs, possibly by Spring 2018 to Afghanistan and Iraq, if required.<ref name=mennes /> This was approved in early July 2017, by the 27th Secretary of Defense and the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|39th Chief of Staff of the Army]]. On 8 February 2018, 1st SFAB held an activation ceremony at Fort Moore, revealing its colors and heraldry for the first time, and then cased its colors for the deployment to Afghanistan.<ref>U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/200403/1st_security_force_assistance_brigade_holds_activation_ceremony (9 February 2018) 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade holds activation ceremony]</ref> 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in spring 2018.<ref name=1stSFABdeployment>[https://www.army.mil/article/198507/department_of_the_army_announces_upcoming_deployment_of_the_1st_security_force_assistance_brigade U.S. Army Public Affairs (January 11, 2018) Department of the Army announces upcoming deployment of the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade]</ref>
On 8 December 2017, the Army announced the activation of the [[2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade]],<ref name=2ndSFAB>[https://www.army.mil/article/197954/army_announces_activation_of_second_security_force_assistance_brigade_at_fort_bragg Army announces activation of second Security Force Assistance Brigade at Fort Bragg]</ref> for January 2018, the second of six planned SFABs. The SFAB are to consist of about 800 senior and noncommissioned officers who have served at the same echelon, with proven expertise in advise-and-assist operations with foreign security forces. [[Fort Liberty]] was chosen as the station for the second SFAB<ref>[http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/military/ft-bliss/2017/12/06/jeffrey-say-goodbye-latest-army-family-fort-bliss/920770001/ CSM, 1st Battalion, 2nd SFAB identified]</ref> in anticipation of the time projected to train a Security Force Assistance Brigade.<ref name=2ndSFAB /> On 17 January 2018 39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley announced the activation of the third SFAB.<ref name=Keller >Jared Keller ''Task & Purpose''[https://taskandpurpose.com/sfab-train-advise-assist-afghanistan/ (22 Jan 2018) The 1st SFAB's Afghan Deployment Is A Moment Of Truth For The Global War On Terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185713/https://taskandpurpose.com/sfab-train-advise-assist-afghanistan/ |date=26 January 2018 }} for 2018, with subsequent SFABs after the year</ref> 2nd SFAB undergoes three months of training beginning October 2018, to be followed by a Joint Readiness Training Center Rotation beginning January 2019, and deployment in spring 2019.<ref name=SFABnetworksupport >Bridget Lynch & Greg Hall, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/210697/network_support_continues_for_armys_sfabs (September 5, 2018) Network Support Continues for Army's SFABs]</ref> The 3rd, 4th, and 5th SFABs are to be stationed at [[Fort Cavazos]], [[Fort Carson]], and [[Joint Base Lewis-McChord]], respectively;<ref name=Station3,4,5 >U.S. Army Office of the Chief of Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/205490/army_announces_the_stationing_of_three_security_force_assistance_brigades (18 May 2018) Army announces the stationing of three Security Force Assistance Brigades]</ref> the headquarters of the [[54th Security Force Assistance Brigade]], made up from the [[Army National Guard]], will be in Indiana, one of six states to contribute an element of 54th SFAB.<ref>ARNG [http://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/1480551/indiana-national-guard-to-stand-up-new-assistance-brigade/ Indiana National Guard to stand up new assistance brigade]</ref> It is likely that these brigades will be seeing service within [[United States Central Command]].<ref name=sofNews >SOF News [http://www.sof.news/sfa/54th-sfab/ (January 30, 2019) 54th Security Force Assistance Brigade]</ref><ref name=gotItRight >C. Todd Lopez [https://www.army.mil/article/221627/success_of_first_sfab_in_afghanistan_proves_army_got_it_right_commander_says (May 8, 2019) Success of first SFAB in Afghanistan proves 'Army got it right,' commander says]</ref>
The [[Security Force Assistance Command]] (SFAC), a one-star division-level command<ref name=sfac,2ndSfab /> and all six SFABs will be activated by 2020.<ref name=Strategy2018>[https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/the_army_strategy_2018.pdf The Army Strategy] 2018 army.mil</ref> The Security Force Assistance Directorate, a one-star Directorate for the SFABs, is part of FORSCOM in Fort Liberty. SFAD will be responsible for the Military Advisor Training Academy as well.<ref>[http://www.fayobserver.com/news/20180518/fort-bragg-will-be-home-to-security-force-assistance-command Fort Bragg will be home to Security Force Assistance Command]</ref><ref>GOMO [https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Releases/News-Release-View/Article/1484784/general-officer-assignments/ (4 April 2018) General Officer Assignments]
*[http://www.fayobserver.com/news/20180407/army-generals-with-bragg-ties-get-new-assignments Mark Landes to be Security Force Assistance Director, G3/5/7 at Fort Bragg]</ref>
The 1st SFAB commander was promoted to Brigadier General in Gardez, Afghanistan on 18 August 2018.<ref>Maj. Matthew Fontaine [https://www.army.mil/article/210073/1st_sfab_commander_earns_1st_star_and_promotion_to_brigadier_general (August 18, 2018) 1st SFAB Commander earns 1st Star and Promotion to Brigadier General]</ref> The 2nd SFAB commander was promoted to Brigadier General 7 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.paraglideonline.net/news/20180907/2nd-sfab-commander-earns-first-star |title=(7 September 2018) 2nd SFAB commander earns first star |access-date=21 October 2018 |archive-date=21 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232521/http://www.paraglideonline.net/news/20180907/2nd-sfab-commander-earns-first-star |url-status=dead }}</ref> SFAC and 2nd SFAB were activated in a joint ceremony at Fort Liberty on 3 December 2018.<ref name=sfac,2ndSfab >Security Force Assistance Command Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/214605/security_force_assistance_command_2nd_security_force_assistance_brigade_activate_at_fort_bragg (December 3, 2018) Security Force Assistance Command, 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade activate at Fort Liberty]</ref> 2nd SFAB deployed to Afghanistan in February 2019.<ref name=ToddSouthSFAB >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/05/08/the-next-army-sfab-deployments-might-look-a-whole-lot-different-from-recent-ones/ (8 May 2019) The next Army SFAB deployments might look a whole lot different from recent ones]</ref><ref name=2ndSfabSpring2019 >U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/Both/article/212541/department_of_the_army_announces_upcoming_2nd_security_force_assistance_brigade_unit_rotation (18 October 2018) Department of the Army announces upcoming 2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade unit rotation]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} to Afghanistan Spring 2019</ref> 3rd SFAB activated at Fort Hood on 16 July 2019;<ref>Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/07/16/3rd-security-force-assistance-brigade-activates-preps-for-mideast-missions/ (16 July 2019) 3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade activates, preps for Mideast missions]</ref> 3rd SFAB will relieve 2nd SFAB in Afghanistan for the Winter 2019 rotation.<ref>U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/225780/army_announces_upcoming_3rd_security_force_assistance_brigade_unit_rotation (August 16, 2019) Army announces upcoming 3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade unit rotation]</ref>
Security Assistance is part of The Army Strategy 2018's Line of Effort 4: "Strengthen Alliances and Partnerships".<ref name=Strategy2018 /> The Security Assistance Command is based at Redstone Arsenal<ref name=secAsstCmd >Kari Hawkins (AMCOM) [https://www.army.mil/article/27393/security_assistance_command_plants_its_flag (September 16, 2009) Security Assistance Command plants its flag]</ref> (but the SFAC is based at Fort Liberty).<ref name=sfac,2ndSfab />
====Army Field Support Brigades====
[[United States Army Sustainment Command#Major subordinate units|Army Field Support Brigades]] (AFSBs) have been utilized to field materiel in multiple [[Combatant Command]]'s Areas of Responsibility (AORs).<ref name=perna />
<ref name=jadoSustainmentJulySept2020 />{{rp|p22-27 and p.77–78}} Initially [[405th Army Field Support Brigade|405th AFSB]] [[#Prepositioned stocks|prepositioned stocks]] for a partial brigade; eventually, the 405th was to field materiel for an ABCT, a Division headquarters, a Fires Brigade, and a Sustainment Brigade in their AOR, which required multinational agreements.<ref name=APS-2 /> Similarly, [[401st Army Field Support Brigade|401st AFSB]] configured materiel for an ABCT in their AOR as well. The objective has been combat configuration: maintain their vehicles to support a 96-hour readiness window for a deployed ABCT on demand.<ref name=APS-5 /> In addition, [[403rd Army Field Support Brigade]] maintains [[#Prepositioned stocks|prepositioned stocks]] for their AOR.
===Command headquarters===
Below the Combatant Commands echelon, Division commands will [[command and control]] their combat and support brigades.<ref name=adp60missionCommand>[https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN18314_ADP%206-0%20FINAL%20WEB.pdf Headquarters, Dept of the Army (July 2019) ADP 6-0 Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces] 4 chapters. See also ADP 3-0; ADP 6-22; FM 6-22; ADP 1-1; and ADP 5-0</ref> Divisions will operate as plug-and-play headquarters commands (similar to corps) instead of fixed formations with permanently assigned units. Any combination of brigades may be allocated to a division command for a particular mission, up to a maximum of four combat brigades. For instance, the 3rd Infantry Division headquarters could be assigned two armor brigades and two infantry brigades based on the expected requirements of a given mission. On its next deployment, the same division may have one Stryker brigade and two armor brigades assigned to it. The same modus operandi holds true for support units. The goal of reorganization with regard to logistics is to streamline the logistics command structure<ref name=corpsLogistics2018>[https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2018/10/08/the-army-is-preparing-to-fight-in-europe-but-can-it-even-get-there/ David B. Larter (9 Oct 2018) The US Army is preparing to fight in Europe, but can it even get there?]</ref> so that combat service support can fulfill its support mission more efficiently.<ref name=593rdESC>[https://www.army.mil/article/186526/putting_the_expeditionary_in_esc Capt. Richard Foote, 593rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) (April 21, 2017) Putting the expeditionary in ESC]</ref><ref name=EscForTscCommander>[https://www.army.mil/article/215348/command_relationships_between_corps_and_escs Maj. Daniel J. N. Belzer (January 2, 2019) Command relationships between corps and ESCs] ESC=(Expeditionary Support Command); TSC=(Theater Support Command)</ref>
The division headquarters itself has also been redesigned as a modular unit that can be assigned an array of units and serve in many different operational environments.<ref name=park>See, for example [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20071231_art013.pdf Francis J.H. Park (November/December 2007) "The strategic plans and policy officer in the modular division"]</ref> The new term for this headquarters is the UEx (or Unit of Employment, X). The headquarters is designed to be able to operate as part of a joint force, command joint forces with augmentation, and command at the operational level of warfare (not just the tactical level). It will include organic security personnel and signal capability plus liaison elements. As of March 2015, nine of the ten regular Army division headquarters, and two national guard division headquarters are committed in support of [[Combatant Command]]s.<ref name=2015posture />{{rp|Executive Summary}}<ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/179984/a_vital_mission_for_a_new_command The 29th Division (National Guard) headquarters is deployed as Intermediate Command for ARCENT in Kuwait]</ref><ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/179929/two_army_guard_division_headquarters_deployed_simultaneously_first_time_since_korean_war Two National Guard division headquarters are deployed simultaneously for the first time since the Korean war]</ref>
When not deployed, the division will have responsibility for the training and readiness of a certain number of modular brigades units. For instance, the 3rd Infantry Division headquarters module based at Fort Stewart, GA is responsible for the readiness of its combat brigades and other units of the division (that is, 3rd ID is responsible for administrative control —[[Unified combatant command#Command authority|ADCON]] of its downtrace units), assuming they have not been deployed separately under a different division.
The re-designed headquarters module comprises around 1,000 soldiers including over 200 officers. It includes:
* A Main Command Post where mission planning and analysis are conducted
* A mobile command group for commanding while on the move
* (2) Tactical Command Posts to exercise control of brigades<ref name=Huddle>"We need two command posts. We need to be able to shut one down and move it while the other is still in the fight." —MG Pat White, CG 1st Armored Division [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/army-senior-leaders-meet-at-bliss-for-command-post-huddle/ Army senior leaders meet at Bliss for command post huddle] accessdate=2017-01-26
*[https://www.dvidshub.net/image/3107413/army-senior-leaders-meet-bliss-command-post-huddle Abigail Meyer, Fort Bliss Public Affairs Office (01.18.2017) Army senior leaders meet at Bliss for command post huddle]</ref>
* Liaison elements
* A special troops battalion with a security company and signal company
Divisions will continue to be commanded by major generals, unless coalition requirements require otherwise. Regional army commands (e.g. 3rd Army, 7th Army, 8th Army) will remain in use in the future but with changes to the organization of their headquarters designed to make the commands more integrated and relevant in the structure of the reorganized Army, as the chain of command for a deployed division headquarters now runs directly to an Army service component command (ASCC), or to [[FORSCOM]].<ref name=park />
In January 2017, examples of pared-down [[tactical operations center]]s, suitable for brigades and divisions, were demonstrated at a command post huddle at Fort Bliss. The huddle of the commanders of FORSCOM, United States Army Reserve Command, First Army, I and III Corps, 9 of the Active Army divisions, and other formations discussed standardized solutions for streamlining command posts.<ref name=Huddle /> The Army is paring-down the tactical operations centers, and making them more agile,<ref name=adp60missionCommand /><ref name=missionCommand>[https://www.army.mil/article/198954/army_pushing_to_get_secure_wi_fi_on_battlefield_to_gain_strategic_edge_over_enemies Amy Walker, PEO C3T/PM Tactical Network Public Affairs (January 11, 2018) Army pushing to get Secure Wi-Fi on battlefield to gain strategic edge over enemies]
*[https://www.army.mil/article/209026/cerdec_unveils_more_than_a_dozen_new_technologies_for_mission_command Devon L. Suits (July 26, 2018) "CERDEC unveils more than a dozen new technologies for mission command"]
*[https://www.army.mil/article/207785/command_post_modernization_vision_first_make_it_mobile Kathryn Bailey, Communication-Electronics PAO (June 28, 2018) Command post modernization vision – first, make it mobile]
*[https://www.army.mil/article/227910/us_army_mission_complete_on_mission_command_software_reduction Justin Eimers (PEO C3T) (October 1, 2019) U.S. Army 'mission complete' on mission command software reduction] CPCE upgrades for upwards compatibility with system future versions. Remove redundant servers.</ref><ref name=m1087Expando>[https://www.army.mil/article/219567/new_army_command_post_vehicles_being_developed_to_counter_modern_threats Staff Sgt. Samuel Northrup (April 1, 2019) New Army vehicles being developed to counter modern threats] to Command Post Directed Requirement Pilot Program of prototypes</ref><ref name=wirelessTOC>[https://www.army.mil/article/189002/army_improves_mobility_readiness_with_new_secure_wireless_systems Army improves mobility, readiness with new secure wireless systems] accessdate=2017-06-09</ref> to increase their survivability.<ref name=4-27-fa /><ref name=adaptOrDie>[https://www.army.mil/article/235968/adapt_or_die_command_posts_surviving_the_future_fight Maj. Jeremy Horton and Col. Ted Thomas, Mission Command Center of Excellence (27 May 2020) Adapt or Die: Command Posts – Surviving the Future Fight]</ref><ref name= disperseOrDie >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.  [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/army-2030-disperse-or-die-network-and-live/ (17 Oct 2022) Army 2030: Disperse or die, network and live]</ref> <ref name=jumpTimes>[https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/06/04/how-changes-to-mission-command-will-mean-soldiers-taking-risks-and-taking-charge-on-complex-battlefields/ Todd South (4   June 2019) How changes to mission command will mean soldiers taking risks and taking charge on complex battlefields] Command post jump times of just over 3 hours</ref><ref name=hqOnTheMove>[https://www.ausa.org/articles/hq-move-battalion-develops-more-nimble-command-post Command Sgt. Maj. Vincent Simonetti and Sgt. Maj. Aaron Forry (18 June 2018) HQ on the Move: Battalion Develops a More Nimble Command Post]</ref><ref name=rakkasanTocJumps>[https://mwi.usma.edu/decentralizing-the-fight-re-imagining-the-brigade-combat-teams-headquarters/ John Cogbill and Eli Myers (5 August 2020) Decentralizing the Fight: Re-imagining the Brigade Combat Team's Headquarters] Using 3rd BCT, 101st Airborne Division "Rakkasans" Headquarters March 2019 at JRTC, "maintained a dual-capable satellite/4G LTE GRRIP system at each location for redundancy, and a SMART-T at the rear and main command posts" for 99% uptime</ref> The C5ISR center of CCDC ran a series of experiments (Network Modernization Experiment 2020 — NetModX 20) whether using LTE for connecting nodes in a distributed Command post environment was feasible, from July to October 2020.<ref name=netModX20>[https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/10/22/army-looks-to-disperse-command-posts-to-boost-survivability Stew Magnuson (22 Oct 2020) WEB EXCLUSIVE: Army Looks to Disperse Command Posts to Boost Survivability]</ref><ref name=operationsCenters>Immersive Ops [https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/immersive-wisdom-briefs-secretary-of-the-army-at-project-convergence-21-on-future-of-army-operations-centers-301423723.html (15 Nov 2021) Immersive Wisdom briefs Secretary of the Army at Project Convergence '21 on future of Army operations centers] 3D Virtual Operations Center software platform</ref><ref name= xmlForCommandPosts>Lauren C. Williams [https://www.defenseone.com/defense-systems/2022/11/elizabeth-casey-first-corps-communications/379333/ (8 Nov 2022) The Army’s Distributed Command Posts of the Future Will Need More than Videochats] "Structuring data is key to the service’s visions of Pacific-spanning operations and AI-enabled decision tools".</ref><ref name= wirelessConnect >Amy Walker, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/189002/army_improves_mobility_readiness_with_new_secure_wireless_systems (8 June 2017) Army improves mobility, readiness with new secure wireless systems] instead of physical cables</ref><ref name= cpcePalantir >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/10/19/palantir-wins-contract-to-help-army-quickly-process-battlefield-data/ (19 Oct 2022) Palantir wins contract to help Army quickly process battlefield data]</ref>
<!--
===Four Army commands===
{{anchor|Four major commands}}{{anchor|Four ACOMs}}
{{Main|United States Army Futures Command}}
AFC, grew from 12 people at headquarters in 2018<ref name="MDA">{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Sydney J. Freedberg |date=2018-09-13 |title=Futures Command Won't Hurt Oversight, Army Tells Congress |url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/09/futures-command-wont-hurt-oversight-army-tells-congress/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="ausa,27mar2018">AUSA [https://www.ausa.org/news/army-not-ready-announce-futures-command-home (27 March 2018) Army not ready to announce Futures Command home]</ref> to 24,000 in [[United States Army Futures Command#AFC branch locations|25 states]] and 15 countries in 2019.<ref name="smallAgile">{{Cite web |title=In first year, Futures Command grows from 12 to 24,000 personnel |url=https://www.army.mil/article/224744/in_first_year_futures_command_grows_from_12_to_24000_personnel |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.army.mil |language=en}}</ref>
Although the Army has enjoyed [[overmatch]] for the past seventy years,<ref name=Hough2018 /> more rapid modernization for conflict with near-peers is the reason for AFC, which will be focused on achieving clear overmatch<ref name=FuturesTweet >US Army [https://twitter.com/USArmy/status/1012863317088653318 USArmy tweet: Futures Command will have the overarching objective to achieve clear overmatch in future conflicts, making Soldiers and units more lethal to win the nation's wars, then return home safely.]</ref> in six areas — long-range precision fires,<ref name="capability1">{{Cite web |title=Long range, short term |url=https://www.army.mil/article/207521/long_range_short_term |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.army.mil |language=en}}</ref><ref name=peo,ammo >PEO (AMMO)[http://www.pica.army.mil/peoammo/News/Article.aspx?src=2&id=7746 Picatinny Arsenal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717185603/http://www.pica.army.mil/peoammo/News/Article.aspx?src=2&id=7746 |date=2018-07-17 }}</ref> next-generation combat vehicle, future vertical lift platforms, a mobile & expeditionary Army network,<ref name=trilos >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/208372/army_fields_first_unit_with_trilos_radio_and_other_new_expeditionary_network_capabilities First unit with TRILOS]</ref><ref name=PNT >Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO)[https://www.northeastern.edu/resdev/funding-announcement/army-rapid-capabilities-office-baa/ Rapid Capabilities Office (RCO) announcemdent] note PNT capability</ref> air & missile defense capabilities,<ref name=LRPF>[https://breakingdefense.com/2018/03/army-will-field-100-km-cannon-500-km-missiles-lrpf-cft/ Army Will Field 100 Km Cannon, 500 Km Missiles: LRPF CFT]</ref> and soldier lethality<ref name=Vergun>{{cite web |last1=Vergun |first1=David |title=US Army Futures Command to reform modernization, says secretary of the Army |url=https://www.army.mil/article/197886/us_army_futures_command_to_reform_modernization_says_secretary_of_the_army |website=www.army.mil |access-date=5 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> (i.e. [[United States Army Futures Command#mdoLRPF|artillery]], [[United States Army Futures Command#mdoNGCV|armor]], [[United States Army Futures Command#mdoFVL|aviation]], [[United States Army Futures Command#mdoNetwork|signal]], [[United States Army Futures Command#mdoAMD|air defense artillery]], and [[United States Army Futures Command#mdoSL|infantry]]).{{efn|name= aCFT}}
In a break with Army custom, AFC headquarters was placed in a downtown property of the [[University of Texas System]], and project-driven soldiers and Army civilians with entrepreneurs/innovators in tech hubs.<ref>AFC announcement [https://www.utsystem.edu/news/2018/07/13/university-texas-system-serve-home-base-us-army-futures-command (13 July 2018) University of Texas System to serve as home base for U.S. Army Futures Command]</ref><ref>Stripes.com: [https://www.stripes.com/news/army-s-new-futures-command-to-set-up-headquarters-at-university-of-texas-1.537995 Army's new Futures Command to set up headquarters at University of Texas]</ref><ref name=futuresCommandPressConf />
AFC was activated on 24 August 2018, in Austin, Texas;<ref name=afc209932 >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/209932/army_futures_command_aims_to_tap_into_innovative_culture_in_austin_and_beyond (August 15, 2018) Army Futures Command aims to tap into innovative culture in Austin and beyond]</ref>  AFC soldiers were to blend into Austin by not wearing their uniforms to work side by side with civilians in the tech hubs.<ref name="24aug2018">DVIDS [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/621108/army-futures-command-press-conference DVIDs video, 24 August 2018 press conference]</ref>{{rp|minute 6:20}}
The organizational design of AFC was informed by the cancellation of the Army's [[Future Combat Systems]] project, McCarthy said.<ref name=futuresCommandPressConf />{{rp| Minute 19:40}} Thus "unity of command and purpose"<ref name=futuresCommandPressConf />{{rp| Minutes 12:22, 23:01}}
The Program Executive Offices (PEOs) of [[United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology|ASA (ALT)]] will have a dotted-line relationship with Futures Command.<ref name="Freedberg" />{{efn|name= aCFT}}
Eight cross-functional teams (CFTs){{efn|name= aCFT|1= The capabilities as prioritized by the 39th Chief of Staff, will use subject matter experts in the realms of requirements, acquisition, science and technology, test, resourcing, costing, and sustainment, using Cross Functional Teams (CFTs) for:
# Improved [https://www.army.mil/standto/2018-01-17 long-range precision fires] (artillery):—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG John Rafferty,  BG Steve Maranian 30Mar2018 ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Ammunition (AMMO)|PEO Ammunition (AMMO)]]
# [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-02-22 Next-generation combat vehicle]—(Detroit Arsenal, Warren, Michigan) Lead: BG Dave Lesperance, then BG Ross Coffman ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)|PEO Ground Combat Systems (GCS)]]
# [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-02-07 Vertical lift] platforms—(Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: BG Wally Rugen ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Aviation (AVN)|PEO Aviation (AVN)]]
# Mobile and [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-03-08 expeditionary (usable in ground combat)] communications network (Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland)
## [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-03-08 Network Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence]— Lead: MG Pete Gallagher ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)|PEO Command Control Communications Tactical (C3T)]]
## [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-02-15 Assured Position Navigation and Timing]— (Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama) Lead: William B. Nelson, SES
# [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-03-14 Air and missile defense]—(Fort Sill, Oklahoma) Lead: BG Brian Gibson, ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)|PEO Missiles and Space (M&S)]]
# Soldier lethality
## [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2018-03-22 Soldier Lethality]—(Fort Moore, Georgia) Lead: BG David M. Hodne ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Soldier|PEO Soldier]]
## Synthetic Training Environment —(Orlando, Florida) Lead: MG Maria Gervais ... [[Program executive officer#PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)|PEO Simulation, Training, & Instrumentation (STRI)]]
*Above, 'dotted line' relationship (i.e., coordination) is denoted by a ' ... '}}<ref name="CFTs" /><ref name="06Oct2017">US Army [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN6101_AD2017-24_Web_Final.pdf Ryan McCarthy (06 October 2017) Army Directive 2017–24 (Cross-Functional Team Pilot In Support of Materiel Development)]</ref><ref name="LRPF" /> were transferred from the other three major commands to Futures Command.<ref name="Freedberg">''Breaking Defense'' [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/03/army-outlines-futures-command-org-chart-in-flux/ (26 March 2018) Army Outlines Futures Command; Org Chart In Flux]</ref> [[United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command]] and the [[United States Army Capabilities Integration Center]]<ref>AUSA [https://www.ausa.org/news/authority-transfers-begin-army-futures-command (14 June 2018), "Authority Transfers Begin to Army Futures Command"]</ref> will report to the new command.<ref>US Army [https://news.clearancejobs.com/2018/06/28/army-futures-command/ Reference for Department of the Army General Order No. 2018-10. (4 June 2018)]</ref> [[United States Army Test and Evaluation Command|ATEC]] retains its direct reporting relationship to the Chief of Staff of the Army.
The first tranche of transfers into AFC included: [[United States Army Capabilities Integration Center|Capabilities Integration Center (ARCIC)]], Capability Development and Integration Directorates (CDIDs), and TRADOC Analysis Center (TRAC) from TRADOC, and [[United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command|RDECOM]] (including the six research, development and engineering centers (RDECs), and the [[United States Army Research Laboratory|U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)]]<ref>ARL Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/212103/officials_announce_new_senior_executive_at_army_research_laboratory (October 5, 2018) Officials announce new senior executive at Army Research Laboratory]
*ARL Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/211166/army_taps_researcher_for_senior_science_position (September 14, 2018) Army taps researcher for senior science position]</ref>), and Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity ([[United States Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity|AMSAA]]), from AMC, as announced by Secretary Esper on 4 June 2018.<ref name=G.O.2018-10 >US Army [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN11199_GO1810_FINAL.pdf Army General order G.O.2018-10]</ref> TRADOC's new role is amended accordingly.<ref name=G.O.2018-10 /> The Principal Military Deputy to the [[ASA(ALT)]] was also to become deputy commanding general for Combat Systems, Army Futures Command, while leading the [[Program Executive Officer|PEOs]]; he has directed each PEO who does not have a CFT to coordinate with, to immediately form one, at least informally.<ref name=pmildep >Ms. Audra Calloway (Picatinny) [https://www.army.mil/article/211337/with_new_army_futures_command_senior_acquisition_leader_discusses_role_of_program_executive_offices (September 19, 2018) With new Army Futures Command, senior acquisition leader discusses role of Program Executive Offices]</ref>
General Murray has announced that AFC intends to be a global command, in its search for disruptive technologies.<ref name=global,ausa >David Vergun, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/212247/army_futures_command_to_become_global_command_says_its_leader (October 10, 2018) Army Futures Command to become 'global command,' says its leader]</ref>
39th Army Chief of Staff Milley was looking for AFC to attain [[Full operating capability|Full Operational Capability (FOC)]] by August 2019,<ref name=24aug2018 /> a goal since met.
As this modernized materiel is fielded to the brigades, the scheme is to equip the units with the highest levels of readiness for deployment with upgraded equipment earliest, while continuing to train the remaining units to attain their full mission capability.<ref name=MilleyReadiness2019 />
===Multi-domain operations (MDO)===
{{see also|#cjadc2MeetIn60days|label1=CJADC2|Artillery#Precision-guidance|United States Army Futures Command#IBCS }}
{{anchor|mdbPerkinsMdo}}[[File:Perkins-III,conflictContinuum.svg|thumb|right|{{anchor|perkinsContinuum}}[[Conflict continuum]]: [[#Competition|competition]] short of conflict, [[#Conflict|conflict]] itself, and the [[#Return to competition|return]] to [[competition (economics)|competition]],<ref name=mdbNovDec2017 />{{rp|p.10}} possibly via [[#Deterrence|deterrence]] —Gen. [[David G. Perkins]] ]]
In 2017, the concept of multi-domain battle (MDB)<ref name=mdbNovDec2017 >Gen. David G. Perkins, U.S. Army [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/  (November-December 2017) ''Military Review'' III "Multi-Domain Battle The Advent of Twenty-First Century War"]</ref> had emerged from TRADOC,<ref name=mdbPerkins2017 >David Vergun [https://www.dvidshub.net/news/235794/multi-domain-battle-has-immediate-applications-says-gen-perkins (05.31.2017) Multi-domain battle has immediate applications, says Gen. Perkins]</ref> for which the Army sought joint approval from the other services; instead, the Air Force recommended multi-domain operations (MDO){{efn|name=unclMdoConcept}} as the operating concept.<ref name=hytenSep2020 /><ref name=tp525,3,1 >TRADOC [https://www.tradoc.army.mil/Portals/14/Documents/MDO/TP525-3-1_30Nov2018.pdf TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028], "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future." [https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf Link moved here]</ref><ref name=mdo2021csa >HQDA Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3-5-7 [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2021/04/23/ (23 April 2021) Army Multi-Domain Transformation] Summary of lines of effort (LOE) for MDO
*Devon Suits [https://www.army.mil/article/244320/army_continues_greatest_transformation_in_the_past_40_years_csa_says (16 Mar 2021) Army continues greatest transformation in the past 40 years, CSA says]</ref>
{{anchor|mdoArmyView}}Multi-domain operations cover integrated operation of cyberspace, space (meaning satellite operations, from the Army's perspective), land, maritime, and air.<ref name=46HlgVPYDQ >TRADOC [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-46HlgVPYDQ (Sep 16, 2015) Perkins discusses operationalizing the Army Operating Concept]</ref> A [[#mdoMDTF|multi-domain task force]] was stood up in 2018 in I Corps for the Pacific,<ref name=mdbNovDec2017 /> built around [[17th Field Artillery Brigade]]. MDO in the Pacific has to involve maritime operations; MDO is planned for EUCOM in 2020.<ref name=tp525,3,1 /><ref name=mdo,space >Maj. Richard W. Gibson [https://purview.dodlive.mil/2018/10/01/applying-multi-domain-concepts-against-counter-space-threats/ (October 1, 2018) Applying Multi-Domain Concepts Against Counter-Space Threats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420122328/https://purview.dodlive.mil/2018/10/01/applying-multi-domain-concepts-against-counter-space-threats/ |date=April 20, 2019 }}</ref> Multi-domain battalions, first stood up in 2019, comprise a single unit for air, land, space, and cyber domains<ref name=MDO,Icorps >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/hack-jam-sense-shoot-army-creates-1st-multi-domain-unit/ (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit] an MDO Battalion for Targeting, I Corps.</ref> to ensure integration of cyber/EW, space, and information operations in more levels of command. {{blockquote|To me, ARCIC's [MDO] analysis means the Army's got to be able to sink ships, neutralize satellites, shoot down missiles, and deny the enemy the ability to command and control its forces.|Adm. [[Harry B. Harris Jr.]]<ref name=HBHarrisJr>PACOM [https://www.pacom.mil/Media/Speeches-Testimony/Article/781889/lanpac-symposium-2016-role-of-land-forces-in-ensuring-access-to-shared-domains/ Adm. Harry B. Harris Jr., U.S. Pacific Command (May 25, 2016) LANPAC Symposium 2016: “Role of Land Forces In Ensuring Access To Shared Domains”]</ref>}}{{anchor|By2020TheArmy}}
&nbsp;By 2020 the Army's programs for modernization were now framed as a decades-long process of [[#jaicPartnershipForDefense|cooperation with allies and partners]],<ref name=cooperation2020 >DVIDS [https://www.dvidshub.net/feature/DefenderEurope DEFENDER-EUROPE 20] videos, images and stories</ref><ref name=unmannedShips >Matthew Dalton [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2020/02/29/unmanning_a_twenty-second_century_navy_115077.html (29 February 2020) Unmanning a Twenty-Second Century Navy] "America's principal national defense strategy: deterrence in peacetime"</ref><ref>Lt. Col. Travis Dettmer [https://www.army.mil/article/232549/us_army_futures_and_concepts_center_teaches_multi_domain_operations_to_nato_allied_land_command (9 February 2020) U.S. Army Futures and Concepts Center teaches Multi-Domain Operations to NATO Allied Land Command] MDO</ref> for [[#Competition|competition with potential adversaries]] who historically have blurred the distinction between peace and war,<ref name=mccarthyUnendingCycle >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/infinite-games-war-by-other-means-ryan-mccarthy/ (January 13, 2020) Infinite Games & War By Other Means: Ryan McCarthy]:
"We must be engaged in constant competition, versus an episodic engagement strategy" —Secretary Ryan McCarthy</ref><ref name=xQ58a >Kyle Mizokami [https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/aviation/a31263609/air-force-shipping-containers/ (8 Mar 2020) The Air Force's New Weapon Is...Shipping Containers?] "Drone maker [[Kratos Defense & Security Solutions|Kratos Defense]] is proposing inserting its new [[Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie|XQ-58A Valkyrie]] drone in a modified shipping container" into selected Indo-Pacific locations as pre-positioned stock for quick armed response to threats. Hundreds of containers could be deployed but not all need be occupied with Valkyries.
*Garrett Reim [https://www.flightglobal.com/flight-international/why-the-us-air-force-might-use-deception-and-uavs-hidden-in-shipping-containers-to-fight-china/136591.article (3 Mar 2020) Why the US Air Force might use ‘deception’ and UAVs hidden in shipping containers to fight China]</ref> and who have been operating within the [[conflict continuum|continuum]] (the gray zone) between peace, cooperation, [[competition]], [[crisis]], and [[Conflict (process)|conflict]] instead. When meeting a [[#Crisis|crisis]], the Army's preference is deterrence.<ref name=armyPrefersDeterrence >Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/247663/afc_chief_preference_is_deterrence_in_regards_to_new_capabilities_for_joint_force (17 June 2021) AFC chief: ‘Preference is deterrence’ in regards to new capabilities for joint force]</ref>{{efn|name= PaulPoast|1=  (22 Mar 2022) See, for example the ongoing thread of Prof. [[Paul Poast]]<ref name= paulPoastThread >Paul Poast thread [https://twitter.com/ProfPaulPoast/status/1506245972489379847 (22 Mar 2022) This picture offers a key lesson on how wars end], as was laid out in the 1945 [[Potsdam conference]]</ref>}} The need for deterrence [[Missile defense#Command and Control, Battle Management, and Communications (C2BMC)|against ballistic missiles]] is shifting to the need to deter or defend against attack by [[hypersonic flight#Hypersonic weapons|hypersonic weapons]].
====Conflict====
[[File:Multi-domain operations,investmentPlan2020.png|300px|thumb|right|In a conflict, friendly forces (denoted in black)<ref name="2020fy19,21accomplishments,investmentPlan" /> work as an integrated force against adversaries (denoted in red). The force operates in Multi-domains ([[Hypersonic flight#NDSA|gray]], yellow, light gray, dark gray, and dark blue) —Space, Cyber, Air, Land, and Maritime respectively— severally and simultaneously cooperating across domains.<ref name=AvMc >US Army AvMC [https://www.defensenews.com/video/2021/06/16/autonomous-missile-launcher-destroys-enemy-threats/ (16 Jun 2021) Video: Autonomous missile launcher destroys enemy threats] [[United States Army Aviation and Missile Center|AvMC]] [[#jadoConceptBy2020|ADO]] concept video —autonomous multi-domain launcher (AML): Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2021/06/16/us-army-fires-autonomous-launcher-in-pacific-focused-demo/ (16 Jun 2021) US Army fires autonomous launcher in Pacific-focused demo] AML demo at [[Fort Sill]] utilized a HIMARS launcher and the AML, in a leader-follower configuration, to launch a [[United States Army Futures Command#PrSM|PrSM]] and an extended- range PrSM from an island in the [[First island chain]]. One PrSM takes out a ship, while the extended-range PrSM takes out an air-defense system on an enemy occupied island. Fighter jets engage during the window of opportunity after the enemy standoff has been dis-integrated. In 1.25 hours, the HIMARS platoon, of the [[18th Field Artillery Brigade]], [[Fort Liberty]], fired 7 rockets and engaged 3 islands, in concert with Air Force [[C-130|transports]], and [[United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command|DEVCOM]]'s [https://www.army.mil/article/247707/soldier_touchpoints_guide_successful_autonomous_launcher_demo AvMC soldier touchpoint].</ref>{{efn|name=autonGvcs}} These operations will disrupt the adversaries, and present them [[#jadoConceptBy2020|multiple simultaneous dilemmas]]. The operations are designed to encourage adversaries to learn the advantages of a return to [[competition]], rather than continuing a conflict.<ref name=mdoBottomUp >Andrew Smith [https://othjournal.com/2020/04/09/convergence-within-socom-a-bottom-up-approach-to-multi-domain-operations/ (9 Apr 2020) Convergence within SOCOM – A Bottom-Up Approach to Multi Domain Operations]</ref>]]
{{blockquote|If you want to rapidly integrate all domains in order to take advantage of opportunities on a very lethal battlefield, you need a [[#convergenceCreatesOvermatch|different type of C2]] [command and control] structure. —Lt. Gen. [[Eric J. Wesley]]<ref name=sepNov2019jolt /><ref name=tp525,3,1 /><ref name=jadc2MultiDilemmas /><ref name=spaceForceCapstone >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/spacepower-is-catastrophically-decisive-in-war-new-space-force-doctrine/ (10 Aug 2020) Spacepower Is ‘Catastrophically Decisive’ In War: New Space Force Doctrine] —Gen. [[Jay Raymond]],
#"Orbital Warfare,
#Space Electromagnetic Warfare,
#Space Battle Management,
#Space Access and Sustainment,
#Military Intelligence,
#Cyber Operations, and
#Engineering/Acquisitions".</ref>}}
====Deterrence====
In the decade from 2009 to 2019 the Army was transitioning its brigade-based counterinsurgency effort to modernization of the echelons above brigade; by 2021 integrated deterrence (a campaign operating across domains, by a single commander to meet the objective of the Joint and Allied Force —the concept is scalable, assigning one objective per task force commander) against possible adversaries was underway, as part of the Joint force's [[#Campaign of learning|campaign of learning]].<ref name=mcbl />
[[File:1st Battalion, 17th Infantry Regiment, 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division JWA 19, Yakima Training Center, May 2019.jpg|thumb|right|JWA 19, [[Yakima Training Center]], Wash., May 6, 2019. Soldiers of 1st Battalion, [[17th Infantry Regiment (United States)|17th Infantry Regiment]], 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]] heading toward their mission objective.]]
TRADOC designed exercises for Joint warfighter assessments —JWA 19,<ref name=mpeJwa19 >Amy Walker and Justin Eimers, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/219641/multinational_exercises_aim_to_improve_coalition_data_sharing (April 8, 2019) Multinational exercises aim to improve coalition data sharing]</ref><ref name=jwa19Nbcrv >Shawn Nesaw [https://www.army.mil/article/218896/latest_sensor_upgrades_boost_recon_vehicle_capabilities (March 20, 2019) Latest sensor upgrades boost recon vehicle capabilities] NBCRV</ref><ref name=jwa19fbbugle >Spc. Miguel Ruiz, Joint Modernization Command [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/05/08/back-to-the-future-us-partner-nations-assess-future-warfighting-capabilities-at-jmc-sponsored-jwa-19/ (MAY 8, 2019) Back to the future: US, partner nations assess future warfighting capabilities at JMC-sponsored JWA 19]</ref> at [[Fort Lewis (Washington)|Fort Lewis]], to clarify the jumps for Command Posts, to ensure their survivability during future operations.
In 2019, there was a new focus on planning for large-scale ground combat operations (LSCO),<ref name=lsco >Maj. Gen. Rodney D. Fogg, Brig. Gen. Douglas M. McBride Jr., and Maj. Graham Davidson [https://www.army.mil/article/223712/focussustaining_the_future_fight (July 18, 2019) Focus:Sustaining the Future Fight] LSCO compared to Patton's 3rd Army</ref><ref name=1stTSC /><ref name=Perna2019 >Gen. Gustave "Gus" Perna [https://www.army.mil/article/223697/amc_commander_battlefield_sustainment_requires_intuition (July 18, 2019) AMC Commander: Battlefield Sustainment Requires Intuition]</ref><ref name=lundy >Lt. Gen. Michael Lundy, Col. Richard Creed, and Lt. Col. Scott Pence [https://www.army.mil/article/223833/feeding_the_forge_sustaining_large_scale_ground_combat_operations (July 18, 2019) Feeding the Forge: Sustaining Large-Scale Ground Combat Operations]</ref><ref name=lsGlobalOps >Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/20/armys-new-chief-looks-to-prep-the-force-for-large-scale-combat/ (September 20, 2019) Army's new chief looks to prep the force for large-scale combat] 40th CSA mulls deployments for Large-Scale Combat Operations — LSCO</ref> "that will require echelons above brigade, all of which will solve unique and distinct problems that a given BCT can't solve by itself."— [[Eric J. Wesley|LTG Eric Wesley]].<ref name=MDO,Wesley,sxsw />
<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/04/multi-domain-overhaul-may-impact-national-guard/ (April 03, 2019) How Army's Multi-Domain Overhaul May Impact The National Guard]
*' In 2009, the Army officially replaced "[[command and control]]" with "[[mission command]]"'
** Austin Carne [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6g9ur4lY7vc (7 Jul 2020) Mission Command: The Army's Powerful Leadership Tool]
* Col. Douglas M. McBride Jr. and Reginald L. Snell, Ph.D. [https://www.army.mil/article/179942/applying_mission_command_to_overcome_challenges (9 January 2017) Applying mission command to overcome challenges] Creating trust is the foundation for accomplishing the mission.
*US Army {{Cite web|url= https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/ARN18314-ADP_6-0-000-WEB-3.pdf |title=ADP 6-0|website=armypubs.us.army.mil|publisher=Army Publications}}
</ref> Computer simulations ([[DOTMLPF]]), of the survivability rates for the units, were then compared with the interaction strategies, tactics and operations of JWA 19, a highly contested environment.<ref name=mpeJwa19 /> JWA 19 occurred at multiple operational speeds, in multiple domains served by multiple services (cyber: operating in milliseconds; air: operations at 500 miles per hour; maritime: 30 knots; and ground: 2 miles per hour). JWA 19 involved the militaries of the US, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, France, Australia and Singapore.<ref name=jwa19fbbugle />{{efn|name=leoLRPFKillChain |1= See Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.  [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/ (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI] Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from [https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018)].
{{anchor|jadoDevFromMdo}}[[File:Multi Domain Operations,space.png|thumb|Multi-domain operations (MDO){{efn|name=unclMdoConcept}} span multiple domains: [[Outer space#Cislunar space|cislunar space]], land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.]]
*In September 2020 an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a [[#jadoConceptBy2020|§ specific scenario]], which can be illustrated by the 5 red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:
# Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar ([[force projection]]) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
# Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
# Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
# Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to [[defeat in detail]], until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
# Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to [[#mdbPerkinsMdo|Perkins' cycle]], 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue [[force projection]] still has overmatched red threat.}}{{efn|name=eabConcept|Michael Lundy [https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/ArmyEABConcept.pdf (Sep 2018) The U.S. Army Concept for Multi-Domain Combined Arms Operations at Echelons Above Brigade 2025–2040] Echelons Above Brigade (EAB), as cited by Scott McKean<ref name=fccAustin />}}{{efn|name= nspm13|1= In 2018 new cyber authorities were granted under [[National Security Presidential Memorandum]] (NSPM) 13;<ref name=opconIsInDoDnotNSC >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2018/09/trump-eases-cyber-ops-but-safeguards-remain-joint-staff/ (17 September 2018) Trump Eases Cyber Ops, But Safeguards Remain: Joint Staff]</ref> persistent cyber engagements at Cyber command are the new norm for [[Cyberwarfare in the United States#Timeline|cyber operations]].<ref name=newCyberAuthorities >Mark Pomerleau [https://www.fifthdomain.com/dod/cybercom/2019/05/08/new-authorities-mean-lots-of-new-missions-at-cyber-command/ (8 May 2019) New authorities mean lots of new missions at Cyber Command]</ref>}}<!--Army Futures Command (AFC) has initiated planning for Multi-domain operations (MDO) which will extend beyond the Active component (the Regular Army) to include the Reserve component: Army Reserve or National Guard (ARNG) units. AFC's Futures and Concepts DCG, Lt. General [[Eric J. Wesley]], is clear that troops from both Active and Reserve components will be interoperating, and that no troops will be lost from the Reserve (ARNG) component, but that there would be flow between Active and Reserve components.<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA /> The subject is still fluid, including the relation between the services; the Army, Marines, and Air Force, at least are 'on the same page'.<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA / -->
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[[Mesh networking]] is in play for the Mobile, Expeditionary Network: In Fiscal Year 2019, the network CFT, PEO 3CT, and PEO Soldier used [[Brigade Modernization Command#Network Integration Evaluation|Network Integration Evaluation 18.2]]<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/peoc3t/photos/although-the-us-army-network-integration-evaluation-nie-doesnt-kick-off-until-no/10156792396368352/ PEO C3T] May 30, 2018</ref> for experiments with brigade level scalability.<ref name=eimers /><ref name=JCSbuyin /><ref name=heySDA >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/hey-sda-afrl-boosts-space-based-internet-tests/ (December 02, 2019) Hey SDA, AFRL Boosts Space-Based Internet Tests]</ref><ref name=gaitDefender2020 /><ref name=oislCapabilities >Nathan Strout [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/space/2021/07/01/the-space-development-agency-now-has-demo-satellites-on-orbit-heres-what-theyll-do/ (1 Jul 2021) The Space Development Agency now has demo satellites on orbit. Here's what they'll do.] Transporter-2: Mandrake 2, the Laser Interconnect and Networking Communications System (LINCS), and the Prototype On-orbit Experimental Testbed (POET). Yam-3 for data fusion. Pitboss for Autonomous mission management.</ref> Among the takeaways was to avoid overspecifying the requirements (in [[Integrated Tactical Network|ITN]]<ref name=serbu /><ref name=peo3ctITN >U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/221114/profile_program_executive_office_for_command_control_and_communications_tactical_peo_c3t (April 30, 2019) Profile: Program Executive Office for Command, Control and Communications-Tactical (PEO C3T)]</ref> Information Systems Initial Capabilities Document) to meet operational needs,<ref name=eimers >Justin Eimers, PEO C3T [https://www.army.mil/article/211965/network_cross_functional_team_acquisition_partners_experimenting_to_modernize_tactical_network (October 3, 2018) Network Cross-Functional Team, acquisition partners experimenting to modernize tactical network]</ref> such as interoperability with other networks.<ref name=interoperability >Joe Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/212893/interoperability_a_key_focus_in_building_the_armys_future_network (October 25, 2018) Interoperability a key focus in building the Army's future network]</ref><ref name=fy2019ArmyTestimony >US DoD  [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIhC4zswW8I (May 16, 2018) Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request]</ref>{{rp|minute 26:40}}<ref>Mark Pomerleau [https://www.c4isrnet.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2019/04/01/how-the-army-will-sustain-its-tactical-network-of-the-future/ (April 1, 2019) How the Army will sustain its tactical network of the future] ITN to take advantage of Tobyhanna depot</ref> ITN —Integrated Tactical Network is being fielded to four brigades in 2021.<ref name=itnForwardDeployment >Mark Pomerleau [https://www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2020/01/22/what-a-deployment-to-the-middle-east-means-for-testing-a-new-army-network/ (21 Jan 2020) What a deployment to the Middle East means for testing a new Army network] An operational deployment begun 1 Jan 2020, which won't be instrumented, will provide some Soldier feedback, but instrumented testing is deferred until after redeployment.
*Mark Pomerleau [https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/2019/09/26/how-the-army-will-test-its-new-battlefield-network/ (25 September 2019) How the Army will test its new battlefield network]</ref> Up through 2028, every two years the Army will insert new capability sets for ITN (Capability sets '21, '23, '25, etc.).<ref name=ITN,cs21,23,25 >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.  [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/04/multi-domain-networks-the-army-the-allies-ai/ (3 April 2019) Multi-Domain Networks: The Army, The Allies & AI]: Incremental ITN Capability sets '21, '23, '25</ref><ref name=ncftPeo3ctJun2019 >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/223507/new_tech_accessibility_to_improve_army_tactical_networks (June 21, 2019) New tech, accessibility to improve Army tactical networks]</ref><ref name=gaitDefender2020 >Amy Walker, PM Tactical Network, PEO C3T public affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/230603/global_network_design_unifies_army_modernization_efforts (December 4, 2019) Global network design unifies Army modernization efforts] GAIT will be used in Defender 2020</ref>
{{anchor|cjadc2MeetIn60days}} On 25 September 2020 Army Chief of Staff Gen. James C. McConville discussed the combination of Multi-domain operations (MDO) and Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) with Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown.<ref name=convergenceChiefs >Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/239363/army_to_build_on_results_from_first_project_convergence_exercise (25 September 2020) Army to build on results from first Project Convergence exercise]</ref>
On 2 October 2020 the 40th Chief of Staff of the Army and the 22nd Chief of Staff of the Air Force signed a Memorandum of understanding (MOU) on Combined Joint All-Domain Command and Control (CJADC2) of the two services, a [[United States Army Futures Command#cjadc2Oct2020|two-year agreement]]. Their staffs met again after 60 days to show their progress on connecting the Army's [[United States Army Futures Command#Firestorm|Project Convergence]] and the Air Force's [[#jado2OnrampOne|ABMS]] into a [[data fabric]] in 2021.<ref name=mouCjadc2 >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. and Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-air-force-get-serious-on-jadc2-joint-exercises-in-2021/ (9 October 2020) Army, Air Force Get Serious On JADC2: Joint Exercises In 2021]</ref><ref name=goldfeinRaymond >Gen. David Goldfein and Gen. Jay Raymond [https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/02/27/americas-future-battle-network-is-key-to-multidomain-defense/ (28 Feb 2020) America's future battle network is key to multidomain defense] JADC2: " We cannot yet share data in a seamless and simultaneous way between the Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps or the Space Force"</ref><ref name=jsilPc21Jadc2Povermatch >Joseph Lacdan [https://www.army.mil/article/245164 (17 Apr 2021) Service leaders prioritize integration in joint effort to achieve overmatch] JSIL, Aberdeen: Preparation of [[data fabric]]. for Project Convergence, ABMS JADC2, and Project Overmatch: Army – Air Force – Navy</ref><ref name=mosaJadc2ProjConvergence >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-seeks-open-architecture-for-all-air-ground-systems-jette/   (14 Oct 2020) Army Seeks Open Architecture For All Air & Ground Systems: Jette] In the spirit of MOSA, JADC2, & Project convergence:
*Army Common Operating Environment (COE)
*C5ISR/EW Modular Open Suite of Standards (CMOSS)
*Future Air-Borne Capability Environment (FACE)
*Integrated Sensor Architecture (ISA)
*Sensor Open Systems Architecture (SOSA)
*Vehicle Integration for C4ISR/EW Interoperability (VICTORY)</ref><ref name=fccAustin /><ref name=mcbl >[[Mission command]] Battle Lab [https://www.army.mil/article/249049/ (2 August 2021) MCBL experiments with ARL's Cross Reality COP to support distributed collaboration in virtual reality] Soldier touchpoint for Echelons above brigade (EABs): [[common operational picture]]</ref><ref name= moreCjadc2 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/05/return-of-cjadc2-dod-officially-moves-ahead-with-combined-jadc2-in-a-rebrand-focusing-on-partners/ (17 May 2023) Return of CJADC2: DoD officially moves ahead with 'combined' JADC2 in a rebrand focusing on partners]</ref>
====Competition====
{{anchor|jadoConceptBy2020}}In September and November 2019 the Department of Defense (DoD) "scheduled a series of globally integrated exercises with participation from across the US government interagency to refine our plans" —19th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [[Joseph Dunford]].<ref name=sepNov2019jolt /> This exercise was designed to help 27th Secretary of Defense [[Mark Esper]] develop new plans, in the face of a [[change of command|change in chairmanship]] of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.<ref name=sepNov2019jolt /> Specifically what was missing in 2019 was a joint concept<ref name=jadc2MultiDilemmas >Sydney Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/army-chief-seeks-minimally-manned-vehicles-joint-c2/ (January 14, 2020) Army Chief Seeks ‘Minimally Manned’ Vehicles, Joint C2] LRPF, ITN, IBCS, FARA, FLRAA, and "We need a joint command and control system" —40th Army Chief of Staff James C. McConville</ref> shared at the appropriate operational speed between the several domains, among the respective services, when fighting a peer adversary. —LTG [[Eric J. Wesley|Eric Wesley]]{{efn|name= leoLRPFKillChain}}<ref name=jointOC >Dan Gouré [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/05/24/a_new_joint_doctrine_for_an_era_of_multi-domain_operations_114450.html (May 24, 2019) A New Joint Doctrine for an Era of Multi-Domain Operations] MDO- MDC2- Distributed Maritime Operations- Marine Corps Operating Concept- "distributed lethality to connect ships, submarines, aircraft and satellites in networks for sensing, commanding and shooting"</ref><ref name=mdc2Sw >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/09/army-multi-domain-wargame-reveals-c2-shortfalls/ (September 12, 2019) Army Multi-Domain Wargame Reveals C2 Shortfalls] MDC2 software improvements needed
*Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/exclusive-navy-air-force-chiefs-agree-to-work-on-all-domain-c2/ (November 12, 2019) Navy, Air Force Chiefs Agree To Work On All Domain C2] Change nomenclature: from MDC2 to JADC2</ref><ref name=gettingToPositionOfRelativeAdvantage >Lt. Gen. David Perkins [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rw6lcaqA5MM (June 18, 2013) Understanding Mission command.] [[Mission command]] is beyond C2.</ref>{{anchor|gieGloballyIntegratedExercises}} ''Note the referenced [[United States Army Futures Command#mdoLRPF|LRHW]] graphic depicting a 2019 scenario''—<ref name=helsLrhw2021 >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/army-ramps-up-funding-for-laser-shield-hypersonic-sword/ (28 Feb 2020) Army Ramps Up Funding For Laser Shield, Hypersonic Sword] In FY2021 HELs funding is up 209 percent; LRHW funding is up 86 percent. RCCTO spending is $1 billion in 2021.</ref><ref name=MdoSep2019Harrigan >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/09/target-kaliningrad-eucom-puts-putin-on-notice/ (17 Sep 2019) Target, Kaliningrad: Air Force Puts Putin On Notice]
*Charlie Gao [https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/natos-worst-nightmare-russias-kaliningrad-armed-the-teeth-25958 (May 25, 2018) NATO's Worst Nightmare: Russia's Kaliningrad Is Armed to the Teeth]
*Reuters Reporting by Jack Stubbs; Editing by Andrew Osborn [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-nato-missiles/russia-deploys-iskander-nuclear-capable-missiles-to-kaliningrad-ria-idUSKBN1FP21Y (FEBRUARY 5, 2018) Russia deploys Iskander nuclear-capable missiles to Kaliningrad: RIA] RIA news agency</ref>
<ref name=jointMdoForStandoff >Joe Lacdan [https://www.army.mil/article/227677/more_joint_efforts_likely_as_the_army_prepares_for_multi_domain_operations (September 25, 2019) More joint efforts likely as the Army prepares for multi-domain operations] Combined Resolve XII; 10th Mountain Div for Atlantic Resolve; 2/1CD & Cab/3ID to Eucom; AR to : Immediate Response (hosted by Croatia and Slovenia), Saber Guardian (in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania), and Swift Response; Operation Cobra Gold (hosted by Thailand). A speedup in tempo by CFTs is needed.</ref> This is a return to the use of echelons above brigade (Divisions, Corps, and Field Armies),{{efn|name= divAsUnitOfAction |1= "The Maneuver Captains Career Course (MCCC) at Fort Moore, Georgia" is preparing exercises in which the division is the Unit of Action, rather than the brigade.<ref name=jDolan >John Dolan [https://taskandpurpose.com/opinion/preparing-army-leaders-war-china-russia/ (7 Jul 2022) The Army is getting leaders ready for a war unlike any the US has ever seen]</ref>}} with specific tasks to force current adversaries to [[#Return to competition|return to competition]], rather than continue conflict;<ref name=returnToCompetition >CRS Insight (IN11019) [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IN11019.pdf (January 17, 2019) The U.S. Army and Multi-Domain Operations]
*Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/08/11/this-3-star-army-general-explains-what-multi-domain-operations-mean-for-you/ (11 August 2019) This 3-star Army general explains what multi-domain operations mean for you] "think, assess and employ all domains when necessary"— General Wesley</ref><ref name=sepNov2019jolt >Paul McCleary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/09/major-war-game-to-jolt-4-services-force-decisions/ (4 September 2019) Major War Game To Jolt 4 Services, Force Decisions]</ref><ref name=mdo400people >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/12/massive-simulation-shows-the-need-for-speed-in-multi-domain-ops/ (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops] "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"</ref> [[kill chain]]s were formed within seconds, by live-fire demonstration, as of September 2020.<ref name=killChainInSeconds />{{efn|name=leoLRPFKillChain}}
{{anchor|name=Army of 2030}}In the Army of 2030 a division would be the Unit of Action, rather than a brigade.<ref name= ukrExample >Caitlin Kenny [https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2022/10/divisions-corps-replace-brigades-armys-wartime-formation-choice/378234/ (10 Oct 2022)  Divisions, Corps to Replace Brigades As Army’s Wartime Formation Of Choice] "Brigades that operated largely independently in Iraq and Afghanistan will fight as part of larger units in future conflicts, officials said".</ref><ref name= combArms >US Army Public Affairs [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/860148/ausa-contemporary-military-forum-army-2030-preparing-today-tomorrows-fight (10 Oct  2022) AUSA Contemporary Military Forum: Army 2030 - Preparing Today for Tomorrow’s Fight] Gen. McConville, Gen.(Ret) Perkins, DepUnderSec Diaz, Gen. Rainey, LTG Beagle, Prof. Greer (SAMS)</ref><ref name= theodoreMartin >Army University Press [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUZp01CjdiI (Dec 2021) WayPoint in 2028 – Multidomain Operations] 14:00 Lt Gen Theodore Martin, Commander of the Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth, KS</ref> Artillery, engineer, and intelligence units would mass at the division echelon;<ref name= ukrExample /> brigades would become smaller to become more maneuverable.<ref name= combArms /> A corps would sustain the brigades' endurance for the longer fight;<ref name= ukrExample /><ref name= combArms /> the higher echelons (field army, corps, and division) would gain the resources they would need for the duration of an operation.<ref name= 6AreasArmy2030 >[[Christine Wormuth]], 25th Secretary of the Army [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L6N6rRAKl3o (10 Oct 2022) AUSA 2022 Opening Ceremony]  hour 0:37:50 to 1:05:41</ref>
By 2021 the Department of Defense could train for [[#Crisis|crises]] using capabilities it had [[#JWCjado|developed jointly]] among its military departments, using concepts it had settled upon experimentally, beginning in 2019:
{{anchor|jadoDevFromMdo}}[[File:Multi Domain Operations,space.png|thumb|left|400px|Multi-domain operations (MDO){{efn| name=unclMdoConcept }} span multiple domains: [[Outer space#Cislunar space|cislunar space]], land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.<ref name=mdoSpace >Office of the Chief of Public Affairs, US Army [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner – TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities]
The Army is the largest user of Space
*#Assured Positioning, Navigation and Timing
*#Tactical Space: SDA is structuring a multi-layer satellite system:
*##Backbone layer for data transport downward to the long-range precision fires
*##Custody layer for missiles' trajectories, whether friendly or threat
*##Tracking layer for hypersonic glide vehicles which represent threats to the multi-layer satellite system
*##Space situational awareness for cis-lunar trajectories,
*#NavWar</ref>{{rp|minute 17:45}}<ref name=usRussChina >Lt. Gen. Eric J. Wesley, U.S. Army; Chief Warrant Officer 5 Jon Bates, U.S. Army [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/May-June-2020/Wesley-Winning-Tomorrow/ (May-Jun 2020) To Change an Army—Winning Tomorrow] The MDO concept —TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1</ref> Echelons above brigade (division, corps, and theater army) engage in a [[continuum of conflict]].{{efn|name=hyten2020 |1= Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/gen-hyten-on-the-new-american-way-of-war-all-domain-operations/ (18 Feb 2020) Gen. Hyten On The New American Way of War: All-Domain Operations] (ADO)
*"A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
**"forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
*"it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
** All-Domain Operations (ADO) use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense"}} —This illustration is from ''The MDO Concept'', TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1.]] ''Note: the following training scenario, to gain relative advantage, is only one of the possible paths suggested by following the 5 red numbered bullet points in the illustration.''
# Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
# Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
# Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
# Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to [[defeat in detail]], until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
# Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to [[#mdbPerkinsMdo|Perkins' cycle]], 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue [[Power projection#Gray zone competition|force projection]] still has overmatched red threat.)
{{anchor|jointWarfightingConcept }}In 2019 the 27th Secretary of Defense ordered the four services and the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff#Joint Staff|Joint staff]] to create a new joint warfighting concept for All-domain operations (ADO), operating simultaneously in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS).{{efn| name=hyten2020 }} In 2021 the 28th Secretary of Defense approved the Joint warfighting concept (JWC), which remains classified.<ref name=28thSecdefApprovesADO >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/secdef-oks-joint-warfighting-construct-joint-requirements-due-soon/ (16 Jun 2021) SecDef OKs Joint Warfighting Concept; Joint Requirements Due Soon]</ref>{{efn|name= unclMdoConcept |1= The Army's  unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during [[#Competition|competition]], [[#Crisis|crisis]], and [[#Conflict|armed conflict]]".<ref name=mdoUnclass >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/03/23/multidomain-operations-concept-will-become-doctrine-this-summer/ (23 Mar 2022) Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer]</ref>}}
{{anchor|jadoRolesAllocated }}The 20th [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] has allocated roles to each of the services in concept development for Joint All-Domain Operations (JADO);<ref name=jadoRoles >Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/milley-assigns-service-roles-in-all-domain-ops-concept/ (22 July 2020) Milley Assigns Service Roles In All-Domain Ops Concept]</ref>
*{{anchor|jadoAirForceRoleAlloc }}the Air Force takes the lead for [[command and control]] (C2). The Joint services each have a C2 concept to be scaled —for the Army, C2 requires thousands of connections with the sensors and shooters,{{efn|name=aBlueForceTracking>|[[Blue force tracking]]—The Army now has technology to keep track of its warfighters, down to the [[United States Army Futures Command#A-PNT|squad level]] position, or even individual soldier position.}} as compared with hundreds of connections with the sensors and shooters for the Air Force  [[Advanced Battle Management System]] (ABMS);<ref name=abmsCrs>John R. Hoehn [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11866 (updated 27 Sep 2021) Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025161940/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11866 |date=25 October 2021 }} CRS IF11866, updated from work by Katherine Leahy</ref><ref name=abmsVisavisArmy >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/abms-cant-be-sole-joint-c2-solution-army-tells-air-force-exclusive/ (22 Jan 2020) ABMS Can't Be ‘Sole Solution’ For Joint C2, Army Tells Air Force — Exclusive] Scaling sensors, shooters, land-based C2, and JADC2</ref>{{efn|name= leoLRPFKillChain}}<ref name=dougherty >Christopher M. Dougherty [https://www.c4isrnet.com/thought-leadership/2021/05/20/the-pentagon-needs-a-plan-to-get-punched-in-the-mouth/ (20 May 2021) The Pentagon needs a plan to get punched in the mouth] paraphrase of [[Mike Tyson]]: another approach to JADC2</ref>
*{{anchor|jadoNavyRoleAlloc }} the Navy will lead concept development in Joint fires:<ref name=jadoRoles /> its newest equipment (the newer [[Littoral Combat Ship]]s, the [[MQ-8C]], and the [[Naval Strike Missile]]) provides standoff for the Navy against its near-peers.<ref name=newerLcsNsmMq8c >David Larter and Carl Pinze [https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2019/09/16/armed-with-a-new-missile-the-lcs-comes-of-age/ (September 15, 2019) Armed with a new missile, the LCS comes of age]</ref><ref name=2020smallShipStrategy >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/if-it-floats-it-fights-navys-new-small-ship-strategy/ (28 August 2020) If It Floats, It Fights:’ Navy's New Small Ship Strategy]</ref> In February 2020, voices at the tactical level were supporting cross-domain, cross-role, cross-service interoperation: "''Any'' sensor should be able to link to ''any'' shooter and ''any'' command and control node".<ref name=jadc2SensorShooterC2 >Paul Birch, Ray Reeves and Brad DeWees [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/how-to-build-jadc2-to-make-it-truly-joint/ (19 February 2020) How To Build JADC2 To Make It Truly Joint] "''Any'' sensor should be able to link to ''any'' shooter and ''any'' command and control node"</ref> The combination of F-35-based targeting coordinates, Long range precision fires, and Low-earth-orbit satellite capability overmatches the competition, according to Lt. Gen. Eric Wesley.<ref name=wesleyAusa2019 >Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/228757/afc_deputy_combined_capabilities_make_military_might_more_lethal (October 21, 2019) AFC deputy: Combined capabilities make military might more lethal]</ref> A [[Space Development Agency#NDSA|Space sensor layer]] of satellites (at 1200 miles above earth)<ref name=thompson2020,02,04 /> would position hundreds of Low-earth-orbit sensors for tracking hypersonic vehicles. This tracking layer would provide guidance information to the interceptors in the missile defense system.<ref name=thompson2020,02,04 >Loren Thompson [https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2020/02/04/space-sensor-layer-is-the-pentagons-next-tech-mega-project/ (4 February 2020) Pentagon Aims To Build Vast Space Sensor Layer]</ref><ref name=mdaKickstarts >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/mda-kickstarts-new-way-to-kill-hypersonic-missiles/ (18 Dec 2019) MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles] HBTSS is 'Space sensor layer'</ref><ref name=mdoSpace /><ref name=jmcJadc2Exps1,2 >Jay Koester [https://www.army.mil/article/234900/jadc2_experiment_2_provides_looking_glass_into_future_experimentation (23 April 2020) JADC2 ‘Experiment 2’ provides looking glass into future experimentation] Army's Joint Modernization Command (JMC) JADC2 Experiments 1 and 2</ref>
*{{anchor|jadoArmyRoleAlloc }} the Army will lead concept development for [[Military logistics#21st century|contested logistics]].<ref name=wolfe >Frank Wolfe [https://www.defensedaily.com/joint-warfighting-concept-assumes-contested-logistics/pentagon/ (6 Oct 2020) Joint Warfighting Concept Assumes 'Contested Logistics']</ref><ref name= afcAmcContestdLogist /><ref name= transcomBrief >Marcus Weisgerber  [https://www.defenseone.com/business/2022/10/commercial-planes-ships-would-play-large-role-pacific-war-transcom-head-says/378524/ (17 Oct 2022) Commercial Planes, Ships Would Play Large Role in Pacific War, TRANSCOM Head Says]</ref>[[File:LogisticsDisplayAtTransCom.webp|thumb|Gen. Van Ovost, commander of [[United States Transportation Command]] briefs [[Kathleen Hicks]], 35th [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense]] about the mission of her [[combatant command]]]]{{efn|name= afcAmcContestedLogistics |1=In 2023 a new cross-functional team (CFT) was stood up for Contested Logistics.<ref name= afcAmcContestdLogist >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/29/us-army-has-a-gigantic-problem-with-logistics-in-the-indo-pacific/ (29 Mar 2023) US Army has a 'gigantic problem' with logistics in the Indo-Pacific] AMC is lead, AFC sets requirements</ref>
<ref name= yearsBeforeNewStingers >Marcus Weisgerber (26 April 2022)  [https://www.defenseone.com/business/2022/04/it-will-be-years-raytheon-can-build-new-stinger-missiles/366105/ It Will Be Years Before Raytheon Can Build New Stinger Missiles]:"The U.S. has been sending its Stingers to Ukrainian forces battling Russia." Aid was being sent by February 2022, at the latest.</ref><ref name= letStingerBe >Dan Grazier [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/let-a-stinger-be-a-stinger-a-new-design-isnt-needed/ (27 Apr 2022) Let a Stinger be a Stinger. A new design isn’t needed.]</ref><ref name= 1200StingerRefurb >Ashley Roque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/stinger-replacement-included-in-armys-fy24-budget-request-service-official-says/ (Mar 2023) Stinger replacement included in Army’s FY24 budget request, service official says] refurbish 1200 Stingers</ref><ref name=jadoRoles /><ref name=3dModels >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/12/bullets-beans-data-the-new-army-materiel-command-exclusive/ (15 Dec 2020) Bullets, Beans & Data: The New Army Materiel Command EXCLUSIVE] ala RAPTOR: "Race to 5000" national stock numbers (3D models) in the 12 months in 2021.</ref><ref name=additiveMfg>[[ASA(ALT)]] Assistant Secretary of the Army (Acquisition, Logistics and Technology) [https://www.army.mil/standto/2019-10-04/?a (Friday, October 4, 2019) Army Advanced Manufacturing Initiative]
*Ryan McCarthy [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN19451_AD2019-29_Web_Final.pdf (18 September 2019) Army Directive 2019–29 (Enabling Readiness and Modernization Through Advanced Manufacturing)] This directive is to be implemented by Materiel Command and Futures Command; the proponent will be ASA(ALT)
*Mark Esper [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN14261_AD2018_26_Final.pdf (07 Dec 2018) Army Directive 2018–26 (Enabling Modernization Through the Management of Intellectual Property)]
*Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/armys-3d-printing-hub-will-be-rock-island-gen-perna/ (October 23, 2019) Army's 3D Printing Hub Will Be Rock Island: Gen. Perna] The 10 Active Army divisions each have a deployable 3D printer as part of the Metal Working & Machining Shop Set (MWMSS), in expandable mobile containers. The 3D designs are downloaded from an interim digital repository developed in-house by Army Futures Command, the Repository for Additive Parts for Tactical and Operational Readiness (RAPTOR).
*Industry Week Staff [https://www.industryweek.com/emerging-technologies/additive-manufacturing-center-excellence-opens-army-center (May 21, 2019) Additive Manufacturing Center of Excellence Opens at Army Center] [[Rock Island Arsenal]] (RIA)
*Sgt. Travis M. O'Brien [https://www.army.mil/article/159658/advanced_shop_sets_for_soldiers_advanced_skill_sets (January 4, 2016) Advanced shop sets for Soldiers' advanced skill sets] MWMSS for MOS 91Es
*Thomas Brading [https://www.army.mil/article/230673/advanced_manufacturing_techniques_set_to_cut_costs_timelines (December 5, 2019) Advanced manufacturing techniques set to cut costs, timelines]
*Thomas Brading [https://www.army.mil/article/232723/army_scientists_develop_cutting_edge_durable_3d_printing_technology     (19 February 2020) Army scientists develop cutting-edge, durable 3D printing technology]</ref><ref name=jadoSustainmentJulySept2020 >Headquarters, Department of the Army [https://alu.army.mil/alog/currentissue.pdf PB 700–20–03 (July-September 2020) ''Army Sustainment''] Army Sustainment Professional Bulletin (ASPB) Vol. 52, Issue 3</ref><ref name=mitre /><ref name=gcssCommonOperatingPic /><ref name=ammoPomNeeded >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.  (13 October 2020) [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-ammo-plants-at-the-end-of-the-rope-jette/ Army Ammo Plants At ‘The End Of The Rope’: Jette] AMMO JPEO-- Program objective memorandum needed for a 15-year plan to modernize the production of ammunition. The current 10-year plan is inadequate.</ref><ref name= oib2028 >Jen Judson  (28 March 2023)  [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/2023/03/28/us-army-eyes-six-fold-production-boost-of-155mm-shells-used-in-ukraine/US Army eyes six-fold production boost of 155mm shells used in Ukraine] Army is spending $1.45 billion on capacity in 2023 to increase production from 14,000 per month, to 24,000 per month in 2023, to  85,000 155mm howitzer shells per month by 2028.</ref><ref name=shareDataLikeBullets >Kelsey Atherton (8 October 2020) [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/new-pentagon-strategy-to-share-data-like-ammunition/  New Pentagon Strategy To Share Data Like Ammunition]
*David Norquist  (30 September 2020) [https://media.defense.gov/2020/Oct/08/2002514180/-1/-1/0/DOD-DATA-STRATEGY.PDF DoD Data Strategy] DDDS This strategy describes the problem and establishes the vision, guiding principles, essential capabilities, goals, and objectives for DoD, relative to data. Executive Summary: 3 clusters
**8 Guiding Principles
**4 Essential Capabilities
**7 Goals (aka, VAULTIS)</ref><ref name= aiAntidote >David Roza  (14 June 2022) [https://taskandpurpose.com/news/craig-martell-pentagon-artificial-intelligence/ The Pentagon’s new data chief waited days just for an ID card]</ref><ref name=rocketLogistics>Eric Berger [https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/06/the-military-wants-to-use-rockets-for-cargo-delivery-anywhere-on-earth/ (4 Jun 2021) Yes, the military is serious about rocketing supplies around the planet]</ref><ref name=supplyChain >Brad Williams  (7 September 2021)[https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/dod-forms-new-task-force-to-shore-up-supply-chain/  DoD Forms New Task Force To Shore Up Supply Chain]</ref><ref name=3lrpf2030 /><ref name= logisWinsWars >ELIZABETH HOWE  (17 November 2022)  [https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/11/army-preps-contested-logistics-works-boost-arms-production/379877/ Army Preps for 'Contested Logistics', Works to Boost Arms Production] "Logistics win wars—but not if new enemy capabilities can disrupt supply lines".</ref><ref name= jmcTranscom >Matthew Wheaton, Joint Munitions Command, Public and Congressional Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/266311/jmc_ustranscom_partnership_provides_ammo_in_record_time_to_ukraine (2 May 2023) JMC, USTRANSCOM partnership provides ammo in record time to Ukraine] [[Joint Munitions Command]], [[United States Transportation Command]]</ref>}}
*{{anchor|jadoJrocInfoAdvAlloc }} the service to lead concept development in 'Information advantage' is not yet determined by the [[Joint Staff]] J-7 as of 16 September 2020.<ref name=jadoRoles / <ref name=ausaInfoAdv >Army CIO-G6 [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2016/03/14/ (Monday, 14 March 2016) Army Data Strategy]
*US Army [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2015/02/10/ (Tuesday, 10 February 2015) The Army Network Campaign Plan]
*US Army [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2014/04/28/ (Monday, 28 April 2014) Network Modernization Roadmap]
*Cybersecurity Common Operational Picture [https://www.dau.edu/cop/cybersecurity/Pages/Default.aspx DoD Cyber Crime Center (DC3) Overview] DoD single point repository for all cyber incident reports</ref><ref name=psyHiGround >JASON LAMB AND JEREMY BUYER [https://warontherocks.com/2020/09/securing-the-psychological-high-ground-the-surprising-key-to-accelerating-change/ (21 SEPTEMBER 2020) THE PSYCHOLOGICAL HIGH GROUND: THE SURPRISING KEY TO ACCELERATING CHANGE] Project Aristotle</ref>  Build a [[kill chain]] faster than the adversary's [[OODA loop]].<ref name=intelDataFeedToKillChain /><ref name=decisionDominance>The corresponding Army terminology (2021) to [[OODA loop|OODA]] is: Sense & understand, Decide, and Act; (Assess underlies the other verbs), from [[Scott McKean]] [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/07/19/b7aad354/20210714-afc-pam-71-20-9-concept-for-c2-pursuing-decision-dominance-approved.pdf (14 Jul 2021) AFC Pamphlet 71-20-9 Pursuing decision dominance] AFCC-C2, as cited by Sydney J Freedberg Jr [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/armys-new-aim-is-decision-dominance/ Army's New Aim Is ‘Decision Dominance’]</ref><ref name=goldfeinJado >David L. Goldfein [https://www.doctrine.af.mil/Portals/61/documents/Notes/Joint All-Domain Operations Doctrine--CSAF signed.pdf (5 Mar 2020) USAF role in All-Domain Operations]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (JADO) [[David L. Goldfein]]: "JADC2 is the [[command and control|C2]] of JADO". "Initial stovepiping of a joint operation can delay integration". Therefore, when a Joint force commander can communicate the [[commander's intent]] to all forces, and can allow forces from all domains to continuously re-integrate their actions, then a Joint force can flexibly respond to the changing situation in a mission.</ref><ref name=milAiGtKillChain >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/military-ai-is-bigger-than-the-kill-chain-jaic-chief/ (4 Nov 2020) Military AI Is Bigger Than Just The Kill Chain: JAIC Chief]</ref> ''See [[Fog of war]]''<ref name=jadoJrocTbd >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/jroc-struggles-to-build-information-advantage-requirement/ (16 September 2020) JROC Struggles To Build ‘Information Advantage’ Requirement]</ref> AI is one such initiative.{{refn|<ref name=beyondAbms >Theresa Hitchens (29 July 2021) [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/beyond-abms-af-pushes-experimental-tech-for-ai-it-data/  Beyond ABMS: Air Force Pushes Experimental Tech For AI, IT, Data]</ref><ref name=rusi.org >RUSI.org Royal United Services Institute  (19 June 2019) – RUSI.org [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8kHTi6JkjA Session Six: Securing Information Advantage] 39:07 minutes, 3 speakers 1. Disinformation and trust 2:00, 2. Information warfare 15:40, and 3. Kremlin messaging (as viewed by an observer based in Vilnius, Lithuania) 26:35. Summary 37:30</ref><ref name=ukInfoAdv >{{citation |publisher=Ministry of Defence |author=Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/860494/20181126-JCN_2_18_Information_Advantage_web.pdf |date=February 2018 |title=Joint Concept Note 2/18 Information Advantage}}</ref><ref name=shareDataLikeBullets /><ref name=randGrayZone >Lyle J. Morris, Michael J. Mazarr, Jeffrey W. Hornung, Stephanie Pezard, Anika Binnendijk, Marta Kepe (27 July 2019)  [https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2942.html Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone: Response Options for Coercive Aggression Below the Threshold of Major War]
*The authors provide "Overarching strategic concept for responding to gray zone threats" 36 suggestions for responses to micro-aggressions by Russia and China.</ref><ref name=aaf /><ref name=openSourceIntel >''The Economist''  (7 October 2021) [https://www.economist.com/leaders/2021/08/07/the-promise-of-open-source-intelligence The promise of open-source intelligence]</ref><ref name=insideOodaLoop >Brandi Vincent [https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2021/09/military-intel-officials-highlight-efforts-counter-online-disinformation/185346/ (14 Sep 2021) The Marines Are Copying the Air Force's Efforts to Counter Online Disinformation: Meanwhile, the Army is trying to get inside perpetrators' OODA loops.]</ref><ref name=infoAdvant>Mark Pomerleau [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2021/10/14/the-next-tool-the-army-needs-for-information-advantage/ (14 Oct 2021) The next tool the Army needs for information advantage] Find the influencers; use a new G39, and public affairs units to reach the influencers</ref>}}
*{{anchor|jrocIAMD}}By 11 August 2021, the [[Joint requirements oversight council]] (JROC) identified a 5th functional capability— [[#jrocIAMD|Integrated air and missile defense]] (IAMD).<ref name=hytenIamd /> JROC will now issue a directive to evaluate the capability gaps in the [[Missile defense review]]<ref name=mdr >Office of the Secretary of defense [https://media.defense.gov/2019/Jan/17/2002080666/-1/-1/1/2019-MISSILE-DEFENSE-REVIEW.PDF (2019) 2019 Missile Defense Review]</ref> of [[Missile defense#Command and control, battle management, and communications (C2BMC)|C2BMC]] as well as the [[Nuclear Posture Review]].<ref name=c2bmcIntegratedWithIamd >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/smd/2021/08/11/pentagon-readies-to-identify-integrated-air-and-missile-defense-capability-gaps/ (11 Aug 2021) Pentagon readies to identify integrated air and missile defense capability gaps]</ref>
{{anchor|jado2OnrampOne }}{{anchor| jadc2 }} In late December 2019, the Air Force, Army, and Navy ran a Joint all-domain command and control (JADC2)<ref name=Milcom2019OnJadc2 >Justin Lee [https://modernbattlespace.com/2019/11/21/milcom-2019-highlights-need-for-joint-all-domain-command-and-control/ (November 21, 2019) MILCOM 2019 Highlights Urgent Need for Joint All-Domain Command and Control]</ref><ref name=JCSbuyin >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/osd-joint-staff-grapple-with-joint-all-domain-command/ (November 14, 2019) OSD & Joint Staff Grapple With Joint All-Domain Command] [[Joint Chiefs of Staff#Joint Staff]] buy-in</ref> connection exercise of Advanced Battle Management System (ABMS)<ref name=roperAbms >Lauren C. Williams [https://defensesystems.com/articles/2019/11/13/roper-connectathons-usaf-tech.aspx (NOV 13, 2019) Air Force gears up for first 'connect-a-thon'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209000757/https://defensesystems.com/articles/2019/11/13/roper-connectathons-usaf-tech.aspx |date=December 9, 2019 }}</ref> for the first time. This exercise is denoted ''ABMS Onramp'', and will occur at four month intervals.<ref name=roperAbms /> JADC2 is a joint multi-domain operation (MDO);<ref name=mitre /> the exercise will involve the Army's Long range fires, ground-based troops, and [[AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel|Sentinel]] radar. The Air Force contributes [[F-22]]s and [[F-35]]s, while the Navy is bringing [[F-35C]]s and a destroyer to ABMS Onramp.<ref name=abmsCrossDomain1 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/first-multi-domain-c2-exercise-planned-cross-domain-one/ (6 Dec 2019, updated 5:21pm) First Multi Domain C2 Exercise Planned: ABMS Onramp]</ref><ref name=C130toLEO >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/abms-demos-speed-new-capabilities-to-warfighters/ (21 Jan 2020) ABMS Demos Speed New Capabilities To Warfighters] connections: C130 to LEO Starlink; F22 to F35;</ref> The December 2019 exercise used a [[United States Northern Command#Area of responsibility|NORTHCOM]] scenario.<ref name=abmsCrossDomain1,2 >>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/osd-services-get-first-look-at-air-force-multi-domain-chops/ (December 23, 2019) OSD, Services Get First Look At Air Force Multi-Domain Chops]</ref>
{{anchor|jado2OnrampTwo }}[[File:M109A7 Self-propelled Howitzer.jpg|thumb|right|An M109A7 self-propelled howitzer at Yuma Proving Ground]]]]
The April 2020 test of ABMS was delayed by the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=covid19delay /> The test was to have spanned bases from Eglin AFB to Nellis AFB; from Yuma Proving Ground to White Sands Missile Range— in this test, a simulated attack was to take place on 3 geographic commands: on Space Command, on Northern Command, and on Strategic Command's nuclear command, control, and communications.
JADC2 is to ensure continuity of commander's intent<ref name=satTestOfAbms />— JADC2 was to be exercised in late August or early September 2020.<ref name=covid19delay >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/05/the-key-to-all-domain-warfare-is-predictive-analysis-gen-oshaughnessy/ (5 May 2020) The Key To All-Domain Warfare Is ‘Predictive Analysis:’ Gen. O’Shaughnessy]</ref><ref name=mosaStyleJadc2 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/05/mda-all-domain-c2-key-to-countering-hypersonic-missiles/ (14 May 2020) MDA: All-Domain C2 Key To Countering Hypersonic Missiles]</ref><ref name=pacificOpsJadc2 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/06/cq-brown-brings-pacific-focus-keen-interest-in-joint-ops/ (10 June 2020) CQ Brown Brings Pacific Focus; Keen Interest In Joint Ops] Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Brown</ref> [[United States Army Futures Command#IBCS|Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System]] (IBCS) is undergoing a Limited user test in August–September 2020 in preparation for a Milestone C acquisition decision.<ref name=jadc2IbcsLut >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/army-ibcs-critical-to-jadc2-stratcoms-adm-richard/ (4 Aug 2020) Army IBCS Critical To JADC2: STRATCOM's Adm. Richard]</ref> IBCS is a critical building block for JADC2;<ref name=jadc2IbcsLut /> the ABMS test is a separate project.<ref name=2020convergence /> Thirty-three different hardware platforms, some using 5G, 70 industry teams, and 65 government teams{{efn|name=onramp2}}{{rp|minute 9:30}} participated in this ABMS Onramp, the first week in September 2020.{{efn|name=onramp2 |1= Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/more-ambitious-abms-demo-uses-5g-roper/ (25 August 2020) More Ambitious ABMS Demo Uses 5G: Roper]
*{{anchor|jadoDevOfConcept}}[[AFWERX]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yuNJwyrVJo4 (25 August 2020) Dr. Will Roper ABMS 'Ask Me Anything'] 1:30:33 ABMS ([[#jadoAirForceRoleAlloc|Advanced battle management system]]) requires [[Internet of Military Things]].
**5:00 Foundational [[Internet of Military Things|IoT]]: Containerized software systems, forming the connective tissue between domains, devices, platforms, populations.
**16:15 There is not going to be one machine-to-machine system in the future force, but rather a set of machine-to-machine data-exchanges (in publishable, understandable, communicable, discoverable formats).
**22:50 A new kind of requirements process (horizontal (modernize seamlessly over time) rather than vertical, top-down processes for hardware). If a standard exists, such as 5G, or APIs, use it.
**27:50 A culture change, elevating data in importance, over bullets, will be required to win wars. Simplification of the ABMS user interface will be necessary, in order to present the relevant mission-dependent data to the Soldier, or Combatant commander.
**31:30 There will be so much happening, that phone calls will be seen as the obstacle they are, during ABMS Onramp, just like the COVID-19 data needs.
**35:00 deviceONE operates on [[SIPRNET]] tablets today. Portions of ABMS are [[Zero Trust Networks|operational]] today (25 August 2020).
**39:50 a [[devOps]] mentality will be required; X as a Service (XaaS) is needed for Developer's adaptability and agility in the face of uncertain threats --an [[OODA loop]] with 4-month cycles. Agility and adaptability are needed for the Onramps. A set of Use cases are the targets to be sought during the development process.
**49:20 70 industry team offerings are welcome, include 50%-solutions as well.
**52:00 There is no way the Acquisition process can have a lead Systems Integrator to serve as Prime Contractor for a program— Replace this with a tool, a common infrastructure (tech stack) with full authorities (IRAD, Design Reviews, -- DoD has to be good at IT).
**56:10 for the Army, ABMS means National-level [[situation awareness]], that is tuned, relevant to the mission— from the Soldier on the ground, or to the Combatant Commander.
**1:00:00 Use robotic agents (drones as wingmen or battle-buddies) to absorb threats at the tip of the spear; 1:06:00 pull people back from the tip of the spear, in favor of robots. Have people make the calls/commands to direct the strikes; this will not replace the warfighter.
**1:14:00 ABMS scale-up — If we fail, this won't be tried again for years.}}<ref name=wingmanAfrl >Loren Thompson [https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2020/08/28/air-forces-skyborg-robotic-wingman-will-revolutionize-how-air-warfare-is-waged-and-how-weapons-are-bought/#4372a0ca6e76 (28 Aug 2020) Air Force's ‘Skyborg’ Robotic Wingman Will Revolutionize How Air Warfare Is Waged—And How Weapons Are Bought]</ref><ref name=abmsCrs /> By 13 May 2021 the 28th Secretary of Defense had approved the JADC2 strategy.<ref name=secDefApprovesJadc2 >Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/secdef-oks-jadc2-strategy-now-osd-has-teeth/ (4 Jun 2021) SecDef OKs JADC2 Strategy: Now OSD Has ‘Teeth’] Approved 13 May 2021</ref><ref name= disa >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/learning-from-ukraine-conflict-pentagons-info-security-agency-pushes-ahead-on-jadc2/ (28 Apr 2022) Learning from Ukraine conflict, info security agency pushes ahead on JADC2] DISA planning JADC2 for "denied and disconnected low bandwidth situations"</ref> On 11 August 2021 JROC had identified a 5th functional capability ([[#jrocIAMD|IAMD]]) in addition to the 4 functional battles, or competitive advantages already identified.<ref name=hytenIamd >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/jrocs-next-target-integrated-air-missile-defense/ (11 Aug 2021) JROC's Next Target: ‘Integrated Air & Missile Defense’] IAMD</ref><ref name=hyten28Oct2021 >Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/hundreds-of-china-hypersonic-tests-vs-9-us-hyten-says-us-moves-too-slowly/ (28 Oct 2021) 'Hundreds' Of China Hypersonic Tests Vs. 9 US; Hyten Says US Moves Too Slowly]</ref>
In August 2020 a Large force test event (LFTE) was completed at Nellis AFB; the test event demonstrated the ability of F-35s to orchestrate SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defense) using F-22s, F-15Es, E/A-18Gs, B-2s, and RQ-170s.<ref name=seadF35aLfte /> In addition the ability of F-35s to direct Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) was demonstrated during the 2020 Orange Flag event at Edwards AFB (Orange Flag showed the ability of an F-35A to collect targeting data, relay that data to an airborne communications node, as well as to a simulated [[United States Army Futures Command#IBCS|IBCS]] station).<ref name=seadF35aLfte >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/af-tests-f-35-stealth-fleet-for-integrated-electronic-warfare/ (6 August 2020) AF Tests F-35, Stealth Fleet For Integrated Electronic Warfare]</ref>
;Project Convergence (PC20){{anchor|pc20}}
{{anchor|mdoProjectConvergence }}In fall 2020, Futures Command is testing the data links between the Army's AI task force and its helicopters —Future Vertical Lift (FVL), its long-range missile launchers —Long range precision fires (LRPF), and its [[United States Army Futures Command#mdoNGCV|combat vehicles]] —(NGCV);<ref name=2020convergence >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/05/army-invites-air-force-abms-to-big-network-test-project-convergence/ (28 May 2020) Army Invites Air Force ABMS To Big Network Test: Project Convergence]</ref><ref name=intelDataFeedToKillChain >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/can-army-intel-data-feed-the-kill-chain/ (14 August 2020) Can Army Intel Data Feed The Kill Chain?] Quickly pooling data will take AI and cloud—"Project Convergence"</ref><ref name=projectConvergence>Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/238960/project_convergence_aims_to_accelerate_change_in_modernization_efforts (11 September 2020) Project Convergence aims to accelerate change in modernization efforts] At Yuma Proving Ground, success means to complete the demo in less than 20 seconds.</ref> in fall 2021 and going forward, the links between ABMS and Multi-domain operations are invited when the Army's Air and Missile Defense capabilities (AMD's IBCS and MSHORAD —Maneuver short-range air defense) have undergone further testing.<ref name=2020convergence /><ref name="killChainIn20Seconds" >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/target-gone-in-20-seconds-army-sensor-shooter-test/ (10 September 2020) Target Gone In 20 Seconds: Army Sensor-Shooter Test]</ref>
{{anchor|jadoOnrampSep2020}}In September 2020, an ABMS Demonstration at WSMR ([[White Sands Missile Range]]) shot down cruise missile surrogates with hypervelocity (speeds of Mach 5) [[M109 howitzer#Hypervelocity Projectile (HVP)|projectiles]] jointly developed by the Army and Navy. The Army interceptor stems from an XM109 Paladin howitzer;<ref name=northcomScenario >Valerie Insinna [https://www.c4isrnet.com/it-networks/2020/09/04/behind-the-scenes-of-the-us-air-forces-second-test-of-its-game-changing-battle-management-system/ (4 Sep 2020) Behind the scenes of the US Air Force's second test of its game-changing battle management system] A [[hypervelocity projectile]] descended from a Paladin munition knocked down a cruise missile surrogate on 3 September 2020 at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR)
*An ABMS Onramp Two vendor provided sensor towers and AI to track the cruise missile surrogates.
*ABMS provided common picture to combatant commanders</ref> the Navy interceptor stems from a deck gun.<ref name=killChainInSeconds >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/abms-demo-proves-ai-chops-for-c2/ (3 Sep 2020) ABMS Demo Proves AI Chops For C2] The [[#jadoOnrampSep2020|ABMS demo]] had four phases, under computer control. The [[kill chain]]s were formed in seconds rather than minutes.
# Early detection, identification, and warning
#* Scanning —Humans no longer need to dedicate their attention to a single, boring task. Replace the problem of stovepiped sensors / functions with more salient events. Let sensors perform direct machine-to-machine data exchanges in an [[Internet of Military Things]] and detect events which are salient to the mission.
#* This allows concentration of effort by the Intelligence Community. Let machines follow the leads under Human direction
# Red force tracking
#* Use AI feeds to form the kill chains (plan the series of steps needed to kill a Red threat)
#* Let machines follow Red trajectories to estimate the time needed to intercept a Red threat
# Engaging red force threats
#* Select an appropriate Blue interceptor (fast enough to engage Red threat, close enough to get past standoff distance)
#* In two cases, hypervelocity (moving at Mach 5) munitions were launched from cannons (one Army, one Navy) to kill cruise missile surrogates.
#* Other 'sensor-to-shooter' kill chains included AIM-9 missiles launched from F-16s and MQ-9s, as well as a ground-launched AIM-9 missile (which was designed to be an air-to-air munition).
# Blue force tracking
#* Develop dedicated Clouds- strategic cloud for the Commander, and tactical cloud for the individual Soldier</ref><ref name=cop >Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2020/09/air-forces-connect-everything-project-just-had-big-success/168407/ (11 September 2020) The Air Force's ‘Connect Everything’ Project Just Had a Big Success] The ABMS Onramp 2 demo occurred on 2 September 2020. Commanders were shown they had the same access to a Common Operational Picture, displayed on their tablets at the flight line, as they had on their screens earlier in the command center.</ref><ref name=1000killChainsOnTablet >Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/preston-dunlap-a-thousand-kill-chains-in-your-pocket/ (19 Nov 2020) Preston Dunlap: ‘A Thousand Kill Chains In Your Pocket’] links to video</ref> The data feeds used both 4G and 5G, as well as cloud-based AI feeds, to form the [[kill chain]]s.<ref name=killChainInSeconds /> The kill chains directing the intercepts were developed from 60 data feeds, and took seconds to develop, as opposed to the minutes which previous processes took. Other 'sensor-to-shooter' kill chains included [[AIM-9]] missiles launched from [[F-16]]s and [[MQ-9]]s, as well as a ground-launched AIM-9 missile (which was designed to be an air-to-air munition). Four National Test Ranges were involved in the demonstration,<ref name=killChainInSeconds /> as well as five combatant commands.<ref name=northcomScenario /><ref name=cop /><ref name=ngadPrototype >Valerie Insinna [https://www.defensenews.com/breaking-news/2020/09/15/the-us-air-force-has-built-and-flown-a-mysterious-full-scale-prototype-of-its-future-fighter-jet/ (15 Sep 2020) The US Air Force has built and flown a mysterious full-scale prototype of its future fighter jet] via "digital engineering, agile software development and open architecture". —[[Will Roper]]</ref>
In October 2020 the DoD Acquisition chief completed an extensive redesign of the Adaptive acquisition framework (AAF) including software acquisition, middle-tier acquisition, defense business systems, acquisition of services, urgent capability acquisition and major capability acquisition. AAF now adheres to the updated DoD 5000.01 policy approved in September 2020 by her lead, the Deputy Defense Secretary.<ref name=aaf >Mandy Mayfield [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/10/7/pentagon-signs-new-acquisition-pathway-to-streamline-software-development (7 October 2020) JUST IN: Pentagon to Streamline Software Development] AAF (Adaptive acquisition framework) now adheres to the updated DoD 5000.01 policy approved in September 2020 by Ellen Lord's lead, the Deputy Defense Secretary David Norquist</ref>
;PC21
:''See [[#Project Convergence 2022|PC22]]''
{{anchor|Project Maven live-fire experiment}}In March 2021, [[XVIII Airborne Corps]] hosted a [[Artificial intelligence arms race#Project Maven|Project Maven]] ([[Secretary of Defense-Empowered Cross-Functional Teams#Algorithmic Warfare Cross Functional Team (AWCFT)|DoD AI-based]]) live-fire experiment which shares targeting data among [[F-35]]s, [[A-10]]s, [[HIMARS]], and satellites.<ref name=xviiiLongRangeFires >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/02/army-ai-gets-live-fire-test-next-week/ (23 Feb 2021) Army AI Gets Live Fire Test Next Week]</ref><ref name=feickertCrs>Andrew Feickert, Congressional research service (CRS) IF11654 [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11654 (updated 27 Sep 2021) The Army’s Project Convergence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928150151/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11654 |date=28 September 2021 }} PC20, PC21, PC22</ref><ref name= ngaMaven>Nathan Strout [https://news.yahoo.com/intelligence-agency-takes-over-project-135044644.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall (27 Apr 2022) Intelligence agency takes over Project Maven, the Pentagon’s signature AI scheme] NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency)</ref>
{{anchor|JWCjado}}In June 2021 the 28th secretary of defense issued a classified memorandum directing the Services to engage in more joint [[United States Army Futures Command#Prototyping and experimentation|experimentation and prototyping]], in support of the All-domain operations (JADO) concept (the Joint warfighting concept).<ref name=jado >Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/secdef-austin-takes-personal-charge-of-china-policy-with-classified-directive/ (9 Jun 2021) SecDef Austin Takes Personal Charge of DoD China Policy With Classified Directive]</ref><ref name=28thSecdefApprovesADO />
{{anchor|Project Convergence 2021}}In fall 2021,<ref name=pc21Date>More precisely, 12 Oct-10 Nov 2021, according to Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/smd/2021/08/10/us-armys-critical-missile-defense-system-will-play-role-at-project-convergence/ (11 Aug 2021) US Army's critical missile defense system will play role at Project Convergence] IBCS battalion will be part of 6000-7000 personnel, including 900 for data collection</ref><ref name=ypgPc21>Mark Schauer [https://www.army.mil/article/251706/yuma_proving_ground_supports_cutting_edge_technology_testing_during_pc_21 (3 November 2021) Yuma Proving Ground supports cutting-edge technology testing during PC 21]</ref> a ''Joint Force'' (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Special Operations) used Project Convergence 2021 ('''PC21''') to simulate the distances in the [[First island chain]] of the Pacific Ocean,<ref name=pc21 >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/joint-force-vs-china-project-convergence-21/ (5 Apr 2021) Joint Force Vs. China: Project Convergence 21]</ref>{{efn|name=autonGvcs|1= On 5 June 2023 Army Capabilities Development Command Ground Vehicle Systems Center awarded contracts to close down the autonomous vehicle leader-follower program<ref name=AvMc /> in favor of a competitive commercial autonomy package.<ref name= gvcsAutonomyPackage >Ashley Rocque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/06/army-closing-down-leader-follower-robotic-truck-development-eyeing-commercial-solutions/ (5 June 2023) Army closing down 'leader-follower' robotic truck development, eyeing commercial solutions]</ref>}} which Army Long-Range Precision Fires (LRPF) are to cover.<ref name= wormuthTestimony >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/lawmakers-worry-army-doesnt-have-basing-agreements-for-long-range-fires/ (13 May 2022) Lawmakers worry Army doesn’t have basing agreements for long-range fires]</ref><ref name= indoPacomPosture >Dustin Walker [https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2023/05/01/is-america-postured-for-a-fight-in-the-indo-pacific/ (1 May 2023) Is America postured for a fight in the Indo-Pacific?]</ref> A Multi-domain task force (MDTF), and Special Forces took the lead during the Competition phase of the exercise.{{efn|<ref name=pc21 /><ref name=leidosArtemis2 >Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/army-puts-leidos-special-mission-plane-through-paces-at-project-convergence/ (11 Oct 2021) Army Puts Leidos Special Mission Plane Through Paces At Project Convergence] ARTEMIS 2.0 special mission aircraft, akin to EC-37B (but not [[electronic warfare]])</ref><ref name=seals >Stavros Atlamazoglou [https://www.19fortyfive.com/2021/08/how-the-u-s-navy-seals-are-getting-ready-for-war-against-russia-or-china/ (16 Aug 2021) How The U.S. Navy SEALs Are Getting Ready For War Against Russia Or China]</ref><ref name=jamestown >Holmes Liao [https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-development-of-hypersonic-missiles-and-thought-on-hypersonic-defense/ (8 Oct 2021) China’s Development of Hypersonic Missiles and Thought on Hypersonic Defense Publication: China Brief Volume: 21 Issue: 19] Critique of JF-12 hypersonic wind tunnel, as well as the newer JF-22 detonation-driven ultra-high-speed and high-enthalpy shock tunnel (used for XingKong). "PLA strategists fear that the U.S. may deploy hypersonic weapons on the [[first island chain]] and/or the second island chain, directly threatening China."</ref>}} In June 2021 the 35th Deputy secretary of defense announced
#the RDER (Rapid defense experimentation reserve, "Raider") to fund those defense organizations which successfully institutionalize experiments to exercise joint warfighting capability.<ref name=raider >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/hicks-seeks-to-unify-service-experiments-with-new-raider-fund/ (21 Jun 2021) Hicks Seeks To Unify Service Experiments With New ‘Raider’ Fund]</ref>{{efn|name= fy2023Rder|1= RDER will fund the Combatant Commander's experiments in Joint Warfighting Concepts: °advanced fires, °command and control, °information advantage, and °contested logistics; the Concepts' exercise coordination and execution cell will be funded from RDER.<ref name= fy2023RequestRder >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/pentagon-ramps-up-fy23-funding-request-in-push-to-address-capability-gaps-ai/ (3 May 2022) Pentagon ramps up FY23 funding request in push to address capability gaps, AI] RDER funding request $70 million for FY23 going forward. The AI and Data Accelerator (AIDA) requests $76.79 million for FY23, with an estimated minimum of $377 million for the first 5 years for the RDER and AIDA experiments.</ref><ref name= aida >Brandi Vincent [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/02/ai-algorithms-could-rapidly-deploy-battlefield-under-new-initiative/361819/ (9 Feb 2022) New Operating System Aims to Speed AI to the Battlefield]</ref><ref name= rder2023-2024 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/08/after-2-years-of-experimenting-pentagon-to-evaluate-rder-tech/ (29 Aug 2023) After 2 years of experimenting, Pentagon to evaluate RDER tech] ' "So the decision at the DMAG will be, should that be a single service, or [does] every service just buy what they want, right?" Heidi Shyu told reporters about the Rapid Defense Experimentation Reserve.'</ref>}}
#*One example might be, say an end-to-end flow of data, say in a [[kill chain]] from an [[intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance]] detection of an enemy hypersonic weapons launch, to interdiction of the threat, to battle damage assessment.
#*Note that exercises to deepen a service silo have a disadvantage in a competition for RDER funding.<ref name=raider />
# an [[Artificial intelligence arms race#United States|AI and data acceleration]] initiative{{efn|name= fy2023AiDa|1= $76.79 million is requested for FY23.<ref name= fy2023RequestRder/>}} to help the 11 [[combatant command]]s apply their new capabilities; teams of specialists are to assist the combatant commanders to automate the data flows<ref name= aida/> of what are currently manual exercises in the respective command posts.<ref name=35thAI >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/hicks-will-send-ai-data-experts-to-combatant-commanders/ (22 Jun 2021) Hicks Will Send AI/Data Experts To Combatant Commanders]</ref><ref name= digitalHorizonNov2022 >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/2022/12/08/us-central-commands-new-hub-seeks-to-quickly-push-battlefield-tech/ (8 Dec 2022) US Central Command’s new hub seeks to quickly push battlefield tech] Schuyler Moore CENTCOM CTO watch
*Jonathan Lehrfeld [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2022/09/07/new-us-military-testing-facility-coming-to-saudi-arabia/ (7 Sep 2022) New U.S. military testing facility coming to Saudi Arabia] Red Sands</ref><ref name=beyondAbms /> The most effective processes are to be left in place after the exercises.{{efn|[[Joint Artificial Intelligence Center#GIDEs|Global Information Dominance Experiments]] are the vehicle for this effort.<ref name=35thAI /><ref name=vanherck1 >Gen. Glen D VanHerck [https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/new-tools-to-create-time-and-information-building-the-bike-while-we-ride-it/ (6 Jul 2021) NEW TOOLS TO CREATE TIME AND INFORMATION: "BUILDING THE BIKE WHILE WE RIDE IT"] "global information dominance", 3rd in a series of exercises for all 11 combatant commands. See [[United States Joint Forces Command#Organization]] disestablished 2011
*GIDE [https://blog.palantir.com/in-pursuit-of-information-dominance-f8e452469d04 1: Dec 2020]
*GIDE [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2021/3/31/northern-command-leads-global-wargame-to-test-ai-capabilities 2: Apr 2021]
*GIDE [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/combatant-commands-worry-about-service-jadc2-stovepipes/ 3: Jul 2021]
*GIDE 4: Dec 2021</ref><ref name=vanherck2>Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2021/07/ai-gives-days-advanced-warning-recent-northcom-networked-warfare-experiment/184163/ (29 Jul 2021) AI Gives ‘Days of Advanced’ Warning in Recent NORTHCOM Networked Warfare Experiment]</ref><ref name=fccAustin>[[Scott McKean]] [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/07/19/b7aad354/20210714-afc-pam-71-20-9-concept-for-c2-pursuing-decision-dominance-approved.pdf (14 Jul 2021) AFC Pamphlet 71-20-9 Army Futures Command Concept for Command and Control – Pursuing decision dominance] AFCC-C2 14 Jul 2021 see [https://www.army.mil/futuresandconceptscenter#org-resources FUTURES AND CONCEPTS CENTER resources]</ref><ref name= aiAntidote /><ref name= rderFy24 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/dod-kickstarts-tight-lipped-rder-experiments-this-year-official/ (16 Mar 2023) DoD kickstarts tight-lipped RDER experiments this year: Official]</ref>}}
#[[United States Army Futures Command#DoD seeks Technical Baseline|§ The DoD is seeking AI technology]] to gain a relative advantage in [[#Competition|§ competition]].<ref name=ndstStrategy >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/2023/04/13/pentagons-shyu-gives-sneak-peek-of-tech-strategy-focused-on-teaming/ (13 Apr 2023) Pentagon's Shyu gives 'sneak peek' of tech strategy focused on teaming] National Defense Science and Technology Strategy</ref><ref name= diu3 >Lauren C Williams [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/09/pentagons-innovation-arm-has-new-chief-and-new-strategy/389948/ (1 Sep 2023) The Pentagon’s innovation arm has a new chief and a new strategy] Doug Beck 'DIU 3.0', now under SecDef review, aims to embed teams in the combatant commands.</ref>
#DoD is attempting to fund 8 CHIPS hubs.<ref name= 8ChipsHubs >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/chips-are-down-dod-awards-240m-to-build-8-tech-hubs-official-warns-shutdown-would-be-crushing/ (20 Sep 2023) CHIPS are down: DoD awards $240M to build 8 tech hubs, official warns shutdown would be 'crushing']</ref>
[[United States Army Futures Command#Integrated Battle Command System|Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System]] (IBCS), an [[#jrocIAMD|IAMD Battle Command System]], is an Army project to unify its disparate anti-missile systems (such as the [[THAAD]], and [[MIM-104 Patriot]] missiles) and their radars/sensors (such as THAAD's [[AN/TPY-2]] radar, [[AN/MPQ-64 Sentinel]], and Patriot [[AN/MPQ-65]] radars). IBCS is being exercised in Fall 2021 ([[#Project Convergence 2021|Project Convergence 2021]]) to experiment with its connection to JADC2 and ABMS.<ref name=smdcIbcs >Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/armys-ibcs-starts-operational-testing-next-month-smdcs-karbler/ (10 Aug 2021) Army's IBCS Starts Operational Testing Next Month: SMDC's Karbler]</ref> JROC is appending IAMD capability (IAMD interoperability) to the JWC (Joint warfighting concept)<ref name=hytenIamd /> (Monte Carlo simulations of hundreds of thousands of IBCS missile data tracks were generated by an Army Air Defense Artillery battalion exercising IBCS in 2020;<ref name=4intercepts >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/08/21/army-missile-defenders-defeat-cruise-and-ballistic-missiles-nearly-simultaneously/ (20 Aug 2020) Army missile defenders defeat cruise and ballistic missiles nearly simultaneously]</ref> The test created terabytes of data to be queried.<ref name=100sOfIntercepts >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/ibcs-defeats-2-missiles-in-flight-but-100s-in-simulation/ (21 August 2020) IBCS Defeats 2 Missiles in Flight – But 100s In Simulation]</ref><ref>Andrew Eversden [https://www.c4isrnet.com/cyber/2020/08/21/us-army-buys-two-new-supercomputers-to-meet-data-analytics-demand/ (20 August 2020) US Army buys  new supercomputers to meet data analytics demand]</ref> i.e., "connect any sensor to any shooter and any command and control node" —Eric Wesley){{efn|name=leoLRPFKillChain}}
In a review of Project Convergence 2021 (PC2021) the director of the Network Cross-functional team (CFT) was able to state 5 takeaways for the Integrated Tactical Network:<ref name=5thingsNcft>Mark Pomerleau [https://www.defensenews.com/it-networks/2021/12/08/five-things-the-army-learned-about-its-network-at-project-convergence-21/ (8 Dec 2021) Five things the Army learned about its network at Project Convergence 21] PC21</ref>
#"the importance of a data fabric"— <ref name=5thingsNcft />
#"a significant improvement in coverage from resilient wide-band satellite communications"— <ref name=5thingsNcft />
#"the importance of an aerial tier to the network to improve the resiliency and range"<ref name=5thingsNcft />
#extending edge mesh networking<ref name=5thingsNcft /><ref name=abadie>Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/at-project-convergence-army-struggling-to-see-joint-battlefield-as-it-heeds-hard-lessons/ (17 Nov 2021) At Project Convergence, Army ‘struggling’ to see joint battlefield as it heeds ‘hard’ lessons]</ref>
#"the need for a joint operational common picture"– <ref name=5thingsNcft /> ("provide commanders with a single pane of glass [on a computer screen]")<ref name=capabilitySetsCop >Amy Walker, Project Manager Tactical Network, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/257523/space_provides_key_to_joint_all_domain_command_and_control (14 Jun 2022) Space provides key to Joint All Domain Command and Control] JADC2</ref>
In August 2023 the Navy's [[Joint All-Domain Command and Control#Live, virtual, and constructive environment|§ Live, Virtual, and Constructive environment]] simulated joint operation across multiple domains. This involved 22 global time zones, and simulated Joint Staff, civilian leaders, and non-navy personnel.<ref name= Lse23 >Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/coping-with-tension-navys-global-exercise-to-pit-commanders-with-joint-force-pressures/ (24 Jul 2023) Coping with 'tension': Navy's global exercise to pit commanders with joint force pressures]</ref>
====Crisis====
{{anchor|jadoOvermatch}}
By September 2020 the joint modernization efforts to retain [[overmatch]] in a [[crisis]] were visible in the press reports covering the joint level (DoD and the military departments).<ref name=killChainInSeconds />
In the view of [[John Hyten]], 11th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, in a crisis, each force is to have both a self-defense capability, and a deep strike capability,<ref name=hytenSep2020>Connie Lee [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/9/9/dod-on-track-to-deliver-warfighting-concept-in-december (9 Sep 2020) Hyten: New Warfighting Concept to Erase Battlefield Lines]</ref><ref name=noLines>Aaron Mehta [https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2020/08/14/no-lines-on-the-battlefield-the-pentagons-new-warfighting-concept-takes-shape/ (14 Aug 2020) ‘No lines on the battlefield’: Pentagon's new war-fighting concept takes shape]</ref>
operating under a unified command and control structure,<ref name=jadc2>Morgan Dwyer [https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/2020/07/10/making-the-most-of-the-air-forces-investment-in-joint-all-domain-command-and-control/ (10 July 2020) Making the most of the Air Force's investment in Joint All Domain Command and Control]</ref><ref name=boldQuest20,2 /> simultaneously across the domains, against the enemy.<ref name=killChainInSeconds /><ref name=2020fy19,21accomplishments,investmentPlan />{{efn|name=hyten2020 }}<ref name=cyberDataOne /> The [[#jadoOnrampSep2020|potential capability]] exposed by the use of AI in September 2020 posed a choice for the [[combatant commander]]s, who needed to select their top priority, by answering "What do you want and how do we do it?" in November 2020.<ref name=ccdrsNeedToChooseTheirTopPriority /> Hyten then had an opportunity to shape the operation of the [[Joint requirements oversight council]], by providing a [[common operational picture]] to the combatant commanders and their forces in the respective domains,<ref name=ccdrsNeedToChooseTheirTopPriority /> to get to a position of relative advantage very quickly (faster than the enemy's [[OODA loop]]).<ref name=mitre>"Finding and engaging high-value relocatable ground systems within rapid timelines" is the Air Force's operational objective in this JADC2 exercise —Eliahu Norwood, Greg Grant, and Tyler Lewis [https://www.mitre.org/sites/default/files/publications/Joint-All-Domain-Command-Control.pdf (December 2019) A new battle command architecture for multi-domain operations: countering peer adversary power projection] Tie-in to MDC2, MDO</ref><ref name=mitre2>Scott Lee [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/08/a-vision-for-better-faster-c2-decision-making-across-all-domains/ (19 Aug 2021) A Vision for Better, Faster C2 Decision-Making Across All Domains]</ref>
{{anchor|TitanCjadc2}}In FY2021, TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node){{efn|name= titanIntro|1= Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node (TITAN)<ref name=titanLrpf /> is a ground station for integrating the data feed between "sensors and shooters".<ref name=viceChiefMartinInterview /> }} was to undergo an Analysis of Alternatives ([[Analysis of Alternatives|AOA]]).{{efn|name= g357 }}{{efn|<ref name=titanLrpf /><ref name=convergenceTITAN>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/pushing-data-from-space-to-mud-project-convergence/ (23 September 2020) Pushing Data ‘From Space To Mud’: Project Convergence]</ref><ref name=titanTiming>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/army-artillerys-ai-gets-live-fire-exercises-in-europe-pacific/ (28 Apr 2021) Army Artillery’s AI Gets Live-Fire Exercises In Europe, Pacific] APNT: Timing for TITAN terminal prototype in 2022</ref>
<ref name=mdoI2cews>Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/army-seeks-small-satellites-to-support-ground-troops/ (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops] 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
*Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/smdc-pushes-for-new-pnt-tracking-sat-payloads/ (12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads] In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs.</ref>}} TITAN is part of the network to integrate sensors and shooters in Multi-domain operations (MDO), in seconds. By FY2022 TITAN was meant to be a [[Program of Record]], for [[#cjadc2MeetIn60days|CJADC2]];<ref name=titanAiMl>PEO news [https://peoiews.army.mil/titan-brings-together-systems-for-next-generation-intelligence-capabilities/ (27 Sep 2021) TITAN Brings Together Systems For Next Generation Intelligence Capabilities] "[I]n Multi Domain Operations (MDO) and Joint All Domain Operations (JADO), TITAN will be the first Intelligence ground station enabled by Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) " --Palantir project</ref> additional  Soldier touchpoints will assess capabilities of two prototype satellite ground stations for downselect in 14 months by FY2023, and follow-on phases III and IV.{{efn|name= titanProto |1= <ref name= competProtoTitan >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2022/03/31/us-army-on-track-to-choose-titan-provider-in-the-coming-months/ (31 Mar 2022) US Army on track to award TITAN competitive prototyping contracts in the coming months] "selection of a single provider for TITAN will occur at the end of the program’s second phase, which will last about 14 months"</ref><ref name= titanRaytheonPalantir >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/army-moves-ahead-with-palantir-and-raytheon-for-next-phase-of-titan/ (28 Jun 2022) Army moves ahead with Palantir and Raytheon for next phase of TITAN]</ref><ref name= titanRaythPalanDiuNorthrop >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/06/28/us-army-awards-72-million-for-new-phase-in-next-gen-ground-system-effort/ (28 Jun 2022) US Army awards $72 million for new phase in next-gen ground system effort ] DIU and Northrop will field a prototype TITAN in the interim</ref><ref name= munoz >Carlos Munoz, Janes [https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-army-preps-for-titan-ground-station-experimentation (24 May 2021) US Army preps for TITAN ground station experimentation]</ref><ref name= willieNelson >Nathan Strout [https://www.defensenews.com/intel-geoint/2022/04/29/army-futures-command-learning-from-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ (29 Apr 2022) Army Futures Command learning from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine] Satellite "sensors also need to be better integrated with Army systems, to the point that satellite data can be downlinked directly to the battlefield".—Willie Nelson, Deputy Asst Sec Army</ref><ref name= mobilePreProtoTitan >Courtney Albon  [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/11/10/army-showcases-space-enabled-targeting-system-at-project-convergence/ (10 Nov 2022) Army showcases space-enabled targeting system at Project Convergence] TITAN mobile, semi-autonomous pre-prototype at PC22</ref><ref name= titan23summerTests >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/army-to-test-titan-prototypes-this-summer-as-it-moves-toward-downselect/ (26 Apr 2023) Army to test TITAN prototypes this summer as it moves toward downselect]</ref><ref name= 3dPointCloud >David Appel,  Raytheon [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/03/activity-based-intel-speeds-decisions/ (22 Mar 2022) Activity-based intel speeds decisions] "The extraction process matches all point locations – this could be a few hundred or millions – from a stack of 2D images, bringing them into alignment to compute 3D locations for each point. When predicted accuracies meet targeting requirements, the data can be referred to as a 'targetable surface'" to reconstruct 3D Point Cloud: Other Transaction number W15QKN-17-9-5555</ref>}}
====Return to competition====
By 2020 the Joint all-domain concept{{efn| name=hyten2020 }} was converging on the need for the allies and partners to convince the adversary that it is in everyone's interest to [[#pc20|return]] to [[competition]],<ref name=mdbNovDec2017 /><ref name=returnToCompetition />
<ref name=satTestOfAbms >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/attack-on-us-satellites-focus-of-next-abms-test-goldfein/ (3 March 2020) Attack On US Satellites Focus Of Next ABMS Test: Goldfein] Joint Chiefs will attend the next ABMS test, which will span bases from Eglin AFB to Nellis AFB; Yuma Proving Ground to White Sands Missile Range. All the joint chiefs plan to be there</ref><ref name=anyOrAllNoTimeout >Sydney J Freedberg Jr [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/no-timeout-in-future-wars-army-gen-murray-exclusive/ (13 Mar 2020) ‘No Timeout’ In Future Wars: Army Gen. Murray EXCLUSIVE]</ref><ref name=nonKinetic >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/04/covid-19-army-futures-command-takes-wargames-online/ (21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online] "The [[#mdbPerkinsMdo|competition phase]] is about ''deterring'' war"—Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.</ref> well short of [[War|conflict]] between near-peer adversaries.<ref name=killChainInSeconds /><ref name=boldQuest20,2 /> In 2021 the 40th Chief of Staff of the Army described the Army's role in the [[Conflict continuum#Competition continuum|Continuum of military competition]], a Joint concept.<ref name=csa2 >Chief of Staff Paper #2 [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/29/bf6c30e6/csa-paper-2-the-army-in-military-competition.pdf (1 March 2021) The Army in Military Competition]</ref>
{{blockquote|Great power competition does not mean great power conflict. —40th Army Chief of Staff [[James C. McConville]]<ref>Devon Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/239017/chief_of_staff_asks_force_to_fight_against_harmful_behaviors (September 14, 2020) Chief of staff asks force to fight against harmful behaviors]</ref><ref name=accelChng >Stephen Losey [https://www.defensenews.com/air/2023/03/09/air-force-chief-wants-to-take-wrecking-ball-to-services-bureaucracy/ (9 Mar 2023) Air Force chief wants to take 'wrecking ball' to service's bureaucracy] "Accelerate Change or Lose"</ref>}}
===Alliances and partnerships===
[[File:2K12 Kub mobile surface-to-air missile.jpg|thumb|A [[2K12 Kub]] surface-to-air missile system fired during the multinational live-fire training exercise which included [[10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command]] [[U.S. Army Europe]], in Bulgaria  June 2019 ]]
An ongoing series of programs to strengthen relationships between the Army and its allies and partners is being implemented.<ref name=g357>Headquarters DCS, G3-5-7 [https://www.army.mil/standto/2018-07-23?from=hp_spotlight (July 23, 2018) U.S. Army Allies and Partners]: 9 lines of effort</ref><ref name= 8AlliesPartnAtPc22 >Maureena Thompson, Army Futures Command  [https://www.army.mil/article/261831/afc_engages_with_international_partners_to_prepare_for_the_future (8 Nov 2022) AFC engages with international partners to prepare for the future] Eight Allies & Partners At PC22</ref><ref name=3rd,197thNGhdf>An example exercise —Spc. Joseph Knoch, 5th Public Affairs Detachment [https://www.nationalguard.mil/News/Article/1901698/guard-units-join-army-and-hungarian-forces-in-exercise/ (July 11, 2019) Guard units join US Army and Hungarian forces in exercise]: 3rd 197th Artillery Battalion from the Ohio and New Hampshire National Guards working alongside Hungarian Defense Forces (HDF)</ref><ref name=perspectiveOfSpecialForces >Joe Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/224343/relationship_with_allies_key_to_maintaining_competitive_edge_says_sf_commander   (July 12, 2019) Relationship with allies key to maintaining competitive edge, says SF commander] From the perspective of Special Forces</ref><ref name=interoperabilityWithCoalition>"Interoperability is huge for our Army; we fight as a coalition..."—Lt. Gen. Jim Richardson [https://www.army.mil/article/219670/allies_to_join_army_futures_command Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (April 4, 2019) Allies to join Army Futures Command]</ref> These programs include demonstrations of cooperation, interoperability, and preparedness of its partners.<ref name=eucomSites /><ref name=jointMdoForStandoff /><ref name=as19 >Sgt. LaShic Patterson [https://www.army.mil/article/225376/22cr_unloads_vehicles_at_the_poti_port_for_as19 (August 6, 2019) 2/2CR unloads vehicles at the Poti port for AS19] Agile Spirit 19: Vaziani Military Base, [[Tbilisi, Georgia]]</ref><ref name=steppeEagle19 >Maj. Kevin Sandell, U.S. Army Central Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/223680/us_physician_teaches_steppe_eagle_19_medical_participants_to_race_the_reaper (June 26, 2019) U.S. physician teaches Steppe Eagle 19 medical participants to 'race the Reaper']</ref><ref name=heavyDivPrepList /><ref name=overseasBases>Wendover Productions [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0qt0hdCQtg (27 August 2019) The US' Overseas Military Base Strategy] Estimates 800 current DoD bases, but some of them are transitory. Video clip.</ref><ref name=aimpoint2035 /> For example, in 2019 the Army uses DoD's [[State Partnership Program]], to link 22 National Guard [[Bilateral Affairs Officer]]s (BAOs) with 22 allies or partners in the 54 countries in European Command's area to facilitate common defense interests with the US.<ref name=hungarySpecialOps>Eric Schmitt ''The New York Times'' (14 July 2019) "Rehearsing for a Shadow War Against a Foe Embraced by Trump" pp. A1, A10.</ref><ref name=ukPartnerPlanning>{{cite news |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-us-defence/minister-says-britain-must-reduce-military-dependence-on-us-report-idUSKBN1ZB00D |date=11 Jan 2020 |title= Minister says Britain must reduce military dependence on U.S.: report}}</ref> In all, 89 partnerships now exist.<ref>National Guard Bureau [https://www.nationalguard.mil/Leadership/Joint-Staff/J-5/International-Affairs-Division/State-Partnership-Program/ (January 2019) State Partnership Program].</ref><ref name=gaoSpp>Bradley Bowman and Thomas Pledger [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/modernize-the-national-guards-state-partnership-program/ (10 August 2020) Modernize The National Guard's State Partnership Program]</ref><ref name=faoOnChina>James P. Micciche [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2020/09/21/us_below_war_threshold_options_against_china_578092.html (21 September 2020) U.S. Below War Threshold Options Against China] The opinion of a strategist and Civil affairs officer</ref> ''See: [[Foreign Area Officer]] (FAO) ''
{{anchor|jaicPartnershipForDefense}}DoD's [[Joint Artificial Intelligence Center]] (JAIC) has convened 100 online participants from 13 countries to discuss how to use AI in a way that is consonant with their national ethical principles, termed the 'AI Partnership for Defense' in 2020.<ref name=g357 /><ref name=gOrJ9>Col. Christopher Holshek, USA Ret. [https://www.ausa.org/publications/expanding-multi-domain-operations-win-moral-competition (19 August 2020) Expanding Multi-Domain Operations to Win Moral Competition] A recommendation —"integrate military-civilian physical and informational power"</ref><ref name=aiEthicsPrinciples>Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/dod-adopts-ai-ethics-principles-but-how-will-they-be-enforced/ (24 February 2020) DoD Adopts AI Ethics Principles — But How Will They Be Enforced?]</ref><ref name=aiEthics13>Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/13-nations-meet-on-ethics-for-military-ai/ (16 Sep 2020) Military AI Coalition Of 13 Countries Meets On Ethics]</ref><ref name=shareDataLikeBullets /> For example, the US has a policy of human permission needed in order to trigger the automatic kill chains.<ref name=legalPermissions>Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/artificial-intelligence-lawyers-and-laws-of-war-the-balance/  (23 Apr 2021) Artificial Intelligence, Lawyers And Laws Of War]</ref> In 2021 the 28th Secretary of defense committed to the department's ethical use of AI capabilities in a "responsible, equitable, traceable, reliable, and governable" way.{{efn|<ref name=lloydAustinCommitment>Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/secdef-austin-commits-us-to-responsible-ai/ (13 Jul 2021) SecDef Austin Commits US To ‘Responsible AI’] 28th SecDef</ref><ref name= autonomousWeapons >Valerie Insinna and Aaron Mehta [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/updated-autonomous-weapons-rules-coming-for-the-pentagon-exclusive-details/ (26 May 2022) Updated autonomous weapons rules coming for the Pentagon: Exclusive details] DoD directive 3000.09</ref>}}
In 2019 the 27th Secretary of Defense Mark Esper identified the Indo-Pacific Theater as the priority theater for the United States.<ref name=IndoPacificTheater>Aaron Mehta 'The Indo-Pacific Theater is "our priority theater"—Mark Esper.' [https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2019/08/27/esper-calls-for-new-basing-investments-in-the-pacific/ (27 August 2019) Esper calls for new basing investments in the Pacific] Sites to be determined</ref> A multi-domain task force for the Indo-Pacific Theater is planned for a Defender exercise.<ref name=mdtfIndoPacom>Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/01/10/the-pacific-must-mean-more-than-korea-rotations-for-the-army-to-counter-china/ (10 Jan 2020) The Pacific must mean more than Korea rotations for the Army to counter China] —Secretary McCarthy</ref><ref name=defenderPacific>Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/05/08/the-pacific-push-new-rotation-thousands-more-soldiers-heading-to-the-region-as-the-army-readies-for-a-new-kind-of-fight/ (May 8, 2019) The Pacific push: New rotation, thousands more soldiers heading to the region as the Army readies for a new kind of fight]</ref><ref name=defenderPac2020,21>Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/02/04/us-army-wants-to-expand-prepositioned-stock-in-pacific/ (4 February 2020) US Army wants to expand pre-positioned stock in Pacific] APS Preparation for 2021: Test of the 24-hour/7-days a week operations center, and Army sealift capability in Pacific, just as Defender 2020 is a "test of the rails and roads in Europe"</ref><ref name=xQ58a /> However, in light of the DoD 60-day travel ban due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the number of [[CONUS]]-based troops participating in Defender Europe 2020 was reduced to those troops already in Europe.{{efn|<ref name=covid19reduction>Headquarters, United States European Command [https://www.army.mil/article/233715/exercise_defender_europe_20_update (11 March 2020) Exercise Defender Europe 20 update] Troop reduction</ref><ref name=covid19travelban>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/covid-19-wh-cancels-space-council-meet-space-symposium-postponed/ (13 March 2020) COVID-19: WH Relocates Space Council Meet; Space Symposium Postponed]</ref><ref name=defEu2020Rescoped>U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/232943/defender_europe_20_modified_in_size_and_scope (16 March 2020) DEFENDER Europe 20 modified in size and scope]</ref><ref name=attacksSoar>Kevin Baron [https://www.realcleardefense.com/2020/03/17/attacks_on_dod_networks_soar_as_telework_inflicts_lsquounprecedentedrsquo_loads_312579.html (17 March 2020) Attacks on DOD Networks Soar As Telework Inflicts ‘Unprecedented’ Loads]</ref>}}
{{blockquote|COVID-19 has been a 'wake up call to DoD' —Matthew Donovan<ref>Connie Lee [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/9/14/defense-department-pushing-for-large-warfighting-exercises (14 Sep 2020) Emphasizing Large Warfighting Exercises (UPDATED)]</ref>}}
{{anchor|defenderEurope2020}}
In 2020 the Army lost 3 NTC training rotations to COVID-19.<ref>Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/army-lost-3-ntc-training-rotations-to-covid-forscom-curbs-pace-next-year-too/ (13 Oct 2020) Army Lost 3 NTC Training Rotations To COVID; FORSCOM Curbs Pace Next Year Too]</ref><ref>MARK CANCIAN, ADAM SAXTON, AND NIDAL MORRISON [https://warontherocks.com/2020/11/covid-19-and-the-u-s-military/ (10 Nov 2020) COVID-19 AND THE U.S. MILITARY]</ref>
JWA 20 was intended to exercise Multi-domain operations, and multinational forces, in EUCOM for 2020.{{efn|name= leoLRPFKillChain}}{{efn|<ref name=jwa20>Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/212342/second_phase_of_multi_domain_task_force_pilot_headed_to_europe (October 11, 2018) Second phase of Multi-Domain Task Force pilot headed to Europe]</ref><ref name=infArsenal>Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/beyond-inf-an-affordable-arsenal-of-long-range-missiles/ (28 May 2019) Beyond INF: An Affordable Arsenal Of Long-Range Missiles?] INF Treaty likely to expire in August 2019</ref><ref name=fromBalticToBlackSeas>Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/from-the-baltic-to-black-seas-defender-exercise-goes-big-with-a-big-price-tag/ (16 December 2019) From The Baltic To Black Seas, Defender Exercise Goes Big, With Hefty Price Tag]</ref>}} ''See: [[Vostok 2018]].'' EUCOM's Multi-domain task force is to be smaller than the Pacific's task force.<ref name=EucomMdTF>Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/09/08/us-armys-multidomain-force-emerges-in-europe/ (8 September 2019) US Army's multidomain force emerges in Europe]</ref><ref name=2ndMdtf >Training Support Activity Europe [https://www.europeafrica.army.mil/Units/2ndMDTF/ (16 September 2021) 2nd Multi-Domain Task Force Activation Ceremony] live stream. I2CEWS is a detachment.</ref>{{efn|name=i2cews}} It is expected that the task forces are to be employed in the Defender exercises in both EUCOM<ref name=aps2>Jacob Kriss, CECOM Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/228570/cecom_empowering_strategic_support_area_readiness_strategic_power_projection (October 16, 2019) CECOM Empowering Strategic Support Area Readiness: Strategic Power Projection] Pre-positioned stocks "with enough equipment for an entire brigade or division, up to 15,000"</ref> and the Pacific.<ref name=EucomMdTF /><ref name=jointMdoForStandoff /> Defender Europe 2020 was to test the ability to deploy 20,000 Soldiers across Europe, for a 37,000-member exercise.{{efn|<ref name=fromBalticToBlackSeas /><ref name=heavyDivPrepList /><ref name=Europe2020>U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/228226/army_exercise_largest_in_25_years (October 7, 2019) Army exercise largest in 25 years] Test the ability to deploy 20,000 Soldiers to Europe</ref><ref name=stephenTwitty>Lt. Gen. [[Stephen Twitty]] [https://www.army.mil/article/227914/logistics_important_to_shaping_the_european_theater (October 1, 2019) Logistics Important to Shaping the European Theater]</ref><ref name=cooper>Major Bradley Cooper, U.S. Army [https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/publications/SL-19-4-Precision-Logistics-Sustainment-for-Multi-Domain-Operations.pdf (September 2019) Precision Logistics: Sustainment for Multi-Domain Operations]
LSCO</ref><ref name=defender2020EuropeDre /><ref name=13thesc >Sgt. 1st Class Kelvin Ringold [https://www.army.mil/article/231756/wolfpack_prepares_for_defender_mission (16 January 2020) 'Wolfpack' prepares for DEFENDER mission] [[13th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)|13th Expeditionary Sustainment Command]] (ESC)</ref><ref name=Schengen>Christopher Woody [https://www.businessinsider.com/army-uses-netherlands-port-vlissingen-first-time-amid-russia-tensions-2019-10 (Oct 16, 2019) The US Army is worried about a potential showdown with Russia, and it's practicing a new way to get to a fight in Europe]</ref><ref name=moscowWary>Roger N. McDermott [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2020/02/03/moscow_reacts_warily_to_natos_largest_military_exercise_in_25_years_115010.html (03 February 2020) Moscow Reacts Warily to NATO's Largest Military Exercise in 25 Years] "The wide-spanning maneuvers are to focus on the Baltic States, Poland and Georgia, involving more than 36,000 personnel from 11 countries (Lenta.ru, January 26, 2020)"</ref>}} [[File:DefenderEU2020.png|thumb|right|Defender Europe 2020, a division-sized exercise was cancelled during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].]]
* Elements of the 1st Cavalry, 82nd Airborne, 1st Armored, 1st Infantry, and 3rd Infantry Divisions, 11 National Guard states and seven Army Reserve units were to rapidly deploy.<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA /><ref name=arngNDS2019>US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/228511/army_guard_improves_readiness_supports_national_defense_strategy (October 15, 2019) Army Guard improves readiness, supports National Defense Strategy] "is in the process of realigning eight full National Guard divisions for the Army"</ref><ref name=defenderEu2020>Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/228528/defender_exercise_to_deploy_20000_soldiers_to_project_power_in_europe (October 15, 2019) Defender exercise to deploy 20,000 Soldiers to project power in Europe]</ref><ref name=Defender2020WillAdaptAsNeeded>JOHN VANDIVER [https://www.stripes.com/news/europe/middle-east-crisis-could-mean-adjustments-to-europe-s-largest-military-exercise-in-decades-1.613678 (January 6, 2020) Middle East crisis could mean adjustments to Europe's largest military exercise in decades] "The Army will adapt as needed, USAREUR officials said."
*Task Force White Devil —82nd Airborne Division [https://www.army.mil/article/232951/nearly_800_soldiers_return_home_after_middle_east_deployment (20 February 2020) Nearly 800 Soldiers return home after Middle East deployment] 1/82nd Airborne's 2nd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment (2-504th PIR), serving as Immediate Response Battalion (IRB) for Central command, as well as 3-73rd Cavalry Regiment, and 3-319th Field Artillery redeploys to home station
**Troops returning from the deployment of 1/82ndAB BCT have been ordered to quarantine for two weeks without any flu-like symptoms, in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] —Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/03/19/this-is-fort-braggs-fob-style-quarantine/ (19 March 2020) This is Fort Bragg's FOB-style quarantine]. (The specific action was possible because the deploying soldiers have a known [[PULHES Factor]] from their Readiness profile)</ref><ref name=defenderEstonia>Aaron Mehta [https://www.defensenews.com/interviews/2020/03/16/estonias-top-military-officer-on-putting-aside-national-interests-for-regional-defense/ (15 Mar 2020) Estonia's top military officer on putting aside national interests for regional defense]</ref>
*# Reception, staging, onward movement and integration (RSOI) of a division-sized formation in EUCOM. A National Guard Brigade was to draw from pre-positioned stocks in EUCOM.{{efn|<ref name=aps2 /><ref name=defender2020aps2 /><ref name=gaitDefender2020 />}}
*# An immediate response force from 82nd Airborne Division was to conduct joint forcible entries.{{efn|name=rdyIn18 |1= 82nd Airborne (with 18,000 troops) has an 18-hour readiness status (after the first phone call)<ref name=readyIn18Hrs>Steve DeVane and Rachael Riley [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/01/04/iran-fort-bragg-community-braces-soldiers-go-middle-east/2813743001/ (Jan. 4, 2020) Fort Bragg community in North Carolina on edge as soldiers head to Middle East] 82nd Airborne (with 18,000 troops) has an 18-hour readiness status (after the first phone call).—27th Secretary of Defense [[Mark Esper]]</ref><ref name=Defender2020WillAdaptAsNeeded />}}
*# A division command post spread across Europe was to conduct JWA 20, to test multi-domain operations (MDO) and other Futures Command capabilities, such as an initial prototype of Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node (TITAN),<ref name=titanLrpf /> a ground station for integrating the data feed between "sensors and shooters".<ref name=viceChiefMartinInterview />
*#*While in Europe, the units were to spread out across the region for separate exercises with allies and partners to participate in their annual exercises.<ref name=cooperation2020 />
*# A river crossing (see [[M1074 Joint Assault Bridge]]),{{efn|<ref>BREAKING DEFENSE STAFF [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/mind-the-gap-the-army-looks-to-a-new-assault-bridge-for-heavy-armor-maneuvers-in-europe/ (17 October 2019) Mind the Gap: The Army Looks to a New Assault Bridge for Heavy Armor Maneuvers in Europe]</ref><ref>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/omfv-the-armys-polish-bridge-problem/ (06 February 2020) OMFV: The Army's Polish Bridge Problem] Optionally manned fighting vehicle (OMFV) is a [[United States Army Futures Command#Progress toward MDO|modernization project]]. The 11-meter Joint Assault Bridge is short for a major European river. Abrams tanks are heavier than typical Eastern European bridges' weight limits.</ref><ref name=riverCrossing>Office of the Chief of Public Affairs [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715437/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-art-science-and-challenges-river-crossing-usace (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner – The Art, Science, and Challenges of River Crossing (USACE)]</ref>}} forward passages of lines (one unit passes through a position held by another unit),<ref>Train.Army.mil [https://rdl.train.army.mil/catalog-ws/view/100.ATSC/48D7E4FA-8CE5-4B68-BE72-0987502A2B99-1361381176450/report.pdf ART 1.2.8.1 Conduct Forward Passage of Lines]</ref> and a maritime off-load mission was to have been conducted.
*# Army forces were to clear the training areas, return pre-positioned stocks,<ref name=DefenderEur2020>EUCOM [https://www.eur.army.mil/Portals/19/documents/DEFENDEREurope/DEFENDEREuropeTrifold200130.pdf (2020) DEFENDER Europe Trifold]</ref> consolidate, and redeploy (in this case, to home station).<ref name=covid19reduction /> Returning troops were ordered to quarantine for two weeks without experiencing any flu-like symptoms. Social distancing, masks, and other protective measures were employed, in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].
*{{anchor|defenderEurope2021}} Defender Europe 2021 ran from March til June 2021, involving dozens of operations, using 28,000 troops from 26 countries, from the Baltic nations to Morocco.<ref>Defense News
[https://www.defensenews.com/video/2021/05/24/american-forces-in-europe-and-multidomain-operations-defense-news-weekly-full-episode-52221/ (5/22/2021) Video: American forces in Europe, and multidomain operations {{!}} Defense News Weekly Full Episode, 5.22.21] 26:19</ref><ref name=defEu2021>Defense News [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/03/15/massive-army-led-nato-exercise-defender-europe-kicks-off/ Todd South (15 Mar 2021) Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off] Defender Europe 2021</ref><ref name=aps2,405thAfsb>Cameron Porter, 405th AFSB Public Affairs Officer [https://www.army.mil/article/245928/equipment_vehicles_issued_to_units_in_estonia_for_defender_europe_21 (4 May 2021) Equipment, vehicles issued to units in Estonia for DEFENDER Europe 21] drawn from APS-2</ref> Defender Europe 2021 integrated a V Corps command post exercise in preparation for operations with a multi-national division. Allies and partners were to participate in the chain of command, as well.<ref name=vCorpsCpx>Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/243179/v_corps_to_be_put_through_its_paces_before_reaching_full_operational_capability_this_fall (10 February 2021) V Corps to be put through its paces before reaching full operational capability this fall]</ref>{{efn|name=defEu21 |1=
DEFENDER Europe 21 was a large-scale U.S. Army-led, multinational, joint exercise designed to build readiness and interoperability between U.S., NATO and partner militaries. DEFENDER Europe 21 included a greater number of NATO ally and partner nations conducting activities over a wider area than what was planned for in 2020, which was [[#defenderEurope2020|severely restricted]] due to the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 28,000 multinational forces from 26 nations conducted near-simultaneous operations across more than 30 training areas in a dozen countries. DEFENDER Europe 21 also included significant involvement of the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy. The exercise utilized key ground and maritime routes bridging Europe, Asia and Africa. The exercise incorporated new or high-end capabilities including air and missile defense assets, as well as assets from the U.S. Army Security Force Assistance Brigades and the recently reactivated V Corps.
[[Defender Europe 21]] was one of the largest U.S.-Army, NATO-led military exercises in Europe in decades. The exercise began in mid-March and lasted until June 2021. It included "nearly simultaneous operations across more than 30 training areas" in [[Estonia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], [[Kosovo]] and other countries.<ref name="Army Times">Army Times {{cite news |title=Massive, Army-led NATO exercise Defender Europe kicks off |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/03/15/massive-army-led-nato-exercise-defender-europe-kicks-off/ |work=[[Army Times]] |date=15 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NATO, US to stage large-scale military exercises around Serbia until summer |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/nato-us-to-stage-large-scale-military-exercises-around-serbia-until-summer/ |work=[[Euractiv]] |date=22 March 2021}}</ref> Gen. [[Christopher G. Cavoli]], commanding general of the [[United States Army Europe and Africa]], said that "While we are closely monitoring the COVID situation, we’ve proven we have the capability to train safely despite the pandemic."<ref name="Army Times" /> Russian Defense Minister [[Sergey Shoigu]] said that Russia has deployed troops to its western borders for "combat training exercises" in response to NATO "military activities that threaten Russia."<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany Says Russia Seeking To 'Provoke' With Troop Buildup At Ukraine's Border |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-ukraine-military-germany-nato/31203229.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=14 April 2021}}</ref>  ''See [[#defenderEurope2022|Defender Europe 2022]]''}}
''See [[#defenderEurope2022|Defender Europe 2022]]''
In April 2019 Germany's [[1st Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)|1st Panzer Division]] took the role of exercise High Command (HICON) at [[Hohenfels, Bavaria#Joint Multinational Readiness Center|Hohenfels Training Area]], primarily for German 21st Armored Brigade, the Lithuanian Iron Wolf Brigade, and their subordinate units; 5,630 participants from 15 nations took part in this Joint multinational exercise, which rotates the lead among the coalition partners. The German division already had Dutch, British and Polish officers within its ranks.<ref name=alliedSpiritX>Christopher Stewart [https://wwwtook.army.mil/article/219823/germanys_1st_armored_division_spearheads_allied_spirit_x Sgt. (April 8, 2019) Germany's 1st Armored Division Spearheads Allied Spirit X]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Army's 2nd Battalion, [[34th Armored Regiment]], took part in the exercise.<ref name=2ndBn,34thAR>Spc. Yon Henderson [https://www.army.mil/article/220433/2_34_brings_american_firepower_to_european_partners (April 17, 2019) Exercise brings American firepower to European partners]</ref><ref>Sgt. Thomas Mort [https://www.army.mil/article/220744/2_34_intel_team_proves_invaluable_during_allied_spirit_x (April 23, 2019) 2-34 Intel team proves invaluable during Allied Spirit X]</ref> Six engineering advisor teams from [[1st Security Force Assistance Brigade]] provided hands-on experience and testing of secure communications between NATO allies and partners.<ref name=1stSfabEngineerTeams>Capt. Jay Beeman, 5th Battalion, 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade [https://www.army.mil/article/221124/combat_advisor_teams_sharpen_skills_in_multinational_exercise (April 30, 2019) Combat advisor teams sharpen skills in multinational exercise]</ref><ref name=ricu /><ref name=3rdSfabPeshmerga>Sgt. Sean Harding [https://www.army.mil/article/233080/3rd_sfab_and_kurdish_peshmerga_work_side_by_side_to_defeat_threats (25 February 2020) 3rd SFAB and Kurdish Peshmerga work side by side to defeat threats]; [[Peshmerga]] refers to the Iraqi Kurdish Army.</ref><ref name=eucomBases>Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/08/06/army-wont-give-up-german-belgian-bases-scheduled-for-closure-it-says-after-review/ (6 Aug 2021) Army won't give up German, Belgian bases scheduled for closure, it says after review]</ref>
A reciprocal exchange of [[general officer]]s between France and the US is taking place in 2019, under the U.S. Army Military Personnel Exchange Program (MPEP).<ref name=mpepG357>Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/224669/building_relationships_interoperability_through_exchange_program (July 19, 2019) Building relationships, interoperability through exchange program]</ref><ref name=franceMod2021>Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/budget-up-french-army-preps-for-major-wargames-with-us/ (25 Nov 2020) Budget Up, French Army Preps For Major Wargames With US] Wargames are all-out stress tests for command posts, but simulate troop levels. Planned for Warfighter 21-04.</ref> Such programs with the UK, Australia, and Canada have already existed with the US.<ref name=mpepG357 /> A reciprocal pact for US and UK capabilities in Future Vertical Lift aircraft and Long Range Precision Fires artillery was signed in July 2020.<ref name=FvlLrpfUsUk>Paul McLeary and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/us-uk-ink-pact-on-next-gen-aircraft-precision-weapons/ (15 July 2020) US & UK Ink Pact On Next-Gen Aircraft, Long-Range Missiles]</ref> The UK and Australia are planning to participate in the US Army's Project Convergence 2022.<ref name=ypg2021>Thomas Brading, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/243255/army_scales_up_joint_capabilities_as_project_convergence_grows (12 February 2021) Army scales up joint capabilities as Project Convergence grows]</ref>
;Multi-domain task forces (MDTFs){{anchor|mdoMDTF}}
[[File:MdoMultiDomainTaskForce.png|400px|thumb|left|Multi-domain task force (MDTF), a brigade-sized formation.<ref name=2020fy19,21accomplishments,investmentPlan /><ref name=theaterFiresCommands /><ref name=mdtfPacific /><ref name=5MdtfsPlanned>Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/05/army-plans-to-grow-artillery-exclusive/ (10 May 2021) Army Plans To Grow Artillery EXCLUSIVE] Five MDTFs are planned.</ref> Five MDTFs are planned:<ref name=aimpoint2035 />{{efn|name=i2cews}} 3 for INDOPACOM,<ref name= 3rdMdtf >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/army-formally-activating-its-second-multi-domain-task-force-focused-on-the-pacific/ (23 Sep 2022) Army formally activating its second Multi-Domain Task Force focused on the Pacific]</ref> 1 for EUCOM, 1 formerly for the [[#Arctic strategy|Arctic]] (but now the 3rd MDTF in INDOPACOM),<ref name= 3rdMdtfJpmrc >1st Lt. Kaitlyn Kilgore [https://www.army.mil/article/271880/3rd_multi_domain_task_force_delivers_fires_and_effects_during_jpmrc_24_01 (21 November 2023) 3rd Multi-Domain Task Force delivers Fires and Effects during JPMRC 24-01] Multi-Domain Effects Battalion (MDEB)</ref><ref name= 3rdMdtfIndoPac >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/smr/defending-the-pacific/2023/03/15/us-army-chief-wants-three-multidomain-task-force-units-in-the-pacific/ (15 Mar 2023) US Army chief wants three multidomain task force units in the Pacific] MDTFs are agile, relocatable. 4th MDTF loc is TBD.</ref>  and 1 for global response, each tailored for the needs of the Joint force commander.{{efn|name= peaFonsiMdtf |1= The Army (21 Jun 2022) has released a "programmatic environmental assessment (PEA) and draft finding of no significant impact (FONSI) regarding the stationing of a multi-domain task force (MDTF)".<ref name= 13proposedStations >Cathy Kropp (USAEC)  [https://www.army.mil/article/257742/army_seeks_public_feedback_on_proposed_stationing_of_multi_domain_task_force (21 Jun 2022) Army seeks public feedback on proposed stationing of multi-domain task force]</ref> Two configurations were considered: 1) a full MDTF of 3,000 troops, and 2) a base MDTF of 400 with headquarters.}} An MDTF can simultaneously operate across multiple stages<ref name= 3rdMdtfJpmrc /> of the [[conflict continuum]],<ref name=wormuthAusa2021opening>Sec. Army Christine E. Wormuth [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/817199/ausa-2021-opening-ceremony OCPA (10.11.20) AUSA 2021: Opening Ceremony]</ref>{{rp|minute 32:45}} and engage antagonists at [[United States Army Futures Command#longRangeHypersonics|thousands of miles]],<ref name=lrhwRange>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/05/army-discloses-hypersonic-lrhw-range-of-1725-miles-watch-out-china/ (12 May 2021) Army Discloses Hypersonic LRHW Range Of 1,725 Miles; Watch Out China] Ranges for: ERCA, GMLR-ER, PRSM, MRC, LRHW</ref> for sustained periods.{{efn|name=i2cews|1= When used in multi-domain operations, I2CEWS denotes ''Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare, and Space''. ''See: [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance#ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)|ISR]], or Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance'', and ''[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]''}}<ref name=if11797 >Andrew Feickert, Specialist in Military Ground Forces, Congressional Research Service (CRS) [https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11797 (31 May 2022) The Army’s Multi-Domain Task Force (MDTF)] report IF11797</ref>]]
{{anchor|mdoEucom }}
In April 2021, the Army announced that EUCOM's Multi-domain task force (MDTF),<ref name=eucomMdtf>Todd South [https://www.defensenews.com/news/your-army/2021/09/17/armys-first-multi-domain-task-force-in-europe-gets-to-work/ (17 Sep 2021) Army’s first multi-domain task force in Europe gets to work]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in Norway, including an I2CEWS battalion-sized element</ref> and a Theater Fires Command, [[56th Artillery Command]]<ref name=artilleryFiresCommandEucom>Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/army-reactivates-theater-artillery-command-amid-russian-build-up-near-ukraine/ (4 Nov 2021) Army reactivates theater artillery command amid Russian build-up near Ukraine] European Theater Fires Command</ref><ref name=RRA809-1>John Gordon IV, John Matsumura, RAND corporation [https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA809-1.html (2021) Army Theater Fires Command: Integration and Control of Very Long-Range Army Fires] RR-A809-1</ref> to control it, are to deploy to the European Theater, and are based in Wiesbaden, Germany. The Fires command is a headquarters to coordinate Long range fires (for ranges from 300 miles to thousands of miles) for the European theater.<ref name=mdtfEu>Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/breaking-new-army-long-range-units-coming-to-germany/ (13 Apr 2021) BREAKING New Army Long-Range Units Head To Germany]</ref>
{{anchor|Warfighter 21-4}} In April 2021, 3000 headquarters-level troops, including [[3rd (United Kingdom) Division|UK 3rd Division]] and [[3rd Armored Division (France)|French 3rd Division]], came to [[Fort Cavazos]] to exercise Corps-level and Division-level staffs on Large-scale combat operations (LSCO).<ref name=warfighter21,4 /><ref name=missionTraining>Jason Douglas [https://kdhnews.com/fort_hood_herald/across_the_fort/fort-hood-building-new-mission-training-complex/article_cb84c4be-c97e-11e7-b84a-53088f7e8d53.html (15 Nov 2017) Fort Hood building new mission training complex]</ref> The [[Mission Command]] [[Center of excellence#United States Army|Center of Excellence]] (MCCoE) provided Opposing forces ([[OPFOR]]) and multiple dilemmas for the Warfighters to train on. [[III Armored Corps]] commander Pat White stated "the key goal of the exercise, to build international partnerships and increase interoperability, was realized".<ref name=warfighter21,4>Sgt. Evan Ruchotzke [https://www.army.mil/article/245466/warfighter_21_4_concludes_strengthens_collaboration_with_british_and_french_forces (21 April 2021) Warfighter 21-4 concludes, strengthens collaboration with British and French forces]</ref> British and French commanders noted the need to further develop electronic warfare and signals intelligence capabilities.<ref name=multiNatlWfx2104>Muriel Delaporte [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/us-france-uk-hammer-out-multinational-corps-warfighting/ (3 Jun 2021) US, France, UK Hammer Out Multinational Corps Warfighting]</ref>
In May 2021, 7th Army Training Command led Dynamic Front 21 (DF21), a USAEUR-AF exercise in integrating joint fires for artillery units from 15 nations. The exercise was meant to increase the readiness, lethality, and interoperability for nearly 1800 artillery troops from the 15 nations at Camp Aachen, Germany. Later locations for DF21 included Vilseck Army Air Field, Germany, Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, and Torun, Poland.<ref name=df21>Spc. Zachary Stahlberg [https://www.army.mil/article/246655/dynamic_front_21_shows_the_future_of_modern_artillery (20 May 2021) Dynamic Front 21 shows the future of modern artillery] 1800 troops from 15 nations held an Artillery Systems Cooperation Activities University, Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, and Torun, Poland</ref>
;V Corps FOC
{{anchor|vCorpsFOC}}
In October 2021 V Corps attained Full operational capability (FOC) by completing Warfighter exercise 22-1 (WFX 22-1),<ref name=vCorpsFoc>Gabriella Sullivan [https://www.army.mil/article/251127/v_corps_completes_warfighter_22_1_en_route_to_becoming_americas_forward_deployed_corps_in_europe (13 October 2021) V Corps completes Warfighter 22-1 en route to becoming America's forward deployed Corps in Europe]</ref> in a series of command post exercises in Large scale combat operations (LSCO).<ref>Devin Klecan [https://www.army.mil/article/251704/victory_in_europe_v_corps_reaches_major_milestone (3 Nov 2021) Victory in Europe: V Corps reaches major milestone]</ref> The operations involved a combatant command, Active Army, Reserve and National Guard components, a Theater training command, and a sustainment command,<ref name=vCorpsFoc /> as well as multi-national partners.<ref name=df21 /><ref name=vCorpsCpx /> V Corps was slated to lead the Defender Europe 22, as of October 2021.<ref name= defEu22 >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/training-sim/2021/10/11/us-army-insists-next-years-defender-europe-is-not-canceled/ (11 Oct 2021) US Army insists next year’s Defender Europe is not canceled]</ref>
In 2020 the Secretary of the Army announced 5-month extended rotations to [[United States Indo-Pacific Command]] countries such as Thailand, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.<ref name=ThaiPIPNG>Thomas Brading, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/231585/more_deployments_stronger_presence_set_for_pacific_says_secarmy (13 January 2020) More deployments, stronger presence set for Pacific, says SecArmy]</ref> Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) task forces in the region have already been engaging in MDO-like exercises in concert with the armed forces of Japan, Thailand, and Singapore.<ref name=ThaiPIPNG />
{{anchor|jado2OnrampThree }}Two Multi-domain task forces are being requested for Indo-Pacom for 2021.<ref name=2mdtfsIndopacom>Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/04/exclusive-indo-pacom-chiefs-bold-20-billion-plan-for-pacific-what-will-hill-do/ (2 April 2020) EXCLUSIVE Indo-Pacom Chief's Bold $20 Billion Plan For Pacific; What Will Hill Do?]</ref><ref name=i2cewsAim2>Thomas Brading, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/235813/talent_management_key_to_filling_future_specialized_mdo_units (21 May 2020) Talent management key to filling future specialized MDO units] I2CEWS battalion needs to be filled using the Assignment Interactive Module 2.0 (AIM 2.0)</ref><ref name=viceChiefMartinInterview>Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/232408/vice_chief_of_staff_speed_of_modernization_no_longer_at_glacial_pace (7 February 2020) 37th Vice chief of staff: Speed of modernization no longer at 'glacial pace']</ref><ref name=titanLrpf>Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/228867/titan_system_being_developed_to_tie_deep_sensing_to_long_range_fires (24 October 2019) TITAN system being developed to tie 'deep sensing' to long-range fires] For use in I2CEWS battalion of a [[#mdoMDTF|Multi-domain task force]]</ref>{{efn|name=i2cews}}<ref name=mdtfPacific>Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/land-forces-are-hard-to-kill-army-chief/ (23 Mar 2021) ‘Land Forces Are Hard To Kill’: Army Chief Unveils Pacific Strategy]</ref><ref name= mdtf3 >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/armys-next-multi-domain-task-force-will-be-tied-to-indo-pacific/ (1 Apr 2022) Army’s next Multi-Domain Task Force will be ‘tied’ to Indo-Pacific]</ref> [[5th Security Force Assistance Brigade]] is regionally aligned with [[USINDOPACOM]],<ref name=5thsfab>Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/05/29/final-sfab-activates-with-upcoming-missions-in-asia-as-army-plans-a-pacific-pathways-restart/ (30 May 2020) Final SFAB activates with upcoming missions in Asia, as Army plans a Pacific Pathways restart] "5th SFAB has hired 90 percent of its required troops"</ref> and plans to keep one-third of the brigade's advisor teams there at all times, while the other teams train at home station (JBLM), for their assignments in the region.<ref name=5thsfabInPacom>Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/03/01/security-force-assistance-brigade-wants-a-third-of-its-members-in-indo-pacific-at-all-times/ (1 Mar 2021) Security force assistance brigade wants a third of its members in Indo-Pacific at all times]</ref> The third<ref name=deviceOne /><ref>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/first-joint-exercise-to-test-all-domain-capabilities-valiant-shield/ (7 Oct 2020) First Joint Exercise To Test All-Domain Capabilities: Valiant Shield 2020] ABMS Onramp 3 was scaled down</ref> and fourth<ref name="jadoAllies"/> {{anchor|jadoRolesAllies,Partners}}ABMS Onramp exercises of Joint all-domain command and control (JADC2) are being planned in 2020, and 2021 for INDOPACOM, and EUCOM respectively.{{efn|<ref name=deviceOne>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/05/new-air-force-deviceone-to-allow-remote-top-secret-access-for-services-ic/ (7 May 2020) New Air Force deviceONE To Allow Remote Top-Secret Access For Services, IC]</ref><ref name=mosaJadc2ProjConvergence /><ref name=obss>BRETT TINGLEY AND TYLER ROGOWAY [https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/41849/kratos-says-secret-off-board-sensing-station-unmanned-aircraft-will-be-transformative (5 Aug 2021) Kratos Says Secret "Off-Board Sensing Station" Unmanned Aircraft Will Be Transformative: The U.S. Air Force has a classified program to field low-cost, attritable drones that can be used as "off-board sensing stations."] OBSS</ref>
{{anchor|jado2OnrampFour }}<ref name="jadoAllies">Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/06/air-force-eyes-european-abms-demo-in-spring/ (29 June 2020) Air Force Eyes European ABMS Demo In Spring]</ref><ref name=onrampMay2021>Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/dunlap-unveils-first-global-abms-exercise/ (12 Nov 2020) Dunlap Unveils First ‘Global’ ABMS Exercise] Linked together by [[XQ-58]] drones in May 2021</ref>}} This is meant to bring key US allies into the [[#Alliances and partnerships|planning]] for the [[#jadoDevOfConcept|Joint All-Domain Operations Concept]],<ref name=hytenSep2020 /><ref name=killChainInSeconds /><ref name=deviceOne /> thereby enabling their "participation in planning, execution and then debrief" after a coalition [[United States Army Futures Command#mdoKillChain20Sec|exercise]]<ref name=jadoAllies>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/06/air-force-eyes-european-abms-demo-in-spring/ (29 June 2020) Air Force Eyes European ABMS Demo In Spring]</ref> in overmatching the adversary,<ref name=boldQuest20,2>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/bold-quest-to-demo-allied-connectivity-for-all-domain-ops/ (24 August 2020) ‘Bold Quest’ To Demo Allied Connectivity For All-Domain Ops] " '.. incorporate and demonstrate' elements of Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) — the capability to link sensors to shooters across air, land, sea, space and cyberspace — into Bold Quest" — need a joint experimental C2 environment for allies to connect to.</ref> and maintaining a Common operational picture (COP),<ref name=jmcJadc2Exps1,2 /><ref name=shareDataLikeBullets /> to review measured responses, both kinetic and nonkinetic.<ref name=nonKinetic >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/04/covid-19-army-futures-command-takes-wargames-online/ (21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online] "The [[#mdbPerkinsMdo|competition phase]] is about ''deterring'' war"—Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.</ref<ref name=randGrayZone /> The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] actually provided the impetus for rapid fielding of a DoD technology for separating Top secret, Secret, and Unclassified messaging, a necessary function for the Intelligence community.{{efn|<ref name=deviceOne /><ref name=cop /><ref name=nsaFromHome>KELSEY ATHERTON [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/nsa-prepares-unclassified-threat-reports-from-home/ (10 September 2020) NSA Prepares Unclassified Threat Reports — From Home]</ref> In 2021 an MDTF exercised its sensor-to-shooter capabilities in operational vignettes at Joint Systems Integration Lab (JSIL, Aberdeen MD).<ref name=ypg2021 />}} The JSIL connection of experimental networks with Army battle labs is a way to determine the bandwidth needed for these vignettes, to prepare Project Convergence 2021 for Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2).<ref name=ypg2021 /><ref name=cody>Richard Cody [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/project-convergence-exercise-shows-value-in-data-weapons-check-for-the-digital-age/ (10 Sep 2021) Project Convergence: Exercise Shows Value In Data Weapons Check For The Digital Age] at JSIL</ref>
{{anchor|Defender Pacific 2021}}Defender Pacific 2021 focuses on the southwest Pacific region.<ref name=ausa19jan21 >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/01/facing-cuts-army-chief-touts-pacific-role/ (19 Jan 2021) Facing Cuts, Army Chief Touts Pacific Role]</ref> The Army was to draw from a pre-positioned stock for its units, exercise its watercraft and an MDTF's long range precision fires.<ref name=ausa19jan21 /> In 2021 the 28th Secretary of Defense, [[Lloyd Austin]], stated he expected to "review our posture in the Pacific from all aspects including presence, capabilities, logistics, exercises, infrastructure, and capacity building and cooperation with allies and partners" during his questioning by the Senate Armed Services Committee.{{efn|<ref name=lloydAustin2021 >Colin Clark  [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/01/austin-to-scrub-us-pacific-posture-more-bases-troops-likely/ (20 Jan 3031) Austin To Scrub US Pacific Posture; More Bases, Troops Likely]</ref><ref>Clare Foran [https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/22/politics/lloyd-austin-senate-vote-confirmation/index.html (22 Jan 2021) Senate confirms Lloyd Austin to be first Black defense secretary]
*Connor O'Brien [https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/21/austin-waiver-approved-senate-461082 (21 Jan 2021) Top Senate panel approves Austin, paving the way for confirmation as Pentagon chief]
*Clare Foran [https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/21/politics/house-waiver-vote-defense-secretary-nominee/index.html (21 Jan 2021) House approves waiver for Biden defense secretary pick Lloyd Austin]</ref><ref name=integratedDeterrence >Stacie Pettyjohn, Becca Wasser, and Jennie Matuschak [https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/risky-business-future-strategy-and-force-options-for-the-defense-department (20 Jul 2021) Risky Business: Future Strategy and Force Options for the Defense Department] integrated deterrence</ref>}} Integrated deterrence is the objective of the 28th Secretary of defense, in joint exercises in Australian waters,<ref name=talismanSaber21 >Dzirhan Mahadzir [https://news.usni.org/2021/07/29/admiral-talisman-sabre-proves-u-s-allies-can-create-pacific-naval-force-in-days (29 Jul 2021) Admiral: Talisman Sabre Proves U.S., Allies Can Create Pacific Naval Force in Days] Expeditionary Strike Group 7, 31st MEU, Amphibious Squadron 11</ref> with ''[[HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)]]''
in the South China Sea,<ref name=csg21>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RwdlRcEnJo ww3 high tension – UK / China / South China Sea High Tension update Friday, July 30, 2021] UK Carrier Strike Group 21 enters South China Sea</ref> and by US Special Forces soldiers (Green Berets) with Japan's Self-defense force (JGSDF) parachuting onto Guam.<ref name=guam2021>[https://www.army.mil/article/249147/defender_pacific_21_special_forces_soldiers_jgsdf_conduct_bilateral_operations_in_guam Defender Anthony Bryant (5 August 2021) Pacific 21: Special Forces Soldiers, JGSDF conduct bilateral operations in Guam]</ref><ref name=hytenIamd />
On 15 September 2021 the ministers of defense, and foreign affairs, and the secretaries of defense, and state for Australia, and the US, respectively, namely [[Peter Dutton]], [[Marise Payne]], [[Lloyd Austin]], and [[Antony Blinken]] signed statements of intent to jointly build nuclear submarines, and share [[National Reconnaissance Office]] (NRO) data, as well as a space framework.<ref name=ausNroAccess >Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/nuke-sub-accord-first-step-for-deeper-us-aussie-cooperation-aussies-get-nro-ties/ (16 Sep 2021) Nuke Sub Accord ‘First Step’ For Deeper US-Aussie Cooperation; Aussies Get NRO Ties] "AUKUS" accord
*Stephen Collinson [https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/17/politics/biden-china-france-aukus-analysis/index.html (17 Sep 2021) Washington has a China fixation and France got in the way] Japan accords are coming as well
*Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/new-australia-nuclear-sub-deal-brings-big-questions-hard-road-ahead/ (17 Sep 2021) New Australia Nuclear Sub Deal Brings Big Questions, Hard Road Ahead] AUKUS is a trilateral defense pact
*Binkov [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqZpbnSlZUM (16 Sep 2021) Nuclear submarines for Australia just started a new Pacific military alliance against China!]
*Barry Rosenberg [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/the-navy-electrifies-in-a-transition-as-monumental-as-sail-to-steam/ (30 Sep 2021) The Navy Electrifies In A Transition As Monumental As Sail To Steam]
*Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/former-officials-call-for-aukus-australia-submarines-to-use-low-enriched-uranium/ (6 Oct 2021) Former Officials Call For AUKUS Submarines To Use Low Enriched Uranium] (LEU) for non-nuclear nations such as Australia</ref> ''See [[AUKUS]]''. On 24 September 2021 the heads of state of Australia, India, Japan, and the US (the Quadrilateral Security Dialog) met face-to-face to discuss cybersecurity, and fix supply chain vulnerabilities, such as electronic chip, and 5G technology.<ref name=quad >Colin Clark [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/quad-pushes-chip-supply-security-5g-diversification-cybersecurity/ (24 September 2021) Quad Pushes Chip Supply Security, 5G ‘Diversification,’ Cybersecurity]</ref> FY2021 marks the end of the Army's manpower expansion, in its effort to modernize.<ref name=fy2021endsExpansion /><ref name=noWayAroundIt >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/congress/budget/2021/10/11/no-way-around-it-facing-budget-cuts-army-braces-to-fight-for-modernization/ (11 Oct 2021) 'No way around it' Facing budget cuts, Army braces to fight for modernization]</ref>
;Arctic strategy{{anchor|Arctic strategy}}
In January 2021 the Army announced its arctic strategy, for arctic, extreme cold, and mountainous environments, which affect the NORTHCOM, EUCOM, and INDOPACOM combatant commands.<ref name=arcticDomin >Headquarters, Dept of the Army (HQDA) [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/15/9944046e/regaining-arctic-dominance-us-army-in-the-arctic-19-january-2021-unclassified.pdf (19 Jan 2021) Regaining Arctic Dominance]</ref><ref name=arcticChallenges >Mikayla Easley [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2022/8/2/army-tackles-arctic-challenges-alongside-european-allies (2 Aug 2022) Army Tackles Arctic Challenges Alongside European Allies] NTCs come to Alaska</ref> Combined Arms Doctrine is being updated for the Arctic regions in 2024.<ref name= caDocDev >Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate staff [https://www.army.mil/article/273137/army_developing_first_arctic_doctrine_in_more_than_50_years (23 Jan 2023) Army developing first Arctic doctrine in more than 50 years]</ref>  A two-star multi-domain-enabled operational headquarters was established for the Arctic.<ref name=arcticG357>HQDA DCS G-3/5/7 [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2021/04/02/ (2 Apr 2021) The Army Arctic Strategy]</ref> Soldiers will be receiving extra support for adapting to the Alaskan Arctic,<ref name=usarak>[[United States Army Alaska|U.S. Army Alaska]] [https://home.army.mil/alaska/index.php/USARAK-leadership/USARAK-commanding-general (21 Jul 2021) Alaska's Senior Army Commander]</ref><ref name= toBe11thAB >AP [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/army-poised-revamp-alaska-forces-prep-arctic-fight-rcna28476 (12 May 2022) Army poised to revamp Alaska forces to prep for Arctic fight] In process</ref> beginning in 2022 and going forward.<ref name= akTdy >Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/257122/army_announces_initiatives_to_improve_quality_of_life_for_soldiers_in_alaska (31 May 2022) Army announces initiatives to improve quality of life for Soldiers in Alaska ] AK initiatives in 2022: visits by VCSA, SMA, SecArmy, CSA, hiring 17 behavioral health providers, with a temporary surge in the interim</ref><ref name= voa >Voice of America [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLVlTks8v4w (July 2022) The Inside Story: Alaska: America’s Strategic Frontier]</ref> The BCTs of US Army Alaska reflagged as of 6 June 2022, from 1st SBCT/25th ID, and 4th IBCT/25th ID, to 1st IBCT/11th ID (Airborne), and 2nd IBCT/11th ID (Airborne) respectively; US Army Alaska is now 11th Infantry Division (Airborne) as of 6 June 2022.<ref name= 11thAB >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/seeking-morale-boost-in-alaska-army-formally-re-activates-11th-airborne-division/ (6 June 2022) Seeking morale boost in Alaska, Army formally re-activates 11th Airborne Division]</ref> The [[Bundeswehr]] is thinking of training in Alaska.<ref name= bundeswehrInAK >Eve Baker [https://www.army.mil/article/262561/german_army_delegation_visit_enhances_partnership_with_us_army_in_alaska (6 Dec 2022) German Army delegation visit enhances partnership with US Army in Alaska]</ref>
An Arctic Multi-domain task force (MDTF) was planned,<ref name=3rdMdtfIndoPac/>{{efn|name= peaFonsiMdtf }} to balance the interests of the 8 partners of the [[Arctic Council]], which include Russia, and China as an observer nation.{{efn|<ref name= mRossi >Melissa Rossi [https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-military-moves-in-the-arctic-worry-the-us-and-nato-090027224.html (10 Jun 2022) Russian military moves in the Arctic worry the U.S. and NATO]</ref><ref name=arcticDominance >Headquarters, Dept of the Army [https://api.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/2021/03/15/9944046e/regaining-arctic-dominance-us-army-in-the-arctic-19-january-2021-unclassified.pdf (19 Jan 2021) Regaining Arctic Dominance]</ref><ref name= vehicProtos >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/01/bae-oshkosh-cold-weather-vehicle-prototypes-survive-armys-alaskan-tests/ (26 Jan 2022) BAE, Oshkosh cold weather vehicle prototypes survive Army’s Alaskan tests]</ref><ref name= baeArcticAtv >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/08/23/bae-systems-wins-us-army-deal-for-cold-weather-all-terrain-vehicle/ (22 Aug 2022) BAE Systems wins US Army deal for Cold Weather All-Terrain Vehicle]</ref><ref name= arcticAmpv >Mark Schauer  [https://www.army.mil/article/261117/new_armored_multi_purpose_vehicle_shows_its_stuff_at_the_armys_cold_regions_test_center (13 Oct 2022) New Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle shows its stuff at the Army's Cold Regions Test Center]</ref><ref name= arcticAmbassador >Voice of America [https://www.citizen.digital/news/biden-to-name-arctic-ambassador-as-china-eyes-region-n304962 (3 Sep 2022) Biden To Name Arctic Ambassador As China Eyes Region] Senate confirmation required</ref><ref name= russiaInArctic  >Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen and Gwladys Fouche, Reuters [https://news.yahoo.com/nato-allies-wake-russian-supremacy-113953199.html (16 Nov 2022) NATO allies wake up to Russian supremacy in the Arctic]</ref>}} ''See [[Cold Response]]''
;Defender Europe 2022{{anchor|defenderEurope2022}}
Defender Europe 2022 started 3 May 2022, under the command and control of V Corps, which has had a forward-deployed Headquarters in Europe since 2021. The exercises will involve 11 allied and partner nations, including Denmark, Estonia, Germany, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, and Great Britain. Defender Europe 2022 had been previously planned, on a longer timescale than the wartime events of 2022, such as the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].{{efn|name= defEurope2022 |1=  As part of the Warfighter exercises 22-1, which completed in October 2021, V Corps attained Full operational capability. The Army alternates its annual Defender exercises between the Pacific and Europe. Thus V Corps was preparing for the Eucom exercises of 2022 in 2021. The COVID pandemic disrupted the 2020 European exercises, however.<ref name= defEu22/>  }} For example, a float ribbon bridge was erected by troops from Fort Hood, Texas who are deploying to Europe.<ref name= 74thMrbcFtHood >Cameron Porter, 405th AFSB Public Affairs Officer [https://www.army.mil/article/256725/us_army_float_bridge_system_employed_in_poland_during_defender_europe_22 (16 May 2022) US Army float bridge system employed in Poland during DEFENDER-Europe 22]</ref> The bridge came from pre-positioned stocks drawn from APS-2, located in Europe.<ref name= 405afsbAps2 >Cameron Porter, 405th AFSB Public Affairs Officer [https://www.army.mil/article/256396/405th_afsb_supports_defender_europe_22_with_aps_2_bridge_system_boats (5 May 2022) 405th AFSB supports DEFENDER-Europe 22 with APS-2 bridge system, boats]</ref><ref name= vCorpsRiverCrossing >Capt. Angelo Mejia [https://www.army.mil/article/257439/v_corps_wraps_up_defender_europe_22 (9 Jun 2022) V Corps wraps up DEFENDER-Europe 22] Two wet gap crossings, Poland to Lithuania</ref>
;PC22
{{anchor|Project Convergence 2022}} Australia, New Zealand, the UK, Canada, and other allies and partners (such as universities)<ref name=pc22UkAu /><ref name=lockheedPc22>Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/5g/2022/03/23/lockheed-eyes-project-convergence-after-successful-5g-expedition/ (23 Mar 2022) Lockheed eyes Project Convergence after successful 5G expedition] on Humvees</ref><ref  name= edge22 >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/electronic-warfare-and-drone-swarms-heres-the-armys-plan-for-edge-22/ (11 Apr 2022) Electronic warfare and drone swarms: Here’s the Army’s plan for EDGE 22 Electronic warfare and drone swarms:] (Experimental Demonstration Gateway Exercise) risk reduction exercise 25 April-12 May for PC22, includes 20 other DoD organizations, and joint partners "Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, France, Canada and the United Kingdom"</ref> expect they will bring experiments or prototype capabilities to Project Convergence 2022.<ref name=feickertCrs /> PC22 will require connection of the allies and partners; the connections were exercised during COMMEX 1B in June.<ref
name= commex1b >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/06/06/army-verifies-info-sharing-abilities-with-forces-joining-project-convergence-22/ (6 Jun 2022) Army verifies info-sharing abilities with forces joining Project Convergence 22] "The testing included more than 50 technologies, according to the Army, and stretched from the Combined Joint Systems Integration Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland and Fort Bliss in Texas to the U.K. and Australia".</ref> Global defender 2022 (GD22) will culminate with Project Convergence 2022 (PC22).<ref name=gd22>Headquarters, Department of the Army, Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7 (DAMO-SSW) [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2021/10/29/ (29 Oct 2021) Global Defender 22]</ref><ref
name= aweSep2022 >Todd South [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/04/11/the-armys-transformation-begins-with-these-new-units/ (11 Apr 2022) The Army’s transformation begins with these new units] 17 capability gaps identified</ref> In the week of 6 Jun 2022 planning for PC22 at Fort Bliss was finalized. The UK and Australian planners were added to the PC22 experiment; their concepts join the 100 technologies incorporated by USAF, Navy, Marines, and Space Force planners. The commander of AFC's Futures and Concepts Lieutenant Gen. Scott McKean, and peers for the services and allies took this opportunity to mutually review their plans for the FY2022 event.<ref name=pc22FtBliss >Jona3than Koester [https://www.army.mil/article/257610/modernization_leaders_gather_for_project_convergence_22_final_planning_conference (15 Jun 2022) Modernization leaders gather for Project Convergence 22 final planning conference]</ref><ref name= planPc22 >Army Futures Command [https://www.army.mil/article/260345/project_convergence_2022_to_demonstrate_futuristic_joint_multinational_warfighting_technologies (19 Sep 2022) Project Convergence 2022 to demonstrate futuristic joint, multinational warfighting technologies] inaugural PC22 Technology Gateway</ref><ref name= pc22Exper >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/training-sim/2022/10/10/project-convergence-exercise-has-new-gateway-to-test-emerging-tech/ (10 Oct 2022) Project Convergence exercise has new gateway to test emerging tech] +PC22 experiments</ref><ref name= pc22C3t>Lauren C. Williams [https://www.defenseone.com/defense-systems/2022/10/small-radios-armored-vehicles-will-be-big-step-toward-armys-networked-future/378305/ (11 Oct 2022) Small Radios On Armored Vehicles Will Be a Big Step Toward the Army's Networked Future] "The challenges include trying to install them and making sure they don’t run out of range"</ref><ref name= pc22Ukr >Colin Demarest [https://news.yahoo.com/us-army-carefully-folding-ukraine-150000929.html (12 Oct 2022) US Army carefully folding Ukraine info into Project Convergence tests]</ref><ref name= aiAtPc22 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/with-new-tech-gateways-army-identifies-promising-ai-algorithms-at-project-convergence/ (19  Oct 2022) As Project Convergence tries new 'tech gateways', 2 AI algorithms to transition to programs of record] Todd Army 2040</ref><ref name= fullyAutonomous >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/at-project-convergence-army-doubles-down-on-fully-autonomous-black-hawk-experiments/ (19  Oct 2022) At Project Convergence, Army doubles down on 'fully autonomous' Black Hawk experiments]</ref>
The Synthetic Training Environment's One World Terrain (OWT) data sets are beginning to be used as operational planning tools, for example by V corps, and at PC20, and at PC21. As virtual maps, rather than paper maps, they can project scenarios which will also be used at PC22 in October and November 2022.<ref name= owtPc22 >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/smr/force-of-the-future/2022/05/15/us-armys-virtual-world-becoming-high-demand-war-planning-tool/ (15 May 2022) US Army’s virtual world becoming high-demand war planning tool] One World Terrain (OWT) data sets to be used at PC22 Oct and Nov 2022</ref>
In October 2022, the experiments from the previous Project Convergence were scaled up, from just Army in PC21 to joint and international exercises in PC22.<ref name= scaledUpPC22 >Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/10/militarys-network-warfare-experiment-scaled-year/378790/ (21 Oct 2022) The Military’s Network Warfare Experiment Scaled Up This Year]</ref> AI was utilized not just for autonomous flight, but also for predicting where logistics would be needed in contested environments.<ref name= scaledUpPC22 /> PC22 experimented with some 300 technologies.<ref name= jadc2Works>Colin Demarest  [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/10/21/project-convergence-shows-jadc2-alignment-leaders-from-3-services-say/ (21 Oct 2022) Project Convergence shows JADC2 alignment, leaders from 3 services say]  Interoperations "show the services are aligned and not disjointed".</ref><ref name= pc22experimentation >Maureena Thompson, Army Futures Command [https://www.army.mil/article/262060/pc22_experimentation_furthers_us_partner_military_efforts_to_dominate_future_battlefield (16 Nov 2022) PC22 experimentation furthers US, partner military efforts to dominate future battlefield]</ref>  Scenarios during PC22 included Tomahawk, SM-6, and LRHW missiles.<ref name= scaledUpPC22 />{{efn|name= g357}}<ref name=3lrpf2030 >Joe Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/261388/army_of_2030_collaboration_key_to_army_modernization (24 Oct 2022) Army of 2030: Collaboration key to Army modernization]</ref> [[82nd Airborne Division|82nd Airborne]] participated in the PC22 experiments, using newly developed equipment.<ref name= 82ndABinPC22 >Maureena Thompson, Army Futures Command; Sgt. Daniel Ramos, 22nd Mobile Public Affairs Detachment contributed   [https://www.army.mil/article/261280/82nd_airborne_soldiers_engage_in_future_warfighting_experimentation (20 Oct 2022) 82nd Airborne Soldiers engage in future warfighting experimentation]</ref><ref name= dataPc22 >Jaspreet Gill  [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/at-project-convergence-data-management-is-armys-biggest-challenge/ (15 Nov 2022) At Project Convergence, data management is Army’s biggest challenge ]</ref><ref name= needAutomatedConnection >Chris Gordon [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/dods-new-joint-warfighting-cloud-capability-will-underpin-jadc2-but-require-cultural-shift-officials-say/ (8 Dec 2022)  DOD’s New Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability Will Underpin JADC2 But Require Cultural Shift, Officials Say]</ref><ref name= networkIsCtrOfGrav >Chris Gordon [https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/project-convergence/ (2 Dec 2022) Project Convergence]</ref><ref name= 2023buildingTacCloud >Lauren C. Williams [https://www.defenseone.com/defense-systems/2022/12/dod-2023-all-about-proving-it-can-build-tactical-cloud/380703/ (9 Dec 2022) For DOD, 2023 Is All About Proving It Can Build A Tactical Cloud] DISA's Stratus</ref>
In November 2022, at PC22, the use of an uncrewed Black Hawk helicopter under autonomous control was demonstrated in a contested logistics exercise.<ref name= autonomousLogistics >Sean Carberry  [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2022/11/2/autonomous-army-helicopter-proves-ready-for-action (2 Nov 2022) JUST IN: Autonomous Army Helicopter Proves Ready for Action] nationaldefensemagazine.org</ref>
;Defender 2023 {{anchor|Defender 2023}}
{{anchor|DEFENDER 2023}}
{{anchor|Intermediate Response 23}}
{{anchor|Swift Response 23}}
{{anchor|Saber Guardian 23}}
In April 2023 Defender 23, a logistics exercise of US Army Europe and Africa<ref name= defender2023 /> was transported to [[Naval Station Rota]], Spain. Spain was the host nation for 5-159th GSAB (5th Battalion, a general support aviation battalion of the [[159th Aviation Regiment (United States)|159th Aviation Regiment]]). 5th Battalion is an Army Reserve unit out of Fort Eustis, Virginia. The aviation materiel included [[CH-47]]s, [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk]]s, and supporting equipment.<ref name= defender2023 >Sgt. 1st Class Terysa King [https://www.army.mil/article/265691/spain_port_operation_kicks_off_defender_23 (April 12, 2023) Spain port operation kicks off DEFENDER 23] US Army Europe and Africa army.mil</ref>
;PC24
{{anchor|Project Convergence Capstone 4}}
{{anchor|Project Convergence 2023}}
{{anchor|Project Convergence 2024}} Project Convergence co-locates from WSMR and YPG (the hub), to allies and partners.<ref name=murrayPc21 >OCPA [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/817277/ausa-2021-cmf-3-project-convergence  (10 December 2021) AUSA 2021: CMF #3 – Project Convergence] PC23 hub & spoke</ref><ref name=murray4Qs >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/four-questions-with-army-futures-commander-gen-john-murray-on-modernization/ (14 Oct 2021) Four Questions With Army Futures Commander Gen. John Murray]</ref><ref name=pc23Planning>Jen Judson [https://www.c4isrnet.com/training-sim/2021/10/11/us-army-weighs-taking-future-project-convergence-exercises-abroad/ (11 Oct 2021) US Army weighs taking future Project Convergence exercises abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024114325/https://www.c4isrnet.com/training-sim/2021/10/11/us-army-weighs-taking-future-project-convergence-exercises-abroad/ |date=24 October 2021 }}</ref> PC24 could occur by spring 2024.<ref name= pc24Rainey >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/02/07/army-sets-sights-on-2024-for-next-project-convergence/ (7 Feb 2023) Army sets sights on 2024 for next Project Convergence]</ref><ref name= nopc23 >Ashley Roque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/no-convergence-in-2023-army-deliberating-the-path-ahead-for-signature-jadc2-exercise/ (8 Feb 2023) No Convergence in 2023: Army deliberating the path ahead for signature JADC2 exercise]</ref><ref name= fccAustin /><ref name= pc24FiresAi >Ashley Rocque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/12/fires-ai-and-human-machine-prototype-unites-army-gears-up-for-project-convergence-capstone-event/ (15 Dec 2023) Fires, AI and human-machine prototype unites: Army gears up for Project Convergence]</ref><ref name= munitions2024 >Sam Skove [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2023/12/army-looks-field-loitering-munitions-next-year/392756/ (13 Dec 2023) Army looks to field loitering munitions next year] Fort Moore and Fort Irwin</ref> Project Convergence Capstone 4, or PC-C4 occurs from 23 February 2024 to 20 March 2024 at [[Camp Pendleton]] and [[Fort Irwin]].<ref name=pc-c4 >AFC Communication Directorate [https://www.army.mil/article/273161/army_announces_project_convergence_capstone_4 (24 Jan 2024) Army announces Project Convergence Capstone 4] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOsFWC0g2VM PC-C4 is 23 February 2024 – 20 March 2024]; media day is 5 March 2024 at [[Camp Pendleton]]</ref>
;Steadfast Defender 2024 {{anchor|SteadfastDefenderEurope2024}}
[[Steadfast Defender 2024]] is planned from February through May 2024 in Europe, involving 90,000 NATO troops.<ref name=steadfastDefenderEurope2024 >Reuters [https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nato-kick-off-biggest-drills-decades-with-some-90000-troops-2024-01-18/ (18 Jan 2024) NATO to hold biggest drills since Cold War with 90,000 troops]</ref><ref name= russianInvasionIsThinkable >Lara Jakes and Christina Anderson [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/29/us/politics/europe-nato-russia-trump.html (29 Jan 2024) For Europe and NATO, a Russian Invasion Is No Longer Unthinkable]</ref>
-->
==Training and readiness==
Under Schoomaker, combat training centers (CTCs) emphasized the contemporary operating environment (such as an urban, ethnically-sensitive city in Iraq) and stress units according to the unit mission and the commanders' assessments, collaborating often to support holistic collective training programs, rather than by exception as was formerly the case.
Schoomaker's plan was to resource units based on the mission they are expected to accomplish (major combat versus SASO, or stability and support operations), regardless of component (active or reserve). Instead of using snapshot readiness reports, the Army now rates units based on the mission they are expected to perform given their position across the three force pools ('reset', 'train/ready', and 'available').<ref name=Campbell2009 /> The Army now deploys units upon each commanders' signature on the certificate of their unit's assessment (''[[viz.]]'', Ready). As of June 2016, only one-third of the Army's brigades were ready to deploy.<ref name=allyn2016>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/169797/allyn_outlines_keys_to_readiness_under_pressure |title=Allyn outlines keys to readiness under pressure &#124; Article &#124; The United States Army |website=Army.mil |date=2016-06-13 |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref><ref name=davidNorquistRecap21 >The Hon. David Norquist, Deputy Secretary of Defense, DoD [https://conference.defensenews.com/recap#21  (10 Sep 2020) Closing Keynote: Day 2] ''Defense News Conference 2020 : Sept 9 – 10'' 22:00 minutes</ref>{{rp|5:55}} By 2019, two-thirds of the Active Army's brigades<ref name=MilleyReadiness2019 >Arpi Dilanian and Matthew Howard [https://www.army.mil/article/219028/the_number_one_priority_an_interview_with_gen_mark_milley (April 1, 2019) The number one priority: An interview with Gen. Mark Milley]: Readiness (both current and future)</ref> and half of the BCTs of the Total Army (both Active and Reserve components) are now at the highest level of readiness.<ref name=SpoehrReadiness2019 >Thomas Brading, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/228513/half_of_bcts_now_at_highest_level_of_readiness_as_army_looks_to_add_more (October 22, 2019) Half of BCTs now at highest level of readiness, as Army looks to add more]</ref> The FY2021 budget request allows two-thirds of the Total Army (1,012,200 Soldiers by 2022) to reach the highest level of readiness by FY2022 —Maj. Gen. Paul Chamberlain.<ref name=fy2021endsExpansion >Mark Cancian and Adam Saxton [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/2021-budget-spells-the-end-of-us-force-expansion/ (14 February 2020) 2021 Budget Spells The End of US Force Expansion] Reduced topline $740.5 billion; Army remains at 31 BCTs, 5 SFABs, and 11 CABs.</ref><ref name=nightCourt2020 >Thomas Brading, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/232846/army_leaders_save_12_billion_to_fund_modernization_push (19 February 2020) Army leaders save $1.2 billion to fund modernization push] After a set of 'Night court' cuts</ref>
{{quote box|align=right |width=20% |quote = Soldiers need to be ready{{efn|name=readiness}} 100 percent of the time |author=Robert B. Abrams, FORSCOM commander, June 2, 2016<ref name=Abrams2016 /> }}
39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley's readiness objective is that all operational units be at 90 percent of the authorized strength in 2018, at 100 percent by 2021, and at 105 percent by 2023.<ref name=MilleyReadinessTimeTable >David Vergun [https://www.army.mil/article/212191/army_readiness_lethality_increasing_amid_troubled_world_says_chief_of_staff (October 9, 2018) Army readiness, lethality increasing amid troubled world, says chief of staff]</ref><ref name=endstrength >Mark Cancian [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/2020-budget-one-half-step-towards-a-great-power-strategy/ (25 March 2019) 2020 Budget: One Half Step Towards A Great Power Strategy]: Notes Army's difficulty reaching end-strength objectives.</ref>
The observer coach/trainers<ref name=oc,t >Sgt. LaShawna Custom, 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/27/oc-ts-improved-readiness-during-roving-sands-19/ (March 27, 2019) OC/Ts improved readiness during Roving Sands 19] Observer-Coach/Trainer</ref> at the combat training centers, recruiters,<ref>''Army Times'' [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/11/16/the-army-is-extending-recruiters-orders-by-two-months-to-ask-them-if-they-want-an-extension/ (17 Nov 2018) The Army is extending recruiters orders by two months]</ref><ref name=cities >Gary Sheftick, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/221821/large_cities_see_jump_in_recruits (May 13, 2019) Large cities see jump in recruits]</ref> and drill sergeants are to be filled to 100 percent strength by the end of 2018.<ref name=MilleyReadinessTimeTable /><ref name=recruitingReboot >AUSA [https://www.ausa.org/news/%E2%80%98atrophied%E2%80%99-recruiting-strategy-being-overhauled    (October 26, 2018) 'Atrophied’ Recruiting Strategy Being Overhauled] surge operation in 22 cities, 3 other actions</ref> In November 2018, written deployability standards (Army Directive 2018–22) were set by the Secretary and the Chief of Staff of the Army; failure to meet the standard means a soldier has six months to remedy this, or face separation from the Army.<ref name=apftUseForRetention >Army Directive 2018–22 [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN13963_AD2018_22_Final.pdf (8 Nov 2018) Retention Policy for Non-Deployable Soldiers]
*Joe Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/213757/non_deployable_directive_to_help_army_work_toward_more_lethal_force (November 15, 2018) Non-deployable directive to help Army work toward more 'lethal' force]
*Laven2 [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2018/11/20/non-deployable-directive-to-help-army-work-toward-more-lethal-force/ (20 November 2018) Non-deployable directive to help Army work toward more lethal force]</ref> The directive does not apply to about 60,000 of the 1,016,000 Soldiers of the Army; 70–80 percent of the 60,000 are non-deployable for medical reasons. Non-deployables have declined from 121,000 in 2017.<ref name=apftUseForRetention /> The Army combat fitness test (ACFT) will test all soldiers;<ref name=Acft59YrOldScored460 >Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/09/01/a-59-year-old-army-and-marine-vet-who-served-in-afghanistan-just-graduated-army-basic-combat-training/ (1 September 2020) A 59-year-old Army and Marine vet, who served in Afghanistan, just graduated Army basic combat training] after a 10-year break in service. He went through Marine Corps boot camp in 1978</ref> at the minimum, the 3-Repetition Maximum Deadlift, the Sprint-Drag-Carry and an aerobic event will be required of all soldiers, including those with profiles (meaning there is an annotation in their record ''See: [[PULHES Factor]])''; the assessment of the alternative aerobic test will be completed by 19 October 2019.<ref name=acft >U.S. Army Center for Initial Military Training Staff [https://www.army.mil/article/222105/army_to_conduct_assessment_of_alternate_acft_events (May 20, 2019) Army to conduct assessment of alternate ACFT events]</ref>
===Soldier and Family Readiness Groups===
By 2022 surveys of military servicemen, veterans, and spouses and family  were indicating that financial and other difficulties were raising questions about the viability of an all-volunteer force.<ref name= allVolunteer >Karen Jowers [https://www.militarytimes.com/pay-benefits/mil-money/2022/07/18/survey-raises-serious-questions-about-the-future-of-the-all-volunteer-force/ (18 Jul 2022) Survey raises serious questions about the future of the all-volunteer force]</ref><ref name= endStrengthShortfall >Davis Winkie [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/07/19/army-will-be-up-to-28000-troops-understrength-vice-chief-tells-congress/ (19 Jul 2022) Citing recruiting woes, Army will shed up to 28,000 troops in next year]</ref>
Soldiers and Army spouses belong to Soldier and Family Readiness Groups (SFRGs),<ref name=sfrgAD2019,17ref >Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management  [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2019-08-16 (August 16, 2019) Soldier and Family Readiness Groups]</ref><ref name=sfrg >Joe Lacdan, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/223080/army_making_improvements_to_family_readiness_groups (June 12, 2019) Army making improvements to Family Readiness Groups]</ref>{{efn|name= readiness|1= Readiness means: Be informed; Make A Plan; Build a Kit; and Get Involved<ref name=readiness>[http://www.acsim.army.mil/readyarmy/ Ready Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906080702/http://www.acsim.army.mil/readyarmy/ |date=2016-09-06 }} is a proactive campaign to increase Army community resilience and enhance force readiness by informing Soldiers, their Families, Army Civilians and contractors of relevant hazards, and encouraging them to
*Be Informed,
*Make A Plan,
*Build a Kit and
*Get Involved. ''see: [[DEFCON]]''</ref><ref name=drill >{{cite web |author=Sean Kimmons, Army News Service |url=https://www.army.mil/article/225353/former_army_ranger_helps_save_man_on_commercial_jet |date=August 8, 2019 |title= Former Army Ranger helps save man on commercial jet}}</ref>}} renamed from (FRGs)<ref name=hawkins8oct2018 >Devon L. Suits [https://www.army.mil/article/212578/study_reveals_impact_of_army_families_on_retention_recruiting (October 17, 2018) Study reveals impact of Army Families on retention, recruiting]: When spouses favor Army life, 93% of Soldiers stay; but when spouses do not, 44% stay in the Army.</ref> which mirror the command structure of an Army unit—the spouse of the 40th [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]] has served on the FRG at every echelon of the Army.<ref name=39thCSAchangeOfResp >The US Army [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlQKlafWoHI (Aug 9, 2019) Change of Responsibility Ceremony: Army Chief of staff and sergeant major of the Army]</ref>{{rp|Ryan McCarthy, minute 39:33}} The name change to SFRG is to be more inclusive of single soldiers, single parents, and also those with nontraditional families.<ref name=sfrg /> An S/FRG seeks to meet the needs of soldiers and their families, for example during a deployment,<ref name=32ndaamdc /> or to address privatized housing deficiencies,<ref name=ftMeade >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/218198/us_military_plans_release_of_tenant_bill_of_rights (6 March 2019) US Military plans release of Tenant bill of rights]</ref> or to aid spouses find jobs.<ref name=directHires >US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/217109/senior_leaders_discuss_upcoming_moves_to_ease_family_concerns (6 Feb 2019) Senior leaders discuss upcoming moves to ease family concerns] Army to receive authorization for direct hires of personnel, e.g., childcare workers</ref> As a soldier transfers in and out of an installation, the soldier's entire family will typically undergo a permanent change of station (PCS) to the next post. PCS to Europe and Japan is now uniformly for 36 months, regardless of family status<ref name= immersionInJapaneseSchools >Sean Kimmons, U.S. Army Garrison Japan Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/255179/military_children_attend_japanese_schools_to_immerse_in_culture (7 April 2022) Military children attend Japanese schools to immerse in culture]</ref><ref name=36monthPcs>Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/222980/army_lengthens_tours_for_soldiers_in_europe_japan (June 11, 2019) Army lengthens tours for Soldiers in Europe, Japan]</ref> (formerly 36 months for families). Transfers typically follow the cycle of the school year to minimize disruption in an Army family.<ref>But moves in summertime cause satisfaction ratings to drop from 95% down to 80%. [https://time.com/5424172/military-family-moves/ The Military Moves Hundreds of Thousands of Families Each Summer. Many of Them Don't Go Well]</ref> By policy, DoD families stationed in Europe and Japan who have school-aged children are served by American school systems— the Department of Defense Dependents Schools.<ref name=zamaTeacher >Winifred Brown [https://www.army.mil/article/235817/retiring_camp_zama_teacher_reflects_on_33_years_of_service (20 May 2020) Retiring Camp Zama teacher reflects on 33 years of service]</ref> Noncombatant evacuation operations are a contingency which an FRG could publicize and plan for, should the need arise.<ref name=jadoSustainmentJulySept2020 />{{rp|p.11}} In 2021, a new Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP) is being tested by 300 families who are undergoing a permanent change of station (PCS).<ref name=eEFMP >Devon Suits [https://www.army.mil/article/250139/army_tests_new_efmp_system_targets_assignment_process_for_select_families (15 Sep 2021) Army tests new EFMP system, targets assignment process for select families] a new Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP) being tested by 300 families</ref>
When a family emergency occurs, the informal support of that unit's S/FRG is available to the soldier.<ref name=32ndaamdc>[http:{{dead link |date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/monitor/2017/04april/042017/pdf/042017part1a.pdf Strangers as family 32nd AAMDC helps Soldier, family, in need]</ref><ref>Terri Moon Cronk, Defense.gov [https://www.army.mil/article/232556/dod_vows_to_help_exceptional_family_member_program (10 February 2020) DOD vows to help Exceptional Family Member Program]</ref> (But the [[Army Emergency Relief]] fund is available to any soldier with a phone call to their local garrison.<ref>Devon Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/237660/new_army_digital_garrison_app_serves_as_guide_to_on_post_services (11 August 2020) New Army Digital Garrison app serves as guide to on-post services] 60 installations are currently on the app, which runs on iPhone or Android.</ref><ref>[http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/monitor/2018/06june/062118/pdf/062118part1a.pdf aerhq.org, "Did you know ..." example notice] —p.2A, lower right-hand corner</ref><ref>Chaplain (Capt.) Calvin Park [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf (20 June 2019) Count the cost] page 5b</ref> Seventy-five [[Fisher House Foundation|Fisher Houses]] maintain home-away-from-home suites for families undergoing medical treatment of a loved one. The Army, Navy, and Air Force Medical Treatment Facilities (MTFs) are scheduled to complete their transfer to the [[Defense Health Agency]] (DHA) no later than 21 October 2021. This has been a ten-year process. The directors of each home installation's Medical treatment facility (MTF) continue to report to the commanders of their respective installations. This change transfers all civilian employees of each Medical treatment facility (MTF) to the Defense Health Agency (DHA).<ref name=dhaTransitionStandTo >Army.mil Stand-to: Headquarters, U.S. Army Surgeon General [https://www.army.mil/standto/ (Friday, 24 January 2020) Transfer of Army Medical Treatment Facilities] (MTFs) to [[Defense Health Agency]] (DHA), no later than (NLT) 21 October 2021.</ref><ref name=surgeonGeneral >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/230725/ (6 December 2019) Surgeon general reaffirms promise of quality care during DHA transfer]</ref>) The name change links Soldier Readiness with Family Readiness.<ref name=hawkins8oct2018 /> Commanders will retain full responsibility for Soldier sponsorship after a move, especially for first term Soldiers in that move.<ref name=totalArmySponsorship >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/225690/army_makes_changes_to_total_army_sponsorship_program (15 August 2019) Army makes changes to Total Army Sponsorship Program]</ref><ref name= receptionCompanies/>
In response to Army tenant problems with privatized base housing, [[IMCOM]] was subordinated to [[United States Army Materiel Command|Army Materiel Command]] (AMC) on 8 March 2019.<ref name=imcom2019 >Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/217292/installation_management_command_to_realign_under_army_materiel_command (11 Feb 2019) Installation Management Command to realign under Army Materiel Command]
*"We are deeply troubled by the recent reports highlighting the deficient conditions in some of our family housing. It is unacceptable for our families who sacrifice so much to have to endure these hardships in their own homes."—23rd Secretary of the Army, Dr. Mark T. Esper and 39th Chief of Staff of the Army, Gen. Mark A. Milley {{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/217378/us_army_statement_on_military_housing |publisher=U.S. Army |date=13 February 2019 |title=US Army statement on military housing |access-date=February 16, 2019}}</ref><ref name=reuMilHous >Reuters [https://www.reuters.com/investigates/section/usa-military/ (2019 summary) Reuters special report on military housing]</ref><ref name=milPrivHousInit >Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/228044/army_senior_leaders_discuss_progress_in_reforming_the_military_privatized_housing_initiative (2 October 2019) Army senior leaders discuss progress in reforming the Military Privatized Housing Initiative]
*U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/227768/lt_gen_jason_evans_confirmed_as_armys_new_deputy_chief_of_staff_g_9 (27 September 2019) Lt. Gen. Jason Evans confirmed as Army's new Deputy Chief of Staff, G-9] 'DCS, G-9' was formerly known as the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (ACSIM)</ref> By 2020, AMC's commander and the Residential community initiative (RCI) groups had formulated a 50-year plan. The Army's RCI groups, "seven private housing companies, which have 50-year lease agreements" on 98% of Army housing at 44 installations, will work with the Army for long-term housing improvements,<ref name=rci50Yr >Kari Hawkins, AMC [https://www.army.mil/article/231884/army_focuses_on_making_installations_number_one_choice_for_military_families (21 January 2020) Army focuses on making installations number one choice for military families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201105536/https://www.army.mil/article/231884/army_focuses_on_making_installations_number_one_choice_for_military_families |date=1 February 2020 }}</ref><ref name=7privateHousingCos >U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/232445/army_secretary_ryan_d_mccarthy_other_service_secretaries_meet_with_housing_executives  (6 February 2020) Army Secretary Ryan D. McCarthy, other service secretaries, meet with housing executives] Lists 7 measures</ref><ref name=seeking3more >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/233422/dod_working_to_add_key_provisions_to_tenant_bill_of_rights (March 4, 2020) DOD working to add key provisions to tenant bill of rights] 3 more provisions sought: "a dispute resolution process, the right to withhold rent until a dispute is resolved, and access to a building's maintenance history before the move-in date"</ref> and remediation.<ref name=milPrivHousInit /><ref name=michaels,Liberty >Karen Jowers [https://www.armytimes.com/pay-benefits/2021/10/22/50000-military-families-in-38-privatized-housing-communities-see-new-ownership/ (22 Oct 2021) 50,000 military families in 38 privatized housing communities see new ownership] Clark Realty Capital, and Lincoln Military Housing have sold their properties to Michaels Organization, and Liberty Military Housing respectively (except for the former Lincoln housing at Fort Sam Houston, Texas which was transferred to Hunt Military Communities)</ref><ref name=balfour,Beatty >Davud Roza [https://taskandpurpose.com/news/balfour-beatty-military-housing-lawsuit/ (28 Dec 2021) Why a company guilty of ‘pervasive fraud’ remains one of the Pentagon’s biggest landlords] Balfour Beatty Communities LLC
*M. B. Pell, Reuters [https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-military-maintenance/ (18 Jun 2019) Air Force landlord falsified records to boost income, documents show]</ref>
{{anchor|SHARPprogram}}In 2020 Secretary McCarthy determined that the [[Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Prevention]] (SHARP) program has failed to meet its mandate,<ref name=sharpMandate >Haley Britzky [https://taskandpurpose.com/news/army-sexual-assault-nicole-burnham/ (19 Nov 2020) The Army's ‘complete failure’ led to this private's suicide after she was sexually assaulted, parents say]</ref> particularly for young unmarried Soldiers at [[Fort Hood]] and [[Camp Casey, South Korea]].<ref name=sharpHood >Ryan Morgan  [https://americanmilitarynews.com/2020/11/video-army-secretary-says-armys-sexual-assault-prevention-program-hasnt-achieved-its-mandate/ (8 Dec 2020) Video: Army Secretary says Army's sexual assault prevention program ‘hasn't achieved its mandate’]</ref> Missing soldiers were previously classified as [[Absent without leave]] until enough time has elapsed to be denoted [[deserter]]s, rather than victims of a crime; the Army has established a new classification for missing Soldiers, to merit police investigation.<ref name=maucione>Scott Maucione [https://federalnewsnetwork.com/army/2020/10/army-will-now-assume-soldiers-are-missing-and-not-awol-after-multiple-deaths-this-summer/ (16 Oct 2020) Army will now assume soldiers are missing and not AWOL after multiple deaths this summer]</ref><ref name=fhirc >The U.S. Army [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwH3InHAmNA (8 Dec 2020) Secretary of the Army McCarthy addresses the report of the Fort Hood Independent Review Committee]</ref><ref name=srLeaderMesg >U.S. Army [https://www.army.mil/article/241501 (8 Dec 2020) Army Senior Leader Message to the Force]
*[https://www.army.mil/forthoodreview/?from=hp_spotlight (8 Dec 2020) Independent Review Timeline]
*[https://www.army.mil/article/241491 U.S. Army (8 Dec 2020) Secretary McCarthy holds Fort Hood Leaders Accountable, Announces New Investigations] detailing actions taken, at III Corps, 1st Cavalry Division, 3rd Cavalry Regiment, [[6th Military Police Group]] (Criminal Investigation Command)</ref>
{{anchor|People First }}In response to the report of the [[Fort Hood#commandClimateAndCulture|Fort Hood Independent Review Committee]], the Army has established the People first task force (PFTF), an Army-wide task force that is headed by 3 chairs: 1) Lt. Gen. Gary M. Brito, 2) Diane M. Randon, and 3) Sgt. Maj. Julie A.M. Guerra, who are: 1) the deputy chief of staff G-1, 2) the assistant deputy chief of staff G-2, and 3) the assistant deputy chief of staff G-2 Sgt. Maj. respectively.<ref name=pftfFhirc >Devon Suits [https://www.army.mil/article/241878/people_first_new_task_force_seeks_army_wide_changes (21 Dec 2020) People first: New task force seeks Army-wide changes]</ref> Cohesion assessment teams (CATs), part of the People first task force, work with brigade commanders on their brigade's command climate. The Cohesion assessment team interviews members of that brigade or battalion, to identify any problems. The CAT then works with the unit commanders to address the root causes of those problems.<ref name= CATs >Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/05/20/army-makes-new-cohesion-assessment-teams-permanent/ (5 May 2022) Army makes new cohesion assessment teams permanent] Cohesion assessment teams (CATs)</ref> On 13 May 2022 Fort Hood's ''People First Center'' opened its doors; the center is to offer immersive experiences for participants over several days, centered on "family advocacy, sexual harassment and assault prevention, equal opportunity, resiliency, substance abuse, suicide [prevention]<ref name= cacNeeded >Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/05/27/army-locked-public-report-after-story-on-overdue-suicide-regulation/ (27 May 2022) ] suicide prevention Data needs CAC</ref> (The Senate Armed Services Committee is requesting that the military track suicides by MOS.),<ref name= angusKing >Leo Shane III [https://www.armytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2022/07/21/the-military-may-be-required-to-start-tracking-suicides-by-job-assignments-in-hopes-of-more-answers/ (21 Jul 2022) The military may be required to start tracking suicides by job assignments]</ref> and spiritual readiness ... all housed at the center with training focused on immersion", collocated with subject matter experts.<ref name=pfCenter >III Armored Corps Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/256716/fort_hoods_novel_people_first_center_officially_opens_doors (13 May 2022) Fort Hood’s novel People First Center officially opens doors]</ref><ref name= receptionCompanies >Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/06/27/army-takes-sweeping-look-at-how-new-soldiers-are-welcomed-across-the-force/ (27 Jun 2022) Army takes sweeping look at how new soldiers are welcomed across the force]
*Davis Winkie [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/11/10/will-reception-companies-help-the-armys-pcs-woes-sma-thinks-so/ (10 Nov 2021) Will ‘reception companies’ help the Army’s PCS woes? SMA thinks so]</ref>
===USAR mobilization===
:''See: [[Soldier Readiness Processing]]''
Plans are being formulated for mobilization of the Army Reserve (42,000 to 45,000 soldiers) very quickly.<ref>Sgt. Audrey Hayes [https://www.army.mil/article/212527/army_reserve_preparing_to_fight_on_a_new_battlefield (October 17, 2018) Army Reserve preparing to fight on a new battlefield]</ref>
For example, 'Ready Force X' (RFX) teams have fielded Deployment Assistance Team Command and Control Cells to expedite the associated equipment to the various ports and vessels which is required for the specific Reserve personnel who have been notified that they are deploying.<ref>Sgt. Bethany Huff [https://www.army.mil/article/212814/us_army_reserve_pilots_deployment_assistance_teams_for_rfx_units (October 23, 2018) U.S. Army Reserve pilots Deployment Assistance Teams for RFX units]</ref> [[FORSCOM]]'s mobilization and force generation installations (MFGIs) have fluctuated from two primary<ref name=msfRoc>Capt. Joselyn Sydnor, [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/07/17/bliss-msf-roc-drill-tests-mfgi-capabilities/ 653rd Regional Support Group (July 17, 2019) Bliss MSF ROC drill tests MFGI capabilities] Mobilization Support Force (MSF).</ref><ref>Laven2 [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2018/11/20/210th-rsg-soldiers-provide-support-for-civilians-of-mad-brigade-s1-transition/ (20 Nov 2018) 210th Regional Support Group (RSG) Soldiers provide support for civilians of Mobilization & Demobilization (MaD) Brigade S1/transition]</ref> installations (2018) to an envisioned eleven primary and fourteen contingency MFGIs, in preparation for future actions against near-peers.<ref>AUSA [https://www.ausa.org/news/army-updates-mobilization-model  (8 October 2018) ARMY UPDATES MOBILIZATION MODEL]</ref><ref name=multiStateFieldTraining>Sgt. 1st Class Brent Powell [https://www.army.mil/article/227687/reserve_brigade_marks_historic_first_with_multi_state_field_training_exercise (September 26, 2019) Reserve brigade marks historic first with multi-state field training exercise]
*Capt. Joselyn Sydnor ″[http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/10/02/30th-abct-mobilization-identifies-challenges-successes-of-expansion/ (October 2, 2019) 30th ABCT mobilization identifies challenges, successes of expansion] 653rd Regional Support Group was mobilized as the Fort Bliss Mobilization Brigade; the mobilization of 30th ABCT was used to test out the mobilization process of the reserve component of the Army.</ref> {{anchor|usarLocalExercise}}<ref name=11ecabCpx>Linda Gerron [https://www.army.mil/article/238582/us_army_reserve_aviation_brigade_adapts_to_covid_19_challenges_by_conducting_local_command_post_exercise (28 August 2020) U.S. Army Reserve aviation brigade adapts to COVID-19 challenges by conducting local command post exercise] 11th ECAB local command post exercise without downtrace units</ref><ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA />
===National Guard training===
The 29th chief of the National Guard Bureau, as director of the Army National Guard, plans to align existing ARNG divisions with subordinate training formations.<ref name=downTrace >Staff Report, National Guard Bureau [https://www.army.mil/article/237760/army_national_guard_to_establish_eight_divisions_by_aligning_existing_arng_division_headquarters_with_down_trace_formations_for_training (1 August 2020) Army National Guard to establish eight Divisions by aligning existing ARNG Division Headquarters with down-trace formations for training]</ref> This plan increases the number of divisions in the Total Army from 10 to 18, and increases the readiness of the National Guard divisions, by aligning their training plans with large-scale combat operations.<ref name=downTrace /> Additional advantages of the August 2020 plan are increased opportunity for talent management, from the Company to the Division level, and opportunity for leader development unfettered by geographical restriction.<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA /><ref name=arngNDS2019>US Army [https://www.army.mil/article/228511/army_guard_improves_readiness_supports_national_defense_strategy (October 15, 2019) Army Guard improves readiness, supports National Defense Strategy] "is in the process of realigning eight full National Guard divisions for the Army"</ref><ref name=defenderEu2020>Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/228528/defender_exercise_to_deploy_20000_soldiers_to_project_power_in_europe (October 15, 2019) Defender exercise to deploy 20,000 Soldiers to project power in Europe]</ref>
==="Associated units" training program===
The Army announced a pilot program, 'associated units', in which a National Guard or Reserve unit would now train with a specific active Army formation. These units would wear the patch of the specific Army division before their deployment to a theater;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/164629/Department_of_the_Army_Announces_Associated_Units_Pilot/ |title= Department of the Army Announces Associated Units Pilot |accessdate=2016-03-22 |website=army.mil}}</ref> [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|36th Infantry Division]] headquarters deployed to Afghanistan in May 2016 for a train, advise, assist mission.<ref>{{cite news |work=Fox7 Austin |url=http://www.fox7austin.com/news/local-news/150486046-story |title=36th ID making Guard history in Afghanistan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104000732/http://www.fox7austin.com/news/local-news/150486046-story |archive-date=2017-01-04 }}</ref>
The Army Reserve, whose headquarters are co-located with FORSCOM, and the National Guard, are testing the associated units program in a three-year pilot program with the active Army. The program will use the First Army training roles at the Army Combat Training Centers at Fort Irwin, Fort Polk, and regional and overseas training facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |website=army.mil |url=https://www.army.mil/article/168849/Total_Army_Force_leaders_plan_three_year__Associated_Units__Pilot/ |title=Total Army Force leaders plan three-year 'Associated Units' Pilot | accessdate=2016-06-01}}</ref>
The pilot program complements FORSCOM's total force partnerships with the National Guard, begun in 2014.<ref name=armytimes2016-03-22>{{cite web|last=Myers |first=Meghann |url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2016/03/22/army-pilot-links-active-guard-and-reserve-units-training-deployments/82128968/ |title=army-pilot-links-active-guard-and-reserve-units-training-deployments |website=Army Times |date=2016-03-22 |access-date=2016-10-21}}</ref>
Summer 2016 will see the first of these units.
*Associated units<ref>US Army {{Cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/196318/associated_units_concept_improving_readiness_says_mg_jarrard|title=Associated Units concept improving readiness, says MG Jarrard |website=army.mil}}</ref><ref>{{citation |author=Secretary of the Army |location=Washington  |date=21 March 2016 |title=Memorandum: Designation of Associated Units in Support of Army Total Force Policy |via=MultiBriefs |url=http://www.multibriefs.com/briefs/ncnga/AssociatedUnits2.pdf }}</ref>
** 3rd Infantry BCT, 10th Mountain Division, stationed at Fort Polk, Louisiana, associated with the 36th Infantry Division, Texas Army National Guard
** 48th Infantry BCT, Georgia ARNG, associated with the 3rd Infantry Division, Stationed at Fort Stewart, Georgia
** 86th Infantry BCT, Vermont ARNG, associated with the 10th Mountain Division, stationed at Fort Drum, New York
** 81st Armored BCT, Washington ARNG, associated with the 7th Infantry Division, stationed at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington
** Task Force 1-28th Infantry Battalion., 3rd Infantry Division, stationed at Fort Moore, Georgia, associated with the 48th Infantry BCT, Georgia Army National Guard
** 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment, USAR, associated with the 3rd Infantry BCT, 25th Infantry Division, stationed at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii
** 1st Battalion (Airborne), 143rd Infantry Regiment Texas ARNG, associated with the 173rd Airborne BCT, stationed in Vicenza, Italy
** 1st Battalion, 151st Infantry Regiment, Indiana ARNG, associated with the 2nd Infantry BCT, 25th Infantry Division, stationed at Schofield Barracks
** 5th Engineer Battalion, stationed at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, associated with the 35th Engineer Brigade, Missouri ARNG
** 840th Engineer Company, Texas ARNG, associated with the 36th Engineer Brigade, stationed at Fort Cavazos, Texas
** 824th Quartermaster Company, USAR, associated with the 82nd Airborne Division's Sustainment Brigade, stationed at Fort Liberty, North Carolina
** 249th Transportation Company, Texas ARNG, associated with the 1st Cavalry Division's Sustainment Brigade., stationed in Fort Cavazos
** 1245th Transportation Company, Oklahoma ARNG, associated with the 1st Cavalry Division's Sustainment Brigade., stationed in Fort Cavazos
** 1176th Transportation Company, Tennessee ARNG, associated with the 101st Airborne Division's Sustainment Brigade, stationed at Fort Campbell, Kentucky
** 2123rd Transportation Company, Kentucky ARNG, associated with the 101st Airborne Division's Sustainment Brigade, stationed at Fort Campbell
===Rifleman training===
Soldiers train for weapons handling, and marksmanship first individually, on static firing ranges, and then on simulators such as an [[Engagement Skills Trainer]] (EST). More advanced training on squad level simulators (Squad Advanced Marksmanship-Trainer (SAMT)) place a squad in virtual engagements against avatars of various types,<ref name=squadTraining >{{cite web|first=Matthew |last=Pargett |url=https://www.army.mil/article/219231/squad_tactics_tested_on_new_virtual_marksmanship_trainer |date=March 25, 2019 |title= Squad tactics tested on new virtual marksmanship trainer |website=army.mil}}</ref> using [[M4 carbine]], [[M249 light machine gun]] and [[Beretta M9|M9 Beretta pistol]] simulated weapon systems.<ref name=squadTraining /> Home stations are to receive Synthetic training environments (STEs) for mission training, as an alternative to rotations to the National Combat Training Centers, which operate Brigade-level training against an Opposing force (OPFOR) with near-peer equipment.
Some installations have urban training facilities for infantrymen, in preparation for brigade-level training.<ref name=squadTeamwork>{{cite web|first=Sgt. Brandon |last=Banzhaf |url=https://www.army.mil/article/220769/focus_on_teamwork_education_helps_build_a_squad_of_infantrymen |date=April 24, 2019 |title=Focus on teamwork, education helps build a squad of infantrymen |website=army.mil}}</ref>
A 2019 marksmanship manual ''TC 3-20.40, Training and Qualification-Individual Weapons'' (the "Dot-40") now mandates the use of the simulators, as if the soldier were in combat.<ref name=Dot40 >{{cite web |first=Franklin |last=Fisher |url=https://www.army.mil/article/226128/army_overhauls_small_arms_training_with_tougher_standards_combat_like_rigor |date=August 22, 2019 |title= Army overhauls small arms training with tougher standards, combat-like rigor |website=army.mil}}</ref> The Dot-40 is to be used by the entire Army, from the Cadets at West Point to the Active Army, the Army Reserve, and Army National Guard;<ref name=Dot40 /> the Dot-40 tests how rapidly soldiers can load and reload while standing, kneeling, lying prone, and firing from behind a barrier.<ref name=Dot40 /> The marksmanship tests of a soldier's critical thinking, selecting targets to shoot at, in which order, and the accuracy of each shot are recorded by the simulators.<ref name=Dot40 />
===Stryker training===
Up to a platoon-sized unit of a Stryker brigade combat team, and dismounted infantry, can train on Stryker simulators (Stryker Virtual Collective Trainer – SVCT), which are in the process of being installed at eight home stations. The fourth was being completed as of 2019.<ref name=svct >{{cite web |author= Joanna Bradley, CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs |url=https://www.army.mil/article/220571/aviation_missile_center_teams_develops_stryker_simulator |date=April 18, 2019 |title= Aviation, Missile Center teams develops Stryker simulator |website=army.mil}}</ref> Forty-five infantrymen (four Stryker shells) or thirty-six scouts (six Stryker shells) can rehearse their battle rhythm on a virtual battlefield, record their lessons learned, give their after-action reports, and repeat, as a team. The Stryker gunner's seat comes directly from a Stryker vehicle and has a [[CROWS|Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station]] (CROWS) and joystick to control a virtual [[M2 Browning|.50 caliber (12.7 mm) heavy machine gun]] or a virtual 30&nbsp;mm autocannon and other CROWS configurations are possible.<ref name=svct /><ref name="crowsNg">{{cite web|author=Sgt. Jeff Clements, Virginia National Guard |url=https://www.army.mil/article/238963/vng_soldiers_train_on_crows_remote_weapons_system |date=11 September 2020 |title= VNG Soldiers train on CROWS remote weapons system |website=army.mil}}</ref>
===Digital air ground integration ranges (DAGIRs)===
Live-fire digital air ground integration ranges (DAGIRs) were first conceptualized in the 1990s, and established in 2012,<ref name=aviationtoday2014 >Juliet Van Wagenen [https://www.aviationtoday.com/2014/10/10/lockheed-martin-delivers-digital-air-ground-integration-range-to-us-army/ (October 10, 2014) Lockheed Martin Delivers Digital Air Ground Integration Range to US Army]</ref> with follow-on in 2019.<ref name=dagirs >Eric Pilgrim, Fort Knox News [https://www.army.mil/article/224783/army_to_break_ground_on_digital_air_ground_integration_range_this_fall (July 22, 2019) Army to break ground on Digital Air-Ground Integration Range this fall]</ref> The ranges initially included 23 miles of tank trails,<ref name=sundt >Sundt Orogrande [http://www.sundt.com/projects/digital-air-ground-integration-range-dagir/ (2013 est.) Digital Air Ground Integration Range (DAGIR)]</ref> targets, battlefield effects simulators, and digital wiring for aerial scorekeeping.<ref name=dagirs /> These ranges are designed for coordinating air and ground exercises before full-on sessions at the National Training Centers.<ref name=dagirs />
===Training against OPFORs===
[[File:OSVsInDepot.jpg|thumb|right|Opposing-Forces Surrogate Vehicles (OSVs) undergoing maintenance at [[Anniston Army Depot]]]]
To serve a role as an [[Opposing force]] (OPFOR) could be a mission for an Army unit, as temporary duty (TDY), during which they might wear old [[battle dress uniform]]s, perhaps inside-out.<ref name=socomOpforNC >Mark Price [https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article240651992.html (27 February 2020) Elaborate unconventional warfare exercise set for undisclosed sites in North Carolina] JFK Special Warfare school: acting as guerrilla freedom fighters</ref> [[TRADOC]]'s Mission Command Training Program, as well as [[Cyber Command]] designs tactics for these OPFORs. When a brigade trains at [[Fort Irwin]], [[Fort Polk]], Joint Pacific Multinational Readiness Center,<ref name= jpmrc >Todd South [https://www.defensenews.com/news/your-army/2022/10/28/major-hawaii-based-army-exercise-tests-brigade-in-island-hopping-fight/ (28 Oct 2022) Major Hawaii-based Army exercise tests brigade in island-hopping fight] JPMRC</ref> or [[Joint Multinational Training Center]] (in [[Hohenfels, Bavaria#United States Garrison Hohenfels|Hohenfels]], Germany) the Army tasks [[11th Armored Cavalry Regiment (United States)|11th Armored Cavalry Regiment]], [[509th Infantry Regiment (United States)#In the United States|1st Battalion, 509th Infantry Regiment (Abn)]], [[196th Infantry Brigade (United States)|196th Infantry Brigade]], and [[4th Infantry Regiment (United States)#OPFOR role|1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment]], respectively, with the OPFOR role,<ref name=opfors >Mario J. Hoffmann [https://www.army.mil/article/211842/modernizing_the_armys_opfor_program_to_become_a_near_peer_sparring_partner (October 1, 2018) Modernizing the Army's OPFOR program to become a near-peer sparring partner]</ref> and provides the OPFOR with modern equipment (such as the [[FGM-148 Javelin]] anti-tank missile) to test that brigade's readiness for deployment. [[Multiple integrated laser engagement system]]s serve as proxies for actual fired weapons, and soldiers are lost to the commander from "kills" by laser hits.<ref name=256thBct >Jim Smilie [https://www.thetowntalk.com/story/news/2018/09/04/louisiana-army-national-guard-train-possible-2020-deployment/951690002/ (6 Sep 2018) Louisiana Army National Guard gears up for potential deployment in 2020] [[256th IBCT]] in XCTC training in 2018 against OPFORs, then JRTC in 2020.</ref>
===Training against cyber===
Deceptive data intended to divide deployed forces are making their way into the news feeds, and are falsely implicating actual soldiers who are deployed at the time of the false social media reports, which are mixing fact and fiction.<ref name=1adInPoCyberFakeNews >Gina Harkins [https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/08/16/fake-news-wreaking-havoc-battlefield-heres-what-militarys-doing-about-it.html (16 Aug 2020) Fake News Is Wreaking Havoc on the Battlefield. Here's What the Military's Doing About It]</ref><ref name=cyberDataOne>Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/air-force-adds-cyber-to-all-domain-ops-data-library/ (19 Aug 2020) Air & Space Forces Add Cyber To All-Domain Ops Data Library]</ref>
The Army now has its tenth direct-commissioned cyber officer: a Sergeant First Class with a computer engineering degree, and a masters in system engineering was commissioned a major in the National Guard, 91st Cyber Brigade, on 30 July 2020.<ref>Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/08/17/direct-commissions-for-army-cyber-officers-finally-gaining-steam-two-star-says/ (17 Aug 2020) Direct commissions for Army cyber officers finally gaining steam, two-star says]</ref>
===Soldier integration facility===
[[PEO Soldier]] has established a Soldier integration facility (SIF) at [[Fort Belvoir]] which allows prototyping and evaluation of combat capabilities for the Army Soldier.<ref name=sifBelvoir >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/08/07/new-army-soldier-facility-combines-tech-to-sharpen-soldier-squad-lethality/ (7 Aug 2020) New Army soldier facility combines tech to sharpen soldier-squad lethality]</ref> [[United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command|CCDC]] Soldier center in Natick Massachusetts, Night Vision Lab at Fort Belvoir Virginia, and Maneuver Battle Lab at Fort Moore Georgia have prototyped ideas at the SIF.<ref name=sifBelvoir />
===Applications for Synthetic Training Environment (STE)===
The Squad Advanced Marksmanship Training (SAMT) system, developed by the STE Cross-functional team from Futures Command, has an application for [[1st Security Force Assistance Brigade|1st SFAB]].<ref name=samt11jun19 >Patti Bielling, Synthetic Training Environment CFT [https://www.army.mil/article/223017/1st_sfab_soldiers_hone_close_combat_skills_on_armys_newest_virtual_trainer (June 11, 2019) 1st SFAB Soldiers hone close combat skills on Army's newest virtual trainer]</ref> Bluetooth enabled replicas of M4 rifles and M9 and Glock 19 pistols, with compressed air recoil approximate the form, fit and function of the weapons that the Soldiers are using in close combat. For 1st SFAB, scenarios included virtual reality attacks which felt like engagements in a room. The scenarios can involve the entire SFAB Advisor team, and engagements can be repeated over and over again. Advanced marksmanship skills such as firing with the non-dominant hand, and firing on the move can be practiced.<ref name=samt11jun19 />
Nine Army sites are now equipped with the SAMT. Over twenty systems are planned for locations in the United States.<ref name=samt11jun19 /> The Close combat tactical trainers are in use, for example, to train 3rd Infantry Division headquarters for a gunnery training event (convoy protection role),<ref name=3IDgunnery >Spc. William Griffen [https://www.army.mil/article/232926/hhbn_masters_the_fundamentals_of_convoy_escort (20 February 2020) HHBN masters the fundamentals of convoy escort]</ref> and 2nd BCT/ 82nd Airborne close combat training.<ref>Ms. Elvia E Kelly (IMCOM) [https://www.army.mil/article/233114/machine_gun_university_keeps_soldiers_ready_for_real_world_missions (26 February 2020) 'Machine Gun University' keeps Soldiers ready for real-world missions] Squad Advanced Marksmanship Training at Fort Bragg's Virtual Training Center, 20 Feb. 2020</ref>
The concept has been extended to the Live, Virtual, Constructive Integrating Architecture (LVC-IA), to integrate the National Guard, and the Reserves, with Active Army.<ref>Adam Srone [https://www.defensenews.com/training-sim/2021/09/30/us-army-tool-empowers-soldiers-to-virtually-collaborate-across-regions/ (30 Sep 2021) US Army tool empowers soldiers to virtually collaborate across regions]</ref>
*"A simulation places leadership teams in a situation akin to a Combat Training Center rotation, an intellectually and emotionally challenging environment that forgives the mistakes of the participants "—Dr. Charles K. Pickar<ref name=simulationIsChallenging >Dr. Charles K. Pickar, Naval Postgraduate School [https://www.army.mil/article/229125/an_exercise_to_experience (October 29, 2019) An exercise to experience] Experential learning</ref><ref name=chiarelliGunnery>US Army [https://asc.army.mil/web/news-alt-jfm19-then-and-now-training-for-the-future/ Army ALT Magazine (January 29, 2019) Then And Now: Training for the Future] —Retired Gen. Peter W. Chiarelli, 32nd vice chief of staff of the Army: "I believe that a training environment .. should be a maneuver trainer, and it should be a gunnery trainer."</ref>
*"It is important for Soldiers to have an open and clear mind during the simulation so that they learn something from the experience." —Tim Glaspie<ref name=3IDgunnery />
*"Repetition increases a team's situational understanding of the tactics they'll use" —Maj. Anthony Clas<ref>Maj. Anthony Clas, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division Public Affairs [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/10october/103119/pdf/103119part1a.pdf (10/31/2019) Regulars’ battalion masters the fundamentals during squad live-fire exercise]</ref>
Other training environments include [[Man-portable air-defense system|MANPADS]] for [[Short range air defense|SHORAD]] in the 14P MOS at [[Fort Sill]].<ref name=manpadSTE >Gary Sheftick, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/224074/army_rebuilding_short_range_air_defense Army rebuilding short-range air defense (July 2, 2019) Army rebuilding short-range air defense] Manpads training for 14P MOS using synthetic training environment (STE)</ref><ref name=stingerTrainingDome >Monica Wood [https://www.army.mil/article/251280/cutting_edge_vr_equipped_stinger_training_facility_opens (18 October 2021) Cutting-edge, VR-equipped Stinger training facility opens]</ref>
{{quote box|align=right |width=20% |quote=I believe that a training environment .. should be a maneuver trainer, and it should be a gunnery trainer |author=Retired Gen. [[Peter W. Chiarelli]], 32nd vice chief of staff of the Army<ref name=chiarelli >{{citation |author=Jacqueline M. Hames and Margaret C. Roth |work=Army ALT Magazine |url=https://asc.army.mil/web/news-alt-jfm19-then-and-now-training-for-the-future/ |date=January 29, 2019 |title= Then And Now: Training for the Future}}</ref>}}
==Deployment scheme==
{{Further|Reorganization plan of United States Army#Readiness model}}
The force generation system, posited in 2006 by General Schoomaker, projected that the U.S. Army would be deployed continuously. The Army would serve as an expeditionary force to fight a protracted campaign against terrorism and stand ready for other potential contingencies across the full-spectrum of operations (from humanitarian and stability operations to major combat operations against a conventional foe).
Under ideal circumstances, Army units would have a minimum "dwell time," a minimum duration of which it would remain at home station before deployment. Active-duty units would be prepared to deploy once every three years. Army Reserve units would be prepared to deploy once every five years. National Guard units would be prepared to deploy once every six years. A total of 71 combat brigades would form the Army's rotation basis, 42 from the active component with the balance from the reserves.
Thus, around 15 active-duty combat brigades would be available for deployment each year under the 2006 force-generation plan. An additional 4 or 5 brigades would be available for deployment from the reserve component. The plan was designed to provide more stability to soldiers and their families. Within the system, a surge capability would exist so that about an additional 18 brigades could be deployed in addition to the 19 or 20 scheduled brigades.
From General Dan McNeil, former Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) Commander: Within the Army Forces Generation (ARFORGEN) model, brigade combat teams (BCTs) would move through a series of three force pools;<ref name=Campbell2009 >GEN Charles C. Campbell [http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2009/6/Documents/Campbell_0609.pdf (June 2009), "ARFORGEN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217202259/http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2009/6/Documents/Campbell_0609.pdf |date=2011-02-17 }}: Maturing the Model, Refining the Process". ''Army Magazine'', AUSA.org</ref> they would enter the model at its inception, the "reset force pool", upon completion of a deployment cycle. There they would re-equip and reman while executing all individual predeployment training requirements, attaining readiness as quickly as possible. Reset or "R" day, recommended by [[FORSCOM]] and approved by Headquarters, Department of the Army, would be marked by BCT changes of command, preceded or followed closely by other key leadership transitions. While in the reset pool, formations would be remanned, reaching 100% of mission required strength by the end of the phase, while also reorganizing and fielding new equipment, if appropriate. In addition, it is there that units would be confirmed against future missions, either as deployment expeditionary forces (DEFs-BCTs trained for known operational requirements), ready expeditionary forces (REFs-BCTs that form the pool of available forces for short-notice missions) or contingency expeditionary forces (CEFs-BCTs earmarked for contingency operations).
Based on their commanders' assessments, units would move to the ready force pool, from which they could deploy should they be needed, and in which the unit training focus would be at the higher collective levels. Units would enter the available force pool when there is approximately one year left in the cycle, after validating their collective mission-essential task list proficiency (either core or theater-specific tasks) via battle-staff and dirt-mission rehearsal exercises. The available phase would be the only phase with a specified time limit: one year. Not unlike the division-ready brigades of past decades, these formations would deploy to fulfill specific requirements or stand ready to fulfill short-notice deployments within 30 days.
The goal was to generate forces 12–18 months in advance of combatant commanders' requirements and to begin preparing every unit for its future mission as early as possible in order to increase its overall proficiency.
Personnel management would also be reorganized as part of the Army transformation. Previously, personnel was managed on an individual basis in which soldiers were rotated without regard for the effect on [[unit cohesion]]. This system required unpopular measures such as "stop loss" and "stop move" in order to maintain force levels. In contrast, the new personnel system would operate on a unit basis to the maximum extent possible, with the goal of allowing teams to remain together longer and enabling families to establish ties within their communities.
Abrams 2016 noted that mid-level Army soldiers found they faced an unexpected uptempo in their requirements,<ref name=Abrams2016 /> while entry-level soldiers in fact welcomed the increased challenge.<ref name=Abrams2016 />
===Readiness model===
ARFORGEN, "a structured progression of increased unit readiness over time, resulting in recurring periods of availability of trained, ready, and cohesive units prepared for operational deployment in support of geographic Combatant Commander requirements" was utilized in the 2010s.<ref>HQDA [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN2541_AR10-87_WEB_Final.pdf Army Regulation AR 10–87 Glossary (11 December 2017) "Army Commands, Army Service Component Commands, and Direct Reporting Units"] p.53</ref><ref name=corpsLogistics2018 /><ref name=Perna2019 >Gen. Gustave "Gus" Perna [https://www.army.mil/article/223697/amc_commander_battlefield_sustainment_requires_intuition (July 18, 2019) AMC Commander: Battlefield Sustainment Requires Intuition]</ref> <ref name=mdo,tf2020 >Sean Kimmons [https://www.army.mil/article/212342/second_phase_of_multi_domain_task_force_pilot_headed_to_europe (October 11, 2018) Second phase of Multi-Domain Task Force pilot headed to Europe]</ref> ARFORGEN was replaced by the Sustainable Readiness Model (SRM) in 2017.<ref name=4oct2017>Office of the Chief of Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/standto/2017-10-04 (Wednesday, October 4, 2017) Readiness 2017]</ref><ref name=SRM>HQDA {{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2016-05-19/?from=hp_spotlight|title=Stand-To! Army Readiness Guidance, Army G-3/5/7 |date= May 19, 2016|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Abrams2016 /><ref name=edre /> In 2016 the 39th Chief of Staff of the Army identified the objective of a sustainable readiness process as over 66 percent of the Active Army in combat ready state at any time;<ref name=MilleySRM >CSA Mark Milley [https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/standto/docs/army_readiness_guidance.pdf (20 Jan 2016) Army Readiness Guidance, 2016/2017]</ref> in 2019 the readiness objective of the National Guard and Army Reserve units was set to be 33 percent; Total Army readiness for deployment was 40 percent in 2019.<ref name=MilleyReadiness2019 />{{efn|name=readiness}}
{{anchor|ReARMM}}Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model (ReARMM) is a unit lifecycle model which goes into effect in October 2021.<ref name=aps2021 >Whitley and McConville [https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/aps/aps_2021.pdf (5 May 2021) Statement before the House Armed Services Committee ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY] as cited by [https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/aps/aps_2021.pdf Office of the Director of the Army Staff Army Posture Statement 2021] (6 May 2021)</ref><ref name= amcRearmm >Alyssa Crockett  [https://www.army.mil/article/257732/army_leaders_experts_collaborate_to_meet_future_equipping_demands (21 June 2022)  Army leaders, experts collaborate to meet future equipping demands] ReARMM: Regionally aligned Readiness and Modernization Model, based on logistics, mission command, ground combat, medical, fires and aviation</ref> ReARMM was introduced in October 2020. It is a force generation model which uses the total Army, the Reserve components as well as Active component when planning.<ref name=reARMM >Headquarters, Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3-5-7  (16 October 2020) [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive/2020/10/16/ Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model]
*AUSA (9 Nov 2020) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-SXGEKPEQo&t=1935s  AUSA 2020 CMF 6 – Regionally Aligned Readiness and Modernization Model (ReARMM)] video clip</ref> <!--[[#Dynamic force employment|-->Dynamic force employment (DFE) will be used more often.<ref name=reARMM /> The Operational tempo will decrease, which gives Commanders will more times, 'training windows' during which their units can train, first at the small-unit level, and then at larger-step modernization of their formations.<ref name=aps2021 /> The units can then train at echelon for Large scale combat operations (LSCO) at a more measured pace.<ref name=aps2021 />
In 2018 39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley's readiness objective is that all operational units be at 90 percent of the authorized strength in 2018, at 100 percent by 2021, and at 105 percent by 2023.<ref name=MilleyReadinessTimeTable /> The observer coach/trainers at the combat training centers, recruiters, and drill sergeants are to be filled to 100 percent strength by the end of 2018.<ref name=MilleyReadinessTimeTable />
The requested strength of the Active Army in FY2020 is increasing by 4,000 additional troops from the current 476,000 soldiers;<ref name=2019posture>[https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/aps/aps_2019.pdf 23rd Secretary Mark Esper and 39th Chief of Staff Mark Milley (MARCH 26, 2019) ON THE POSTURE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY]</ref> this request covers the near-term needs for cyber, air & missile defense, and fires (Army modernization).<ref name=2019posture /><ref name=asaWSH2018>[[ASA(ALT)]] [https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/533115.pdf Weapon Systems Handbook 2018] [https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/558424.pdf update] Page 32 lists how this handbook is organized. 440 pages.
*By Modernization priority
*By Acquisition or Business System category (ACAT or BSC). The Weapon systems in each ACAT are sorted alphabetically by Weapon system name. Each weapon system might also be in several variants (Lettered); a weapon system's variants might be severally and simultaneously in the following phases of its Life Cycle, namely — °Materiel Solution Analysis; °Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction; °Engineering & Manufacturing Development; °Production & Deployment; °Operations & Support
*ACAT I, II, III, IV are defined on page 404</ref>
;Organic industrial base (OIB){{anchor|Organic industrial base}}
The Army’s Organic industrial base (OIB) Modernization Implementation Plan got a refresh in 2022, with a review of the "23 depots, arsenals and ammunition plants that manufacture, reset and maintain Army equipment", in light of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name=2022oib >Megan Cotton Gully, Army Materiel Command Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/257252/army_industrial_base_sets_way_for_the_future (3 Jun 2022) Army industrial base sets way for the future] "23 depots, arsenals and ammunition plants that manufacture, reset and maintain Army equipment"</ref><ref name= ukrReplenish >Caitlin Kenney [https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2022/09/army-wants-double-or-triple-some-arms-production-ukraine-war-continues/377225/ (15 Sep 2022) Army Wants to Double Or Triple Some Arms Production As Ukraine War Continues] "GMLRS, HIMARS, and artillery rounds top the list".</ref><ref name=ukrReplenish2 >Andrew Eversden [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/army-acquisition-chief-not-uncomfortable-with-us-stockpiles-considers-multi-year-deals/ (14 Sep 2022) Army acquisition chief ‘not uncomfortable’ with US stockpiles, considers multi-year deals] +Javelins</ref>
The Acting CG of FORSCOM, Lt. Gen. Laura Richardson, has noted that the Sustainable Readiness Model uses the Army standard for maintenance readiness, denoted ''TM 10/20'',<ref name=edre /> which makes commanders responsible for maintaining their equipment to the TM 10/20 standard, meaning that "all routine maintenance is executed and all deficiencies are repaired".<ref name=10-20Standard >Hearing Before The Committee on Armed Services. United States Senate, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, First Session [https://www.armed-services.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/96067.pdf (March 25, 2015) The Current State of Readiness of U.S. Forces in Review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2016 and the Future Years Defense Program]</ref>{{rp|p. 79}} But Richardson has also spoken out about aviation-related supplier deficiencies hurting readiness both at the combatant commands and at the home stations.<ref name=materielReadiness >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/04/army-tells-shoddy-suppliers-shape-up/ (April 17, 2019) Army Tells Shoddy Suppliers: Shape Up]</ref><ref name=lcmcMilesBrown >Miles Brown [https://www.army.mil/article/220591/amcom_transforming_to_support_multi_domain_operations (April 18, 2019) AMCOM transforming to support multi-domain operations] Bill Marriott: the aviation LCMC is responsible</ref>
===Prepositioned stocks===
[[File:2nd Armored Brigade, 1st Infantry Division StagingMateriel Poland.jpg|thumb|right|Materiel for 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division,<ref name=2,1ID >JOHN VANDIVER, STARS AND STRIPES [https://www.stripes.com/news/big-red-one-deploying-division-headquarters-for-europe-mission-1.507085 (January 18, 2018) ‘Big Red One’ deploying division headquarters for Europe mission]</ref> arriving in [[Gdańsk, Poland]]]]
[[United States Army Materiel Command]] (AMC), which uses [[#Army Field Support Brigades|Army Field Support Brigades (AFSB)]] to provision the [[Combatant Command]]s, has established Army prepositioned stocks (APS) for supplying entire Brigade Combat Teams (BCTs),<ref name=ausa2008 >AUSA [https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/TBIP-2008-Army-Prepositioned-Stocks-Indispensable-to-Americas-Global-Force-Projection-Capability.pdf (2008) Army Prepositioned Stocks: Indispensable to America's Global Force-projection Capability]</ref> at several areas of responsibility (AORs):<ref name=perna >Megan Cotton [https://www.army.mil/article/222299/ensuring_readiness_for_strategic_support_strategic_power_projection (June 6, 2019) Ensuring Readiness for Strategic Support: Strategic Power Projection]</ref><ref name=jadoSustainmentJulySept2020 />{{rp|p.28:Defender Europe 2020}}<ref name=nonKinetic >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/04/covid-19-army-futures-command-takes-wargames-online/ (21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online] "The [[#mdbPerkinsMdo|competition phase]] is about ''deterring'' war"—Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.</ref>
*APS-1 is Continental US (CONUS)<ref name=ausa2008 /><ref name=757thERC >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/08/30/a-single-unit-handles-the-armys-rail-needs-it-was-cut-from-600-to-180-soldiers/ (30 Aug 2021) A single unit handles the Army’s rail needs. It was cut from 600 to 180 soldiers] 757th Expeditionary Rail Center (ERC) but a CONUS unit is needed</ref>
*APS-2 in [[EUCOM]], using several sites,<ref name=eucomSites /><ref name=defender2020aps2 >Spc. Elliott Page [https://www.army.mil/article/232303/coleman_barracks_army_prepositioned_stock_site_defender_europe_20_movement (3 February 2020) Coleman Barracks Army Prepositioned Stock Site DEFENDER-Europe 20 Movement]</ref><ref name=APS-2 >Col. Rodney H. Honeycutt, Richard A. Bezold, and Robin T. Dothager [https://www.army.mil/article/192455/establishing_europes_army_pre_positioned_stocks (September 5, 2017) Establishing Europe's Army pre-positioned stocks]</ref> will accelerate the flow of up-to-date materiel there, to forward-operating sites.<ref>Devon L. Suits [https://www.army.mil/article/211350/new_g_8_embraces_streamlining_tech_acquisition (19 Sep 2018) New G-8 embraces streamlining tech acquisition]</ref><ref name=eucomSites >Lt. Col. Edward A. Fraser and Command Sgt. Maj. Robert V. Abernethy [https://www.army.mil/article/219091/strong_europe_a_continental_scale_combat_sustainment_laboratory (April 1, 2019) Strong Europe: A continental-scale combat sustainment laboratory] includes [[Euler diagram]] of European alliances, partners, competitors</ref><ref name=OchakivMykolaiv >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/07/us-upgrading-ukraine-ports-to-fit-american-warships/ (3 July 2019) US Upgrades Ukrainian Ports To Fit American Warships] Maritime Operations Centers at [[Ochakiv]] and [[Mykolaiv]]</ref><ref name=aps2upgrade >Christopher Gardner [https://www.army.mil/article/259992/usace_supports_readiness_in_europe_by_modernizing_armys_prepositioned_stock_facilities (7 Sep 2022) USACE supports readiness in Europe by modernizing Army’s Prepositioned Stock facilities]</ref><ref name= aps2Poland >Staff Sgt. Ondirae Abdullah-Robinson [https://www.army.mil/article/265493/army_prepositioned_stock_facility_opens_in_poland (5 Apr 2023) Army Prepositioned Stock facility opens in Poland] 2700 pieces, for an ABCT</ref>
*APS-3 in Pacific Ocean, uses ocean-going vessels.<ref name=APS-3 >ASC Public Affairs release [https://www.army.mil/article/87899/aps_3_army_strategic_flotilla_rebuild_complete_meets_2020_strategy (9 September 25, 2012) Army strategic flotilla]</ref><ref name=defenderPac2020,21>Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/02/04/us-army-wants-to-expand-prepositioned-stock-in-pacific/ (4 February 2020) US Army wants to expand pre-positioned stock in Pacific] APS Preparation for 2021: Test of the 24-hour/7-days a week operations center, and Army sealift capability in Pacific, just as Defender 2020 is a "test of the rails and roads in Europe"</ref>
*# The materiel positioning is allocated under the Calibrated force posture:<ref name=jJudsonAusa >Jen Judson [https://www.armytimes.com/video/2020/10/16/ausa-interview-gen-james-mcconville-on-prepositioned-stock-in-the-pacific/ (October 2020) Video: AUSA Interview: Gen. James McConville On Prepositioned Stock In The Pacific]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*# Some materiel will be drawn by units under the Dynamic force employment (<!--[[#Dynamic force employment|]]-->DFE) initiative
*# Some troop units will be forward deployed
*# Some troop units will rotate in
*# Some prepositioned stock is under discussion with specific nations with agreements to be announced (currently classified as of October 2020)
*# An SFAB is allocated to the Pacific AoR
*APS-4 in NE Asia<ref name=ausa2008 /><ref name= aps4,1stAd >Master Sgt. Thomas Duval [https://www.army.mil/article/269248/two_nations_one_peace (21 Aug 2023) Two nations, one peace] 1-month 'no notice' exercise for 1st Battalion, 77th Armored Regiment, 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team/1st Armored Division in South Korea.</ref>
*APS-5 in [[CENTCOM]]'s Camp Arifjan, Kuwait,<ref name=APS-5 >Justin Graff, 401st AFSB Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/198350/amc_deputy_commander_assesses_aps_5_readiness_combat_configuration (December 16, 2017) AMC deputy commander assesses APS-5 readiness, combat configuration]</ref> and SW Asia<ref name=ausa2008 />
By 2020 AMC had seven Army prepositioned stocks.<ref name=sevenAps >Devon L. Suits, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/232413/amc_evaluating_power_projection_capabilities_in_defender_europe_2020 (10 February 2020) AMC evaluating power-projection capabilities in Defender-Europe 2020] Defender Pacific 2021 is in planning stage. To support readiness, 3-D printing rights are under negotiation.</ref>
Medical readiness is being tested by the [[U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency]], a [[Life Cycle Management Command]] (LCMC). The LCMCs are stocking three additional locations in the US (APS-1), as well as APS-2 (EUCOM), and Korea, as of 12 February 2019.<ref>Communications Electronics Command C5ISR, Community News [http://apgnews.com/community-news/reforming-for-readiness-cecom-brings-amc-up-to-speed/ (17 February 2019) Reforming for Readiness: CECOM brings AMC up to speed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082044/http://apgnews.com/community-news/reforming-for-readiness-cecom-brings-amc-up-to-speed/ |date=18 February 2019 }}</ref> For example, during [[Operation Spartan Shield]], the LCMC's relevant AFSB effected the hand-off of prepositioned stocks to [[155th Armored Brigade Combat Team]] (ABCT) within 96 hours.<ref>Ellen Crown, U.S. Army Medical Materiel Agency Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/209640/army_tests_readiness_of_medical_prepositioned_stocks (August 9, 2018) Army Tests Readiness of Medical Prepositioned Stocks]</ref> In the same Operation, 155th ABCT was issued an entire equipment set for an ABCT, drawn from APS-5 stocks, over 13,000 pieces.<ref>Justin Graff, 401st AFSB Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/208478/largest_ever_equipment_issue_from_aps_5_to_support_operation_spartan_shield (July 13, 2018) Largest ever equipment issue from APS-5 to support Operation Spartan Shield]</ref>
===Air Defense Artillery deployments===
On 27 March 2018 the [[678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (South Carolina National Guard) deployed to [[EUCOM]], Ansbach Germany for a nine-month rotation, for the first time since the Cold War.<ref name=678th>Kyle Rempfer [https://www.militarytimes.com/flashpoints/2018/04/02/us-air-defense-artillery-brigade-begins-new-european-mission-for-first-time-since-cold-war/ (2 April 2018) US air defense artillery brigade begins new European mission for first time since Cold War]</ref> [[10th AAMDC]] is the executive agent for EUCOM.
In September 2018, the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that four Patriot systems— Two from Kuwait, and one apiece from Jordan and Bahrain are redeploying back to the U.S. for [[MIM-104 Patriot#MIM-104F (PAC-3)|refurbishment and upgrades]], and will not be replaced.<ref>WSJ [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-pulling-some-antiaircraft-and-missile-batteries-out-of-mideast-1537954204 (26 September 2018) U.S. Pulling Some Missile-Defense Systems Out of Mideast]</ref><ref name=timesofisrael>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Bachner |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-pull-patriot-air-defense-systems-from-mideast-as-threats-shift/ |date= 26 September 2018 |title= US said to pull Patriot air-defense systems from Mideast as threats shift}}</ref> In June 2021, 8 Patriot batteries and a THAAD battery are being withdrawn from the CENTCOM area to focus on Russia and China.<ref>{{cite news |first=Shawna |last=Chen |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/united-states-withdrawing-troops-aircraft-203123557.html |date=18 Jun 2021 |title= United States withdrawing some troops, aircraft and antimissile batteries from Middle East |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201755/https://www.yahoo.com/news/united-states-withdrawing-troops-aircraft-203123557.html |archive-date=24 June 2021 }}</ref> By March 2022 NATO Patriot batteries had begun repositioning to Slovakia, and Poland from the Netherlands, and Germany respectively.<ref name=wion >[[WION]] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t49plOdH3Q0 (22 Mar 2022) Seeking replacements for its S-300, the Patriot air defence system arrives in Slovakia] S-300 is going to Ukraine</ref><ref name=vandiver >{{citation |first=John |last=Vandiver |url=https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2022-03-09/US-army-patriot-missile-batteries-moving-to-poland-5279549.html |date=9 Mar 2022 |title= US Army Patriot missile batteries moving to Poland |website=stripes.com}}</ref>
===Forward-deployed materiel===
As the U.S. Army's only forward-deployed Airborne brigade, [[173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team]], stationed in EUCOM, was supplied with new communications materiel —  [[Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below|Integrated Tactical Networks]] (ITN) in 2018.<ref name=173rd /> New ground combat vehicles, the infantry carrier vehicle – Dragoon ([[M1126 infantry carrier vehicle]]) are being supplied to [[2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|2nd Cavalry Regiment]]. ICVDs are [[Stryker]]s with an unmanned turret and 30&nbsp;mm autocannon ([[CROWS]]), and an integrated commander's station, upgraded suspension and larger tires.<ref name=173rd >Spc. Kelsey VanFleet [https://www.army.mil/article/211782/us_army_europe_modernizing_at_the_tip_of_the_spear (September 28, 2018) US Army Europe: Modernizing at the tip of the spear]</ref><ref name=269Strykers >Jeff Martin [https://www.defensenews.com/video/2019/10/22/30mm-cannons-and-a-new-network-heres-what-the-stryker-brigade-of-the-future-will-look-like/ (2019/10/22) Video: 30&nbsp;mm cannons and a new network: Here's what the Stryker brigade of the future will look like] Video interview, Col. William Venable</ref><ref>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/06/army-rebuffs-anxiety-over-stryker-cannon-competition/ (17 June 2020) Army Reassures Anxious Industry Over Stryker Cannon Competition] Competition to up-gun Stryker to 30&nbsp;mm autocannon</ref> The Army brigades of EUCOM have been in position for testing materiel, as its elements engaged in a 2018 road march through Europe, training with 19 ally and partner nations in Poland in 2018.<ref name=173rd />
Bulgaria has expressed interest in Strykers.<ref name= bulgariaStrykers >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/09/05/bulgaria-wants-to-negotiate-15-billion-stryker-deal-with-us/ (5 Sep 2023) Bulgaria wants to negotiate $1.5 billion Stryker deal with US]</ref><ref name= dscaBulgaria >DSCA [https://www.dsca.mil/press-media/major-arms-sales/bulgaria-stryker-vehicles (1 Sep 2023) Bulgaria - Stryker vehicles]</ref><ref name= 1,37billionUsd >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/09/25/bulgarian-government-approves-137-billion-stryker-order/ (25 Sep 2023) Bulgarian government approves $1.37 billion Stryker order] to "merge three mechanized battalion battlegroups into one brigade"</ref>
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===Dynamic force employment===
[[File:2ndABCT,1ADsnap.jpeg|thumb|2nd [[Armored Brigade Combat Team]] (ABCT), 1st Armored Division (2/1AD) element in a snap deployment from [[Fort Bliss]] to [[Drawsko Pomorskie]] training area, [[Poland]], 29 March 2019]]
This initiative, designed by then-DoD-Secretary James Mattis, exercises the ability of selected BCTs to rapidly surge combat-ready forces into a theater,<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA /> such as EUCOM, on short notice.<ref name=dynForceEmpl>John Vandiver, Defense Media Activity [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/27/soldiers-head-to-europe-pentagon-sends-fort-bliss-troops-on-snap-deployment/ (27 March 2019) Soldiers head to Europe: Pentagon sends Fort Bliss troops on snap deployment]</ref><ref name= rapidDeployment >V Corps [https://twitter.com/VCorps/status/1568268096741441537 (9 Sep 2022) 1ABCT/3ID] rapid deployment to EUCOM, using prepositioned stock at APS in Poland</ref> In several such cases, at the direction of the Secretary of Defense in March 2019, troops were rapidly alerted, recalled and deployed to a forward position, under (simulated) emergency conditions, to prove a capability (such as an ABCT, and a THAAD battery)<ref name=b2thaad >David Burge [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/03/20/b-2-thaad-deploys-to-israel-11th-ada-bde-unit-participates-in-joint-rapid-deployment-exercise/ (20 March 2019) B-2 THAAD deploys to Israel: 11th ADA Bde. unit participates in joint rapid deployment exercise]</ref><ref name=mdoPlanning,b2Thaad>Capt. Robert N Durr [[10th AAMDC]] (March 14, 2019) [https://www.army.mil/article/218547/us_deploys_thaad_to_israel U.S. Deploys THAAD to Israel]</ref><ref name=endOfDepl >Capt. Aaron Smith, 174th Air Defense Artillery Brigade [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/04/17/useucom-concludes-11th-ada-thaad-task-force-deployment-to-israel/ (17 April 2019) USEUCOM concludes 11th ADA, THAAD task force deployment to Israel]</ref> against near-peers.<ref name=natoThaad >Sgt. 1st Class Jason Epperson [https://www.army.mil/article/222181/us_deploys_thaad_anti_missile_system_in_first_deployment_to_romania (May 22, 2019) US deploys THAAD anti-missile system in first deployment to Romania]</ref> {{anchor|PolandReadiness}}
The ABCT element next participated in a joint live-fire exercise with Polish troops of the 12th Mechanized Brigade, [[12th Mechanised Division (Poland)]] in [[Drawsko Pomorskie]] Training Area, Poland.<ref name=2,1ABCT2019 >Spc. Christina Westover, 24th TPASE [http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/04/10/eurovision-2nd-abct-soldiers-polish-12th-mech-display-might/ (April 10, 2019) Eurovision 2nd ABCT Soldiers, Polish 12th Mech. display might]</ref> (A [[Mission Command]] element of TRADOC served in the role of echelon-above-brigade for the maneuver and interoperability of the joint multi-national armored brigades.)<ref name=2,1ABCT2019 /> In September 2018, the [[278th Armored Cavalry Regiment]] had already assumed a forward deployment in Poland.<ref name=278thACR >Sgt Sarah Kirby 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Tennessee Army National Guard [https://www.dvidshub.net/news/294417/tenn-army-national-guard-assumes-responsibility-natos-efp-battle-group-poland (September 2018) Tenn. Army National Guard Assumes Responsibility of NATO's eFP Battle Group Poland!]</ref><ref name=lrpfEurope >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service [https://www.army.mil/article/221461/new_capabilities_rotations_to_bolster_army_presence_in_eastern_europe (May 6, 2019) New capabilities, rotations to bolster Army presence in Eastern Europe]</ref> Poland and the US are planning for regular rotations going forward.<ref>WSJ [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-poland-plan-announcement-of-new-military-deployment-11560282352  (12 June 2019) US plans new military deployment in Poland]</ref><ref>Lolita C. Baldor, The Associated Press [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2019/06/12/officials-us-to-send-about-1000-more-troops-to-poland/ (11 June 2019) Officials: US to send about 1,000 more troops to Poland]</ref><ref name=tobruq2019 >U.S. Army Sgt. Kyle Larsen, 5th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment [https://www.army.mil/article/223776/174th_ada_and_nato_demonstrate_lethality_over_16_day_span (June 27, 2019) 174th ADA and NATO demonstrate lethality over 16-day span] Tobruq Legacy 2019 (TOLY19) [[Ustka]], [[Poland]]</ref><ref name=polandDefense >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/defense-chief-with-giant-exercise-looming-poland-looks-to-lead-central-europe/ (December 13, 2019) Defense Chief: With Giant Exercise Looming, Poland Looks To Lead Central Europe]</ref><ref name=duda2020 >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/06/poland-talks-new-bases-as-duda-meets-at-white-house/ (24 June 2020) Poland Talks New Bases As Duda Meets At White House]</ref> A Combat Aviation Brigade element, an Armored Combat Brigade element, and a Division Headquarters element will rotate in.<ref name= polandRotations >Aaron Mehta [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/06/us-increasing-troop-presence-in-europe-while-new-nato-strategy-eyes-china/ (29 Jun 2022) US increasing troop presence in Europe, while new NATO strategy eyes China ]</ref>
Similar initiatives are planned for other alliances.<ref name=pacificPartners2 />
{{anchor|Defense of Palau|patriotsInPalau|Over-the-horizon radar in the Pacific|OTHR}}<ref name= othrPatriot >Ashish Dangwal [https://www.eurasiantimes.com/patriot-missile-another-countrys-in-chinas-neighborhood/ (25 Sep 2023) Patriot Missile: Another Country In Chinas Backyard Could Get US Defense System As Tensions Mount With Beijing]</ref>
In August 2020 Poland agreed to pay almost all costs associated with US presence in the country;<ref name=poPaysUs >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/08/poland-agrees-to-pay-almost-all-costs-of-us-troop-presence/ (3 August 2020) Poland Agrees To Pay Almost All Costs of US Troop Presence]</ref>
<ref name=heavyDivPrepList >Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/06/poland-deal-lays-groundwork-for-division-strength-deployment/ (June 13, 2019) Poland Deal Lays Groundwork For Division-Strength Deployment]: A division-scale exercise next year in Europe, Defender 2020, will be the largest in a quarter-century. Establishes 7 major elements going forward beyond 2020.</ref> a forward command post for [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]] in Poland has been codified in an Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement between the US and Poland.<ref name=edcaPo >Kyle Rempfer [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/08/04/armys-resurrected-v-corps-will-go-to-poland/ (4 Aug 2020) Army's resurrected V Corps will go to Poland] 5500 US troops now authorized for Poland. Rotational forces of 200 troops from V Corps will staff the forward command post, out of a 630-member HHBN based at Fort Knox Kentucky.
*Meghann Myers and Kyle Rempfer [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/08/04/with-the-germany-withdrawal-poland-is-set-to-be-hosting-a-lot-more-us-troops/ (4 Aug 2020) With the Germany withdrawal, Poland is set to be hosting a lot more US troops]</ref><ref name= polandRotations />
<ref name=withdFRG >Meghann Myers, Aaron Mehta, and Sebastian Sprenger [https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/07/29/thousands-of-troops-are-coming-home-from-germany-but-some-of-them-could-be-going-right-back/ (29 Jul 2020) Thousands of troops are coming home from Germany, but some of them could be going right back]</ref><ref name=eucomGarrisonChanges /><ref name=1abct,1stID >Sgt. 1st Class Aaron Duncan [https://www.army.mil/article/248361/1st_abct_1_id_arrives_for_atlantic_resolve (9 July 2021) 1st ABCT, 1 ID arrives for Atlantic Resolve] 4 ports were used in offloading for Atlantic Resolve</ref><ref name=tfDragon>Jim Garamone, DOD News [https://www.army.mil/article/253724/us_to_deploy_3000_troops_to_romania_poland_germany (4 Feb 2022) US to deploy 3,000 troops to Romania, Poland, Germany] in addition to the prepare-to-deploy orders to 8,500</ref> Poland is buying 250 M1A2 Abrams tanks as of 14 July 2021.<ref name=adamowski>Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2021/07/09/poland-could-purchase-m1-abrams-tanks-from-us/ (9 Jul 2021) Poland could purchase M1 Abrams tanks from US] 250 M1A2 SEPv3s, + dozen tracked vehicles, purchase confirmed [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2021/07/14/polish-defence-ministry-confirms-plan-to-buy-m1-abrams-tanks/ 14 July 2021]
*John Vandiver [https://www.stripes.com/theaters/europe/2022-02-18/tanks-poland-united-states-defense-5067639.html (18 Feb 2022) US will sell Poland tanks to bolster NATO defense]
*Paul McLeary [https://news.yahoo.com/mr-putin-did-not-want-133913427.html (18 Feb 2022) ‘What Mr. Putin did not want’: U.S. approves $6B tank deal with Poland]
*Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.yahoo.com/news/poland-signs-4-75-billion-210428578.html (5 Apr 2022) Poland signs $4.75 billion Abrams tank deal as Russia’s war speeds procurements] 250 M1A2 Abrams SEPv3. 28 tanks to arrive in 2022, with technical support and logistics package.
**Poland will also acquire a Patriot missile package, [[HIMARS]], and F-35 aircraft in 2022.</ref><ref name=tanksSouth >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2021/07/14/tanks-are-here-to-stay-what-the-armys-future-armored-fleet-will-look-like/ (14 Jul 2021) Tanks are here to stay: What the Army's future armored fleet will look like]</ref><ref name=tanksLarson >Caleb Larson [https://www.19fortyfive.com/2021/07/250-u-s-made-m1-abrams-tanks-are-headed-to-russias-doorstep/ (19 Jul 2021) 250 U.S. Made M1 Abrams Tanks Are Headed To Russia's Doorstep]</ref> Poland ordered an additional 116 used M1A1 Abrams tanks, with faster delivery dates on 15 July 2022.<ref name= 116MoreTanks >Alan Charlish and Pawel Florkiewicz [https://news.yahoo.com/poland-buy-116-used-abrams-121429675.html (15 Jul 2022) Poland to buy 116 used Abrams tanks from U.S., says minister]</ref> The first 14 of an expected 42 M1A1 Abrams tanks arrived in Poland on 28 June 2023; the 42 will comprise one tank battalion; the 42 tanks are to be the 2023 tranche of 116 M1A1 tanks for Poland.<ref name= tillesM1a1Del1st >Daniel Tilles, Notes from Poland [https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/06/28/poland-receives-first-abrams-tanks-from-us/ (28 Jun 2023) Poland receives first Abrams tanks from US]</ref><ref name= 116MoreTanks /><ref name= m1a1Used >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/12/07/us-state-dept-clears-sale-of-abrams-tanks-to-poland/ (7 Dec 2022) US State Dept. clears sale of Abrams tanks to Poland] +"12 M88A2 Hercules combat recovery vehicles, eight M1110 Joint Assault Bridges, six M577A3 command vehicles, 26 M1152A1 High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles, 26 M1279A1 Joint Light Tactical Vehicles, and ammunition and supporting equipment" for additional $3.75 billion on top of the M1A2 Abrams agreement.(+mention of the Patriot missiles, HIMARS, and F-35s)</ref>
In addition to tanks, Poland is buying attack helicopters,<ref  name=apacheAbrams >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2022/09/09/poland-requests-apache-helos-to-pair-with-its-abrams-tanks/ (9 September 2022) Poland asks US for Apache helicopters to pair with its Abrams tanks]</ref> Patriot missiles,<ref name="patriotAtRzeszówJasionka">Sam Skove [https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2023/09/how-tiny-polish-airport-became-key-node-western-aid-ukraine/390165/ How a tiny Polish airport became a key node for Western aid to Ukraine] one is at Rzeszów-Jasionka</ref> [[HIMARS]], and [[F-35]]s.<ref name=m1a1Used /> Poland is buying 96 [[AH-64E Apache]]s (to equip six squadrons).<ref name=96Apaches >Bartosz Glowacki [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/09/poland-buying-96-ah-64e-apaches-as-modernization-spending-spree-continues/ (8 September 2022) Poland buying 96 AH-64E Apaches, as modernization spending spree continues]</ref> Naval Strike Missiles,<ref name= PoNavalStrikeMissiles >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/09/05/poland-buys-hundreds-of-naval-strike-missiles-in-2-billion-deal/ (5 Sep 2023) Poland buys hundreds of Naval Strike Missiles in $2 billion deal]</ref> and LTAMDS missile defense radars.<ref name= poBuysLtamds >Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/09/05/poland-is-first-foreigner-to-buy-us-armys-new-missile-defense-radar/ (5 Sep 2023) Poland is first foreigner to buy US Army's new missile defense radar] LTAMDS</ref> Poland is seeking more HIMARS rockets and launchers, with an eye toward local rocket production in the future.<ref name= himarsNegotiations >Jaroslaw Adamowski [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/09/11/poland-to-buy-486-himars-launchers-from-lockheed-martin/ (11 Sep 2023) Poland to buy 486 HIMARS launchers from Lockheed Martin]</ref>  In July 2022, six [[United States Army Futures Command#Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System|IBCS]] Engagement Operations Centers attained basic operational capability in Poland,<ref>Justin Katz [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/expanding-in-poland-northrop-pushes-battle-management-system-further-into-europe (12 Sep 2023) Expanding in Poland, Northrop pushes battle management system further into Europe]</ref> and are a component for [[JADC2]].
FORSCOM exercised its Emergency deployment readiness exercises (EDREs) in 2019 by sending 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division to the Joint Readiness Training Center in Fort Polk, Louisiana, by sealift, simultaneously exercising the logistics planners at Fort Drum, the seaports in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Port Arthur, Texas, as well as 2nd BCT.<ref name=edre >Arpi Dilantsian and Matthew Howard [https://www.army.mil/article/219025/plan_prepare_practice_an_interview_with_lt_gen_laura_richardson (April 1, 2019) Plan, prepare, practice: An interview with Lt. Gen. Laura Richardson]</ref> Through the EDRE program, 20 of the ports have been exercised to ready them for sealift deployments.<ref name=edre /> A division-sized move of 20,000 pieces of equipment from the US to Europe began a month-long process in January 2020.<ref name=defender2020EuropeDre >U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/231870/army_begins_movement_for_defender_europe_20_exercise (21 January 2020) Army begins movement for Defender-Europe 20 exercise]</ref><ref name=defenderEu2020 /><ref name=heavyDivPrepList /> In 2020 the pre-COVID-19 plan was "wide-spanning maneuvers will focus on the Baltic States, Poland, and Georgia" (at the time) which would have involved 36,000 troops from 11 countries ranging from the Baltic to the Black Seas,<ref name=moscowWary /> a number still in flux.<ref name=covid19reduction /> A number of the Defender-2020 objectives were met in 2020, despite a 60-day travel ban by DoD.
By 2020 the 27th Secretary of Defense signaled that [[#jado2OnrampOne|ABMS]], its [[Internet of Military Things]], and [[#jadoDevOfConcept|JADC2]] were important parts for Dynamic force employment (DFE) in the [[#jadoConceptBy2020|Joint All-domain Operations Concept]].<ref name=esperAbmsDFE >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/esper-signals-importance-of-all-domain-abms-at-afa/ (16 Sep 2020) Esper Signals Importance Of All Domain & ABMS At AFA]</ref> The Combatant commanders at Eucom, and at IndoPacom sought the [[AGM-183A]] (ARRW) hypersonic weapon on the bomber fleet for Dynamic force employment.<ref name=rayArrwDfe >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/09/ray-wants-arrw-soonest-for-b-52-b-1/ (16 Sep 2020) Ray Wants ARRW ‘Soonest’ For B-52, B-1]</ref>
In light of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], thousands more troops have posted or rotated to Europe.<ref name= winkie22 >{{cite web |first=Davis |last=Winkie |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2022/06/29/thousands-more-soldiers-will-be-posted-to-europe-and-rotating-through/ |date=29 June 2022 |title=Thousands more soldiers will be posted to Europe and rotating through |work=Army Times}}</ref> As of February 2023 the US is planning a [[HIMARS]] training center in Poland.<ref name= himarsTctr >Carla Babb (8 February 2023) [https://www.voanews.com/a/exclusive-us-planning-himars-training-center-in-europe-general-tells-voa/6954369.html#:~:text=The%20U.S.%20military%20is%20planning%20to%20set%20up,Eastern%20Europe%20following%20the%20weapon%E2%80%99s%20successes%20in%20Ukraine. Exclusive: US Planning HIMARS Training Center in Europe, General Tells VOA] 18 High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems were sold to Poland, along with GMLRS's, ATACMS for $10 billion.</ref><ref name= himarsToPoland >Marcus Weisgerber [https://www.defenseone.com/business/2023/02/defense-business-brief-february-13-2023/382905/ (13 Feb 2023) Will Roper's startup; NATO talks Ukrainian fighter jets; Poland cleared to buy $10B in HIMARS; and more.] 18 launchers</ref><ref name= himarsToNetherlands >Vivienne Machi [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/02/17/us-state-department-approves-sale-of-himars-to-netherlands/ (17 Feb 2023) US State Department approves sale of HIMARS to Netherlands]  20 [[M142 HIMARS]] launchers, along with 17 [[Humvee]]s, with support and communications equipment, and 29 [[GMLRS]] M30A2 Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System pods</ref> In order to get 31 Abrams tanks to Ukraine, the Army is weighing options with the fastest delivery times, none of which are sooner than year-end 2023.<ref name= m1Abrams >Jen Judson (23 February 2023) [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/02/23/tanks-might-not-reach-ukraine-this-year-us-army-secretary-says/  Tanks might not reach Ukraine this year, US Army secretary says]</ref>{{efn| Poland, Australia, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, and Taiwan are [[M1 Abrams]] customers.}}<ref name= asaaltTanks >Jen Judson  (8 March 2023)  [https://www.defensenews.com/land/2023/03/08/us-army-is-moving-to-get-tanks-to-ukraine-as-quickly-as-possible/US Army is moving to get tanks to Ukraine 'as quickly as possible'] —7th [[ASA(ALT)]] Doug Bush</ref>
-->
==Force size and unit organization==
Overall, the Army would end up with 71 brigade combat teams and 212 support brigades, in the pre-2013 design. The Regular Army would move from 33 brigade combat teams in 2003 to 43 brigade combat teams together with 75 modular support brigades, for a total of 118 Regular Army modular brigades. In addition the previously un-designated training brigades such as the Infantry Training Brigade at [[Fort Moore]] assumed the lineage & honors of formerly active Regular Army combat brigades. In 2017 there were 31 brigade combat teams in the Active Army. Within the [[United States National Guard|Army National Guard]], there were to be 28 brigade combat teams and 78 support brigades. Within the [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]], the objective was 59 support brigades. Chief of Staff [[Mark Milley]] credits [[Creighton Abrams]] (Chief of Staff 1972-1974), for placing most of the support brigades in the Reserve and National Guard in order to ensure that the nation would use the total army rather than only the active army in an extended war involving the entire nation.<ref name=Priorities2016 />{{rp|minute 42:30}}<ref name=311thSc,304thSb >{{cite web |first=Devon |last=Suits |url=https://www.army.mil/article/245745/reserve_unit_reflects_on_sustainment_operations_in_kuwait_amid_pandemic |date=29 April 2021 |title= Reserve unit reflects on sustainment operations in Kuwait amid pandemic |website=army.mil}} [[311th Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)]], [[304th Sustainment Brigade (United States)]]</ref>
The Reserve component will be playing an increased role.<ref name=arngMDOreadinessAUSA />
In the Total Army, eight [[Army National Guard#Divisions|Army National Guard divisions]] are to be trained to increase their readiness for large-scale combat operations,<ref name=downTrace /><ref name=arngNDS2019 /> making 58 BCTs in the Total Army in 2018,<ref>{{cite news |first=Todd |last=South |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/09/20/the-army-is-converting-two-bcts-as-it-beefs-up-its-fighting-force-for-the-next-big-war/ |date=20 September 2018 |title=The Army is converting two BCTs as it beefs up its fighting force for the next big war |work=Army Times}}</ref> and six SFABs in 2020.
===Army commands===
*[[United States Army Forces Command]] headquartered at [[Fort Liberty]], [[North Carolina]]
*[[United States Army Futures Command]] headquarters in [[Austin, Texas]]
*[[United States Army Materiel Command]] headquartered at [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Alabama]]
*[[United States Army Training and Doctrine Command]] headquartered at [[Joint Base Langley-Eustis]], [[Virginia]]
===Army service component commands===
*Geographic commands
**[[United States Army Central]] / [[Third Army (United States)|Third Army]] headquartered at [[Shaw Air Force Base]], [[South Carolina]]
**[[United States Army North]] / [[Fifth United States Army|Fifth Army]] headquartered at [[Joint Base San Antonio]], Texas
**[[United States Army South]] / [[Sixth United States Army|Sixth Army]] headquartered at Joint Base San Antonio, Texas
**[[United States Army Europe]]-Africa / [[Seventh United States Army|Seventh Army]] headquartered at [[Wiesbaden, Germany|Wiesbaden]], [[Germany]]
**[[United States Army Pacific]] headquartered at [[Fort Shafter]], [[Hawaii]]
*Functional commands
**[[United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command]] headquartered at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
**[[United States Army Special Operations Command]] headquartered at Fort Liberty, North Carolina
**[[Surface Deployment and Distribution Command|Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command]] headquartered at [[Scott Air Force Base]], [[Illinois]]
**[[U.S. Army Cyber Command|United States Army Cyber Command]] headquartered at [[Fort Eisenhower]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
===Army direct reporting units===
*[[United States Army Medical Command]] (MEDCOM)
*[[United States Army Intelligence and Security Command]] (INSCOM) headquartered at [[Fort Belvoir]], Virginia
*United States Army Joint Counter-Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems Office
*[[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
*[[United States Military Academy]]
*[[United States Army Military District of Washington]] (MDW) headquartered at [[Fort McNair]], [[District of Columbia]]
*[[United States Army Criminal Investigation Command|United States Army Criminal Investigation Division]] (USACID) headquartered at [[Marine Corps Base Quantico]], Virginia
*[[United States Army Test and Evaluation Command]] (ATEC)
===Field armies===
*[[First United States Army|First US Army]], headquartered at [[Rock Island Arsenal]], Illinois (A component of FORSCOM; responsible for training the reserve components when mobilized for overseas deployment)
*[[Eighth United States Army|Eighth US Army]], headquartered at [[Camp Humphreys]], [[South Korea]] (component of [[United States Forces Korea]])
===Army corps===
*[[I Corps (United States)|I Corps]] headquartered at [[Joint Base Lewis-McChord]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
*[[III Armored Corps]] headquartered at [[Fort Cavazos]], Texas
*[[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]] headquartered at [[Fort Knox]], [[Kentucky]]<ref name=vCorps>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Army announces activation of additional corps headquarters |url=https://www.army.mil/article/232649/army_announces_activation_of_additional_corps_headquarters |work=US Army |location=Washington, DC |date=11 February 2020 |access-date=12 February 2020 }}</ref>
*[[XVIII Airborne Corps]] headquartered at Fort Liberty, North Carolina
===Divisions and brigades===
:''Note: these formations were subject to change, announced in [[#Implementation and current status|2013 reform]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/article/20140505/NEWS/305050018/Army-outlines-plan-inactivate-7-brigade-combat-teams?sf25795615=1 |title=Army outlines plan to inactivate 7 brigade combat teams |work=Army Times |date=May 5, 2014|access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref>
In the post-2013 design, the Regular Army was planned to reduce to 32 BCTs after all the BCTs had been announced for inactivation.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://gallego.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/gallego-statement-on-army-restructuring-at-fort-bliss |title=Gallego Statement on Army Restructuring at Fort Bliss |date=June 26, 2013   |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913052635/http://gallego.house.gov/media-center/press-releases/gallego-statement-on-army-restructuring-at-fort-bliss |archive-date=2014-09-13 |website= Gallego.house.gov |accessdate=2014-09-03}} by 2019, the Regular Army is planned to be 490,000 troops, down from 570,000 in 2012
*[http://www.army.mil/article/106373/ Brigade combat teams cut at 10 posts will help other BCTs grow] Army.mil, accessdate=2014-09-03</ref>
The 2018 budget was to further reduce 40,000 active-duty soldiers from 490,000 in 2015 to 450,000 by 2018 fiscal year-end. Thirty installations would have been affected; six of these installations would have accounted for over 12,000 of those to be let go. In early 2015, the plan was to cut entire BCTs; by July 2015, a new plan, to downsize a BCT (4,500 soldiers) to a maneuver battalion task force (1,032 soldiers, with the possibility of upsizing if need be) was formulated. In 2015, a plan was instituted to allow further shrinking of the Army, by converting selected brigades to maneuver battalion task forces.<ref name="realignbrigades">[http://www.army.mil/article/151992/Army_to_realign_brigades__cut_40_000_Soldiers__17_000_civilians/ Army to re-align brigades], Army.mil, accessed 2015-07-10</ref> A maneuver battalion task force includes about 1,050 Soldiers rather than the 4,000 in a full BCT.<ref name=TF1-28 /> This 9 July 2015 plan, however, would preclude rapid deployment of such a unit until it has been reconstituted back to full re-deployable strength. This is being addressed with the [[#"Associated units" training program|§ "Associated units" training program]] from the Reserve and Guard.
In 2017 the National Defense Strategy and National Security Strategy<ref name=davidNorquistRecap21 />{{rp|4:30}} and a [[#Readiness model|§ Sustainable Readiness Model]] (SRM) managed to halt the cuts.<ref name=SRM /><ref name=Abrams2016 /> Funding was allocated for two (out of six planned) [[Security Force Assistance Brigade]]s (SFABs) in 2016<ref name=2017ForceStructure >U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/189082/department_of_the_army_announces_force_structure_decisions_for_fiscal_year_2017 (15 June 2017) Department of the Army announces force structure decisions for fiscal year 2017]</ref> composed of 529 senior officers and senior NCOs (a full chain of command for a BCT).<ref name=SFABs >C. Todd Lopez [https://www.army.mil/article/188004/well_trained_sfabs_to_free_bcts_from_advise_assist_mission (19 September 2017) Security force assistance brigades to free brigade combat teams from advise, assist mission]</ref> By 2020 all 6 SFABs were activated.
The changes announced so far affect:<ref name="40,000cut" >C. Todd Lopez [http://www.army.mil/article/151992/Army_to_realign_brigades__cut_40_000_Soldiers__17_000_civilians/ (10 July 2015) Army to cut 40,000 Soldiers, 17,000 civilians], Army.mil accessed 2015-07-10</ref>
*The number of generals and SES's will decrease 25% by 2023, DoD-wide.<ref name=davidNorquistRecap21 />{{rp|11:10}}
*FORSCOM
**Every HHBN (2-star, and higher, headquarters battalion) reduces by 10%<ref name="realignbrigades" />
**3rd ABCT, 3rd Infantry Division, Fort Moore<ref name="40,000cut" />
**2nd SBCT, 25th Infantry Division, Schofield Barracks<ref name="realignbrigades" />
**3rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command relocates from [[Fort Knox]] to Fort Liberty<ref name="realignbrigades" />
**1st Theater Sustainment Command relocates from Fort Liberty to Fort Knox<ref name="realignbrigades" /><ref name=1stTSC >Capt. Matthew Miller [https://www.army.mil/article/223835/multi_domain_intelligence_support_for_sustainment (July 18, 2019) Multi-Domain Intelligence Support for Sustainment] Risks of non delivery</ref>
*ARNG
**81st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 40th Infantry Division to become an associated unit (SBCT) of 7th Infantry Division (81st's armor assets to be pre-positioned in Europe).
====Brigade Combat Teams====
*{{anchor|PenetrAD}} [[File:1st US Armored Division SSI.png|40px]] '''[[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]]''', at Fort Bliss (Texas), regionally aligned with [[United States Central Command|Central Command]] (CENTCOM)<ref>[http://usacac.army.mil/CAC2/MilitaryReview/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20131231_art004.pdf Mission Command in the Regionally Aligned Division Headquarters] p.5, Usacac.army.mil, accessed 2015-10-16</ref>
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion<ref>1st AD Headquarters was deployed to Iraq, 12 July 2017 —{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180813112444/http://fortblissbugle.com/2017/07july/072017/pdf/072017part1a.pdf 1st AD Takes on Mission]}}accessdate=2017-07-22 </ref>
** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, converted from Stryker BCT on 20 June 2019<ref name=ready1st2019 >David Burge (12 June 2019)  {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190617134024/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/06/12/ready-first-gets-an-a-1st-sbct-to-become-1st-abct-june-20-infantry-battalions-to-reflag/ ‘Ready First’ gets an A: 1st SBCT to become 1st ABCT June 20, infantry battalions to reflag]}}</ref><ref name=1ad20sep18>[https://www.army.mil/article/211405/fort_bliss_based_1st_stryker_brigade_combat_team_to_be_converted_to_an_armored_brigade 1st Armored Division Public Affairs Office (September 20, 2018) Fort Bliss-based 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team to be converted to an Armored Brigade]</ref><ref name=stripes20sep2018 /><ref name=readyFirstReceivesItsTanks >Staff Sgt. Kris Bonet, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190904235337/http://fortblissbugle.com/2019/09/04/m1a2-sep-v2-arrive-ready-first-receives-tanks-following-armor-conversion/ (September 4, 2019) M1A2 SEP V2 arrive ‘Ready First’ receives tanks following armor conversion]}}</ref>
** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team
** [[1st Armored Division Artillery (United States)|1st Armored Division Artillery]]
** Combat Aviation Brigade deploys to Afghanistan early 2019<ref name=army18oct2018>U.S. Army Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/212545/department_of_the_army_announces_upcoming_1st_armored_division_combat_aviation_brigade_unit_rotation (October 18, 2018) Department of the Army announces upcoming 1st Armored Division Combat Aviation Brigade unit rotation]</ref><ref>Laven2 {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025038/http://fortblissbugle.com/2018/10/24/heavy-cav-prepares-for-cab-deployment/ (24 Oct 2018) ‘Heavy Cav’ prepares for CAB deployment]}} FARPs, Live fire, and [[AAI RQ-7 Shadow]] training {{dead link|date=October 2022}}</ref>
** [[15th Sustainment Brigade|1st Armored Division Sustainment Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Roeder |first=Tom |url=http://www.military.com/daily-news/2015/05/12/sustainment-brigade-changes-name-gets-ready-to-deploy.html |title=Sustainment Brigade Changes Name, Gets Ready to Deploy to Afghanistan |publisher=Military.com |date=2015-05-12 |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref>
*{{anchor|PenetrCD}} [[File:1st Cavalry Division SSI (full color).svg|40px]] '''[[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division]]''', at [[Fort Cavazos]] (Texas), regionally aligned with [[United States European Command|European Command]] (EUCOM)<ref>[http://www.eur.army.mil/JMTC/CombinedResolve.html Combined Resolve IV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525035812/http://www.eur.army.mil/JMTC/CombinedResolve.html |date=2015-05-25}}, accessed 2015-05-23</ref>
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team<ref>2nd ABCT deploys to South Korea in the summer of 2017 —[https://www.army.mil/article/188063/department_of_the_army_announces_1st_cavalry_division_deployment Department of the Army announces 1st Cavalry Division deployment] accessdate=2017-07-22</ref>
** 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team
** [[1st Cavalry Division Artillery (United States)|1st Cavalry Division Artillery]]
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** [[4th Sustainment Brigade|1st Cavalry Division Sustainment Brigade]]
*{{anchor|Heavy1stID}} [[File:1st Infantry Division SSI (1918-2015).svg|40px]] '''[[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]]''', at [[Fort Riley]], (Kansas)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, regionally aligned with [[United States Africa Command|African Command]] (AFRICOM)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/96824/_Dagger__brigade_readies_for_AFRICOM_missions/|title='Dagger' brigade readies for AFRICOM missions|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref>
** [[1st Infantry Division Artillery (United States)|1st Infantry Division Artillery]]
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** [[1st Sustainment Brigade (United States)|1st Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade]]
* [[File:2nd Infantry Division (US) SSI.png|40px]] '''[[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]]''', at [[Camp Humphreys]], ([[South Korea]])
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1x Rotation Armored Brigade Combat Team, at [[Camp Casey, South Korea|Camp Casey]], [[Camp Hovey]], and Camp Humphreys, South Korea
** [[2nd Infantry Division Artillery (United States)|2nd Infantry Division Artillery]]<ref name=pcsHumphreys >Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2021/09/09/army-artillery-headquarters-moves-from-jblm-to-south-korea-permanently/ (9 Sep 2021) Army artillery headquarters moves from JBLM to South Korea permanently]</ref> at Camp Humphreys, (South Korea)
** Combat Aviation Brigade, at Camp Humphreys and [[Seoul Air Base|K-16 Airfield]], South Korea
** [[501st Sustainment Brigade (United States)|2nd Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade]], at [[Camp Carroll]], [[Camp Stanley]], and Camp Humphreys, South Korea
*{{anchor|Heavy3rd}} [[File:3rd Infantry Division SSI (1918-2015).svg|40px]] '''[[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]]''', at [[Fort Stewart]], ([[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]])
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team
** [[48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)|48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team]] ([[Georgia Army National Guard]])<ref>Corey Dickstein [http://www.stripes.com/news/army-to-pair-national-guard-reserve-units-with-active-duty-units-1.400570 Army to pair National Guard, Reserve units with active-duty units], Stars and Stripes, by Corey Dickstein, dated 22 March 2016, last accessed 27 November 2016</ref>
** Task Force 1-28: 1st Battalion 28th Infantry Regiment, at [[Fort Moore]], Georgia<ref name=TF1-28>{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/160006/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team_transitions_into_task_force/|title=3rd Brigade Combat Team transitions into task force|access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/07/09/army-outlines-40000-cuts/29923339/ |title=Army lays out plan to cut 40,000 soldiers |publisher=Armytimes.com |date=2015-07-10 |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref>
** [[3rd Infantry Division Artillery (United States)|3rd Infantry Division Artillery]]
** Combat Aviation Brigade, at [[Hunter Army Airfield]], Georgia
** [[3rd Sustainment Brigade (United States)|3rd Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade]]
*{{anchor|Light4th}} [[File:4ID Patch PNG.png|40px]] '''[[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]]''', at [[Fort Carson]], ([[Colorado]]), regionally aligned with European Command (EUCOM)<ref>{{cite web|author=Media Operations Division |url=http://www.eucom.mil/media-library/article/30923/4th-infantry-division-to-support-operation-atlantic-resolve |title=4th Infantry Division to support Operation Atlantic Resolve &#124; United States European Command |publisher=Eucom.mil |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref> [[File:2SBCT-4ID_fires_Javelin_using_CROWS-J_at_FortCarson.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|2nd SBCT/4th ID Stryker fires FGM-148 Javelin, 28 April 2022 at [[Fort Carson]], Colo.]]
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team<ref name=stripes20sep2018 >Stripes [https://www.stripes.com/news/army-to-transition-two-brigades-to-add-heavy-firepower-as-it-prepares-for-near-peer-conflict-1.548522 (20 September 2018) Army to transition two brigades to add heavy firepower as it prepares for near-peer conflict]</ref><ref name=2sbct4id >Staff Sgt. Neysa Canfield [https://www.dvidshub.net/news/372183/new-beginnings-fort-carson-infantry-brigade-converts-stryker-brigade (15 June 2020) New Beginnings: Fort Carson infantry brigade converts to Stryker brigade]</ref>
** 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team<ref name="3/4ID, May2017"> In May 2017, during their rotation to EUCOM, Combined Resolve VIII, 3rd ABCT/4th ID combined with land and aviation forces from six partner nations, Albania, Finland, Hungary, Kosovo, Romania and the Ukraine. The combined team will operate within 3rd ABCT's combined arms structure. The scenario is to defend a European nation from attack. in a NATO Article V incident. —Staff Sgt. Ange Desinor (3rd ABCT, 4th ID)[https://www.army.mil/article/188665/34_id_evolves_into_multinational_brigade_at_combined_resolve_viii (31 May 2017) 3/4 ID evolves into multinational brigade at Combined Resolve VIII] accessdate=2017-07-18</ref>
** [[4th Infantry Division Artillery (United States)|4th Infantry Division Artillery]]
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** [[43rd Sustainment Brigade (United States)|4th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade]]
* [[File:7th Infantry Division SSI (1973-2015).svg|40px]] '''[[7th Infantry Division (United States)|7th Infantry Division]]''' (Headquarters only), at [[Joint Base Lewis-McChord]], ([[Washington (State)|Washington]])<ref>Michelle Tan {{cite web|url=http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/2014/12/23/7th-id-reorganization-deployable/20815737/ |title=7th ID reorganizing to be deployable, Army announces |publisher=Armytimes.com |date=2014-12-23 |access-date=2015-11-11}}</ref><!--ref>[http://www.thenewstribune.com/2015/02/24/3655957_jblms-division-headquarters-will.html?rh=1] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075747/http://www.thenewstribune.com/2015/02/24/3655957_jblms-division-headquarters-will.html?rh=1 |date=May 18, 2015 }}</ref-->
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division
** 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division
** [[81st Stryker Brigade Combat Team]] ([[Washington Army National Guard]])<ref>Corey Dickstein {{Cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/army-to-pair-national-guard-reserve-units-with-active-duty-units-1.400570|title=Army to pair National Guard, Reserve units with active-duty units}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nwguardian.com/2016/10/06/25810/adding-81st-bde-to-team-makes.html |title=Adding 81st Bde. to team makes Bayonets stronger |work=JBLM Northwest Guardian |access-date=2016-12-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223071415/http://www.nwguardian.com/2016/10/06/25810/adding-81st-bde-to-team-makes.html |archive-date=2016-12-23 }}</ref>
*{{anchor|Light10th}} [[File:Shoulder sleeve insignia of the 10th Mountain Division (1944-2015).svg|40px]] '''[[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]]''', at [[Fort Drum, New York|Fort Drum]], ([[New York (state)|New York]])
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team
** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team<ref>2nd IBCT/10th MD is to deploy to Iraq, Fall 2017 —[https://www.army.mil/article/191124/department_of_the_army_announces_10th_mountain_division_deployment Department of the Army announces 10th Mountain Division deployment]</ref>
** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team at [[Fort Polk]]
** [[10th Mountain Division Artillery (United States)|10th Mountain Division Artillery]]
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** [[10th Sustainment Brigade (United States)|10th Mountain Division Sustainment Brigade]]
*{{anchor|Light11th}} [[File:11th Airborne Division Insignia 2022.png|40px]] '''[[11th Airborne Division]]''', at [[Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson|Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson]], (Alaska)
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team, at [[Fort Wainwright]], ([[Alaska]])
** [[4th Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division|2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)]], at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, (Alaska)
** 11th Airborne Division Artillery
** Arctic Aviation Command
** Sustainment Brigade
*{{anchor|Light25th}} [[File:25th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia.png|40px]] '''[[25th Infantry Division (United States)|25th Infantry Division]]''', at [[Schofield Barracks]], ([[Hawaii]])
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team
** [[25th Infantry Division Artillery (United States)|25th Infantry Division Artillery]]
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** [[45th Sustainment Brigade (United States)|25th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade]]
*{{anchor|JFEAB}} [[File:82nd Airborne Division CSIB.svg|40px]] '''[[82nd Airborne Division]]''', at Fort Liberty, ([[North Carolina]])
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)
** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)
** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne)
** [[82nd Airborne Division Artillery]]
** Combat Aviation Brigade
** [[82nd Sustainment Brigade (United States)|82nd Airborne Division Sustainment Brigade]]
*{{anchor|JFEAA}} [[File:US 101st Airborne Division patch.svg|40px]] '''[[101st Airborne Division]]''', at [[Fort Campbell]], ([[Kentucky]])
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion
** 1st Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)
** 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)<ref name=nie17.2>Soldiers of the 2nd BCT/101st Airborne Division served as the first rotational brigade during [[NIE 17.2]] in July 2017 at [[Fort Bliss]]. 1st Battalion [[502nd Infantry Regiment]] served as their opposing force. —[http://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/military/ft-bliss/2017/07/16/nie-weekender/475359001/ David Burge (16 July 2017) "Fort Campbell soldiers travel to Bliss for modernization mission" ''El Paso Times'']</ref>
** 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Air Assault)
** [[101st Airborne Division Artillery]]
** Combat Aviation Brigade<ref name=army18oct2018 /> rotates stateside early 2019
** [[101st Sustainment Brigade (United States)|101st Airborne Division Sustainment Brigade]]
* [[File:Insignia USA Army 2nd Cavalry Regiment V1.svg|38x38px]] [[2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|2nd Cavalry Regiment]] (Stryker BCT), in [[Vilseck, Germany|Vilseck]], ([[Germany]])<ref name=eucomGarrisonChanges >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/us-and-poland-wrap-up-deal-for-permanent-us-troops-more-drones-special-ops/ (31 July 2020) Poland Wraps Deal For Permanent US Troops, Drones, Special Ops] In addition,
*"4,500 members of the Second Cavalry Regiment in Germany will return to the US, and then begin rotations in the Black Sea region"
*2000 troops to relocate from Stuttgart to Mons
*On hold: 2000 Airmen were due to deploy from UK to Germany
*An F-16 squadron will move from UK to Italy</ref>
* [[File:US 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment SSI.png|38x38px]] [[3rd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3rd Cavalry Regiment]] (Stryker BCT), at Fort Cavazos, (Texas)
* [[File:173Airborne Brigade Shoulder Patch.png|38x38px]] [[173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team]], in [[Vicenza, Italy|Vicenza]], ([[Italy]])
;Active-duty divisions:
* 11 division headquarters (one division HQ in South Korea)
Active-duty combat brigades: 31 at the end of 2017
* 11 Armored Brigade Combat Teams
** 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ABCT at Fort Bliss (Texas), part of [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] at Fort Bliss (Texas)
** 1st, 2nd, and 3rd ABCT at Fort Cavazos (Texas), part of [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Division]] at Fort Cavazos (Texas)
** [[1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st]] and [[2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division|2nd ABCT]] at [[Fort Riley]] (Kansas), part of [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] at Fort Riley (Kansas)
** 1st and 2nd ABCT at [[Fort Stewart]] (Georgia), part of [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]] at Fort Stewart (Georgia)
** 3rd ABCT at [[Fort Carson]] (Colorado), part of [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] at Fort Carson (Colorado)
* 6 Stryker Brigade Combat Teams
** 1st and 2nd SBCTs at Fort Carson (Colorado), part of [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] at Fort Carson (Colorado)
** 1st and 2nd SBCT at Fort Lewis ([[Joint Base Lewis–McChord]]) (Washington), administratively under the [[2nd Infantry Division (United States)|2nd Infantry Division]] at Camp Humphreys (South Korea), operationally under the [[7th Infantry Division (United States)|7th Infantry Division HQ]] at [[Joint Base Lewis–McChord]] (Washington)
** [[2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|2nd Cavalry Regiment]] (SBCT) at Rose Barracks in [[Vilseck]] (Germany), independent SBCT under [[United States Army Europe|US Army Europe]] at [[United States Army Europe|Lucius D. Clay Kaserne]] Barracks (Germany)
** [[3rd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3rd Cavalry Regiment]] (SBCT) at Fort Cavazos (Texas), independent SBCT under [[III Armored Corps|III Corps]] at Fort Cavazos (Texas)
* 6 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Light)<ref name=2,3ID >Sean Kimmons [https://www.army.mil/article/178862/spartan_brigade_to_become_armys_newest_armored_brigade Spartan Brigade to become Army's newest armored brigade] accessdate=2016-12-02
*Daniel P. Elkins, Mission and Installation Contracting Command Public Affairs Office [https://www.army.mil/article/184843/micc_supporting_armys_efforts_for_newest_armored_brigade MICC supporting Army's efforts for newest armored brigade (24 March 2017)] accessdate=2017-03-30. The 10th in the Active component, but the 15th ABCT in the total force.</ref>
** 1st and 2nd IBCT at [[Fort Drum]] (New York), part of [[10th Mountain Division]] at Fort Drum (New York)
** [[3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division|3rd IBCT]] at [[Fort Polk]] (Louisiana), also part of [[10th Mountain Division]] at Fort Drum (New York)
** 1st IBCT at [[Fort Wainwright]] (Alaska), part of [[11th Airborne Division (United States)|11th Airborne Division]] at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (Alaska)
** 2nd and 3rd IBCT at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii), part of [[25th Infantry Division (United States)|25th Infantry Division]] at Schofield Barracks (Hawaii)
* 5 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Airborne)
** 1st, 2nd and 3rd IBCT (Airborne) at Fort Liberty (North Carolina), part of [[82nd Airborne Division]] at Fort Liberty (North Carolina)
** [[2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 11th Airborne Division|2nd]] IBCT (Airborne) at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (Alaska), part of 11th Airborne Division (Alaska)
** [[173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team]] at [[Caserma Ederle]] Barracks in Vicenza (Italy), independent brigade under [[United States Army Europe|US Army Europe]] at Lucius D. Clay Kaserne Barracks (Germany)
* 3 Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (Air Assault)
** 1st, 2nd and 3rd IBCT (Air Assault) at [[Fort Campbell]] (Kentucky), part of [[101st Airborne Division]] at Fort Campbell (Kentucky)
:''See [[Army National Guard#Divisions|National Guard divisions]] for the 27 ARNG BCTs''
====Support brigades====
Active-duty Support Brigades (with reserve-component numbers in parentheses: [[National Guard of the United States|ARNG]]/[[United States Army Reserve|USAR]])
* '''12 [[Combat Aviation Brigade]]s''' (12/2):
** [[12th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States)|12th Combat Aviation Brigade]], in [[Katterbach Kaserne|Katterbach]], (Germany)
** [[16th Combat Aviation Brigade (United States)|16th Combat Aviation Brigade]], at [[Joint Base Lewis-McChord]], (Washington)
** 10 Combat Aviation Brigades as part of active army divisions
* '''3 Military Intelligence Brigades (Expeditionary) (2/3)''':
** [[201st Battlefield Surveillance Brigade|201st Military Intelligence Brigade]], at [[Joint Base Lewis-McChord]], (Washington)
** [[504th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade|504th Military Intelligence Brigade]], at [[Fort Cavazos]], (Texas)
** [[525th Military Intelligence Brigade]], at [[Fort Liberty]], (North Carolina)
* '''5 Field Artillery Brigades''' (8/0):
** [[17th Field Artillery Brigade (United States)|17th Field Artillery Brigade]], at [[Joint Base Lewis–McChord]], (Washington)
** [[18th Field Artillery Brigade]], at Fort Liberty, (North Carolina)
** [[41st Field Artillery Brigade (United States)|41st Field Artillety Brigade]], at [[Grafenwoehr]], (Germany)
** [[75th Field Artillery Brigade (United States)|75th Field Artillery Brigade]], at [[Fort Sill]], ([[Oklahoma]])
** [[210th Field Artillery Brigade]], at [[Camp Casey, South Korea|Camp Casey]], (South Korea)
* '''6 Air Defense Artillery Brigades''' (3/0):
** [[11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]], at Fort Bliss, (Texas)
** [[31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade]], at Fort Sill, (Oklahoma)
** [[35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|35th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]], at [[Osan Air Base]], (South Korea)
** [[38th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|38th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]], at Sagami Depot, (Japan)
** [[52nd Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|52nd Air Defense Artillery Brigade]], at [[Sembach]], (Germany)<ref name= zPerez >Zamone Perez [https://news.yahoo.com/army-activates-unit-control-air-185033255.html (6 Oct 2022) Army activates new unit to control air and missile defenses in Europe] DRU of [[10th AAMDC]]</ref>
** [[69th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|69th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]], at [[Fort Cavazos]], (Texas)
** [[108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade]], at [[Fort Liberty, North Carolina|Fort Liberty]], (North Carolina)
* '''5 Engineer Brigades''' (7/4):
** [[7th Engineer Brigade (United States)|7th Engineer Brigade]], [[Ansbach]], (Germany)<ref name= ansbachStripes >John Vandiver [https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2022-11-17/ansbach-army-germany-8087412.html (17 Nov 2022) German garrison town gears up for a thousand US arrivals with incoming Army units] [[7th Engineer Brigade (United States)]]? and the 1st Battalion of the 57th Air Defense Artillery Regiment</ref>
** [[20th Engineer Brigade (United States)|20th Engineer Brigade]], at Fort Liberty, (North Carolina)
** [[36th Engineer Brigade (United States)|36th Engineer Brigade]], at [[Fort Cavazos]], (Texas)
** [[130th Engineer Brigade (United States)|130th Engineer Brigade]], at [[Schofield Barracks]], (Hawaii)
** [[555th Engineer Brigade (United States)|555th Engineer Brigade]], at [[Joint Base Lewis-McChord]], (Washington)
* '''12 [[Sustainment Brigade]]s''' (10/9):
** [[16th Sustainment Brigade (United States)|16th Sustainment Brigade]], in [[Bamberg]], (Germany)
** [[528th Sustainment Brigade (United States)|528th Sustainment Brigade (Special Operations) (Airborne)]], at Fort Liberty, (North Carolina)
** Ten Sustainment Brigades as part of active army divisions
* '''5 Military Police Brigades''' (4/4):
** [[8th Military Police Brigade (United States)|8th Military Police Brigade]], at Schofield Barracks, (Hawaii)
** [[16th Military Police Brigade (United States)|16th Military Police Brigade]], at Fort Liberty, (North Carolina)
** [[18th Military Police Brigade (United States)|18th Military Police Brigade]], in [[Grafenwöhr]], (Germany)
** [[42nd Military Police Brigade (United States)|42nd Military Police Brigade]], at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
** [[89th Military Police Brigade (United States)|89th Military Police Brigade]], at Fort Cavazos, (Texas)
* '''1 Transportation Brigade''' (0/5):
** [[7th Transportation Brigade (United States)|7th Transportation Brigade]], at [[Fort Eustis]], ([[Virginia]])
* '''5 Security Force Assistance Brigades''' (1/0) 1st in 2017:
** [[1st Security Force Assistance Brigade]], at Fort Moore, (Georgia)
** [[2nd Security Force Assistance Brigade]], at Fort Liberty, (North Carolina)
** [[3rd Security Force Assistance Brigade]], at Fort Cavazos, (Texas)
** [[4th Security Force Assistance Brigade]], at Fort Carson, (Colorado)
** [[5th Security Force Assistance Brigade]], at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
* '''5 Medical Brigades''' (0/10):
** [[1st Medical Brigade (United States)|1st Medical Brigade]], at Fort Cavazos, (Texas)
** [[30th Medical Brigade (United States)|30th Medical Brigade]], in [[Sembach]], (Germany)
** [[44th Medical Brigade (United States)|44th Medical Brigade]], at Fort Liberty, (North Carolina)
** [[62nd Medical Brigade (United States)|62nd Medical Brigade]], at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
** [[65th Medical Brigade (United States)|65th Medical Brigade]], at [[Camp Humphreys]], (South Korea)
* '''9 Signal Brigades''' (2/2): <!-- reserve units are Theater Tactical Signal Brigades, namely the 228th SC ARNG, 261st DE ARNG, and 359th & 505th of the USAR -->
** [[1st Signal Brigade (United States)|1st Signal Brigade]], at [[Camp Humphreys]], (South Korea)
** [[2nd Signal Brigade (United States)|2nd Signal Brigade]], in [[Wiesbaden]], (Germany)
** [[11th Signal Brigade (United States)|11th Signal Brigade]], at Fort Cavazos, (Texas)
** [[22nd Signal Brigade (United States)|22nd Signal Brigade]], at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, (Washington)
** [[35th Signal Brigade (United States)|35th Signal Brigade]], at [[Fort Eisenhower]], (Georgia)
** [[93rd Signal Brigade (United States)|93rd Signal Brigade]], at [[Fort Eustis]], (Virginia)
** [[106th Signal Brigade (United States)|106th Signal Brigade]], at [[Fort Sam Houston]], (Texas)
** [[160th Signal Brigade (United States)|160th Signal Brigade]], at [[Camp Arifjan]], ([[Kuwait]])
** [[516th Signal Brigade]], at [[Fort Shafter]], (Hawaii)
* '''1 Chemical Brigade''' (1/1): <!-- Note- the 31st in the AL ARNG, the 415th in the USAR, and the 3rd is an active duty training Bde -->
** [[48th Chemical Brigade (United States)|48th Chemical Brigade]], at Fort Cavazos, (Texas)
==See also==
* [[Army National Guard#List of units undergoing transformation|Transformation of the Army National Guard]]
* [[Revolution in Military Affairs]]
* [[Network-centric warfare]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
{{notelist-ua}}
{{notelist-la}}
==References==
{{excessive citations|date=April 2023}}
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
* Blythe, Wilson C. Jr., Farrell, Dave, Jacobsen, Tim, and Owens, James. “The Battlefield Development Plan: A Holistic Campaign Assessment to Inform the Army Modernization Enterprise”, ''Military Review'' (July–August 2020), https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/July-August-2020/Blythe-BDP/
* {{cite report | author=Feickert, Andrew | title=U.S. Army's Modular Redesign: Issues for Congress | publisher=Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress | version=Updated May 5, 2006 | url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/67816.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060728003619/http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/67816.pdf | archive-date=2006-07-28 | access-date=2017-06-30 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911201951/http://www.army.mil/institution/leaders/modplan/ 2007 Army Modernization Plan]
* {{cite news | first=Michael | last=Moran | title=U.S. Army Force Restructuring, "Modularity," and Iraq | date=2007-09-14 | url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14212/us_army_force_restructuring_modularity_and_iraq.html | work=Council on Foreign Relations | access-date=2007-09-20 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207015519/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14212/us_army_force_restructuring_modularity_and_iraq.html | archive-date=2008-02-07 }}
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/echelonment.htm GlobalSecurity.org article about current transformation]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/force-xxi.htm GlobalSecurity.org article about Force XXI]
* [http://www.army.mil/aps/06/maindocument/print/Text_addendum_D.html Addendum D: Naming Convention for Headquarters and Forces]
* John Gordon, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207112108/http://www.ifri.org/files/Securite_defense/Focus_strategique_11_Gordon.pdf "Transforming for What? Challenges Facing Western Militaries Today"], ''Focus stratégique'', Paris, Ifri, November 2008.
* [http://www.army.mil/aps/08/addenda/addenda_e.html ARFORGEN — Army Force Generation] Graphic showing the three stages before deployment, [http://www.army.mil/article/30668/ARFORGEN__Army__039_s_deployment_cycle_aims_for_predictability/ discussion], [https://web.archive.org/web/20131019193713/http://www.usawoa.org/downloads/10ThingsWOneedtoKnow-ARFORGEN.pdf ARFORGEN from Warrant Officer viewpoint], and [http://fbmonitor.com/2012/11/20/notified-certified-deployed-47th-transportation-company-ready-to-go/ example of training for deployment] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130122182708/http://fbmonitor.com/2012/11/20/notified-certified-deployed-47th-transportation-company-ready-to-go/ |date=2013-01-22 }}
* Wesley, Eric J. and Blythe, Wilson C. Jr. AFC Pamphlet 71-20-1 [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/Hot-Spots/docs/NEBF/AFC-Pam-71-20-1.pdf ''Army Futures Command Concept for Maneuver in Multi-Domain Operations 2028'']
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