View source for Rime ice

{{Short description|Granular whitish deposit of ice formed by freezing fog}}
[[Image:Rime_ice.jpg|thumb|right|Hard rime on a tree]]
[[File:Rime-ice-found-on-summit-cross.jpg|thumb|Wind blown rime ice formed on the summit cross of the [[Fronalpstock (Schwyz)|Fronalpstock]]]]
'''Rime ice''' forms when [[supercooled water]] droplets freeze onto surfaces. In the atmosphere, there are three basic types of rime ice:
*Soft rime forms when supercooled water freezes under calm wind conditions. It is milky and crystalline, like sugar, and similar to [[hoar frost]].
*Hard rime forms by rapid freezing of supercooled water under at least moderate wind conditions. The droplets freeze more or less individually, leaving air gaps.
*Clear ice forms by slow freezing of supercooled water. Clear ice is typically transparent and homogeneous. Its amorphous and dense structure makes it adhesive.
Soft and hard rime are less dense than clear ice and less adhesive, thus generally cause less damage. [[Glaze ice]] is similar in appearance to clear ice, however it is the result of a completely different process, occurring during [[freezing rain]] or [[freezing drizzle|drizzle]].
Rime ice also forms when [[icing conditions|ice forms on the surface of an aircraft]], particularly on the leading edges and control surfaces when it flies through a cloud made of supercooled water liquid droplets. '''Rime ice''' is the least dense, '''milky ice''' is intermediately dense and '''clear ice''' is the most dense. All forms of ice can spoil lift and may have a catastrophic effect on an airborne aircraft. These hazardous effects are due to the ice's ability to disrupt airflow, increase weight, and add drag. Ice forming on propellers or engine inlets are especially dangerous as it can cause severe vibration and/or damage if ingested.
==Origin of name==
The word 'Rime' comes
* from Middle English – rime, ryme, rim
* from Old English – hrīm
* from Proto-West Germanic – *hrīm
* from Proto-Germanic – *hrīmaz, *hrīmą (“hoarfrost”)
* from Proto-Indo-European – *krey- (“to streak; graze; touch”).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rime | title=Rime | date=April 2023 }}</ref>
==Hard rime==
[[Image:Windbuchencom.jpg|thumb|right|Hard rime on trees in the [[Black Forest]] of [[Germany]]]]
'''Hard rime''' is a white ice that forms when the water droplets in [[fog]] freeze to the outer surfaces of objects. It is often seen on trees atop mountains and [[ridge]]s in winter, when low-hanging [[cloud]]s cause [[freezing fog]]. This fog freezes to the [[windward]] (wind-facing) side of tree branches, buildings, or any other solid objects, usually with high wind velocities and air temperatures between {{convert|−2|and|−8|°C|°F|0}}.
===Characteristics===
Hard rime formations are more difficult to remove. They have a comb-like appearance, with the streaks of material parallel to that of the direction of the wind. This is unlike [[soft rime]], which looks feathery or spiky, or [[clear ice]], which looks homogeneous and transparent.
Scientists at meteorologically extreme places, such as [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]] in [[New Hampshire]], often have to break huge chunks of hard rime off weather equipment in order to keep [[anemometer]]s and other measuring instruments operating.
===Formation on snow crystals===
[[Image:Snowflake_300um_LTSEM,_13368.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Electron microscope image of rime ice on both ends of a "capped column" snowflake]]
Under some specific atmospheric conditions, forming and descending [[Snow|snow crystals]] may encounter and pass via atmospheric supercooled cloud droplets. These droplets, which have a diameter of about 10 μm, can exist in an unfrozen state down to temperatures near −40 °C (−40 °F). Contact between the snow crystal and the supercooled droplets results in the freezing of the liquid droplets onto the surface of the crystals. This process of crystal growth is known as [[Accretion (astrophysics)|accretion]]. Crystals that exhibit frozen droplets on their surfaces are referred to as rimed. When this process continues to the point that the shape of the original snow crystal is no longer identifiable the resulting crystal gets referred to as [[Graupel (snow)|graupel]].<ref name="emu">{{Citation | url=http://emu.arsusda.gov/snowsite/rimegraupel/rg.html | title=Rime and Graupel | publisher=Electron Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture. | access-date=25 August 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501174031/http://emu.arsusda.gov/snowsite/rimegraupel/rg.html | archive-date=1 May 2012 }}</ref>
The frozen droplets on the surface of rimed crystals are hard to resolve and the topography of a graupel particle is not easy to record with a visible-wavelength [[microscope]] because of the limited resolution and depth of field in the instrument. However, observations of snow crystals with a low-temperature [[scanning electron microscope]] (LT-SEM) clearly show cloud droplets measuring up to 50 μm on the surface of the crystals. The rime has been observed on all four basic forms of snow crystals, including plates, dendrites, columns and needles. As the riming process continues the mass of frozen, accumulated cloud droplets obscures the identity of the original snow crystal, giving rise to a [[graupel]] particle.<ref name="emu"/>
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==Soft rime==
[[File:Raureif2.JPG|thumb|Soft rime]]
[[Image:Fleurgivre-1.jpg|thumb|Soft rime]]
'''Soft rime''' is a white ice deposition that forms when the water droplets in light freezing fog or mist freeze to the outer surfaces of objects during calm or light wind. The fog usually freezes to the [[windward]] side of solid objects, particularly those with a likeness to that of tree branches and wires.
Soft rime is similar in appearance to [[Frost#Hoar_frost|hoar frost]]; but while rime is formed by vapour first [[condensation|condensing]] to liquid droplets (of fog, mist or cloud) and then attaching to a surface, hoar frost is formed by direct [[Deposition (phase transition)|deposition]] from water vapour to solid ice. A heavy coating of hoar frost, called [[Frost#White frost|white frost]], is very similar in appearance to soft rime, but the formation process is different; it happens when there is no fog, but very high levels of air [[relative humidity]] (above 90%) and [[temperature]]s below {{convert|−8|°C|°F|0}}.
Soft rime formations appear as narrow white icy needles and scales. These needles are fragile and can be easily shaken off objects and removed. Factors that favour soft rime include: small drop size, the slow accretion of liquid water, a high degree of supercooling, and fast dissipation of latent heat of fusion. The opposite of these conditions favour ice with higher densities, such as the aforementioned [[hard rime]] or [[clear ice]].
==See also==
* [[Atmospheric icing]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Rime}}
{{Wiktionary|rime}}
*[https://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Hard_rime Hard Rime in Glossary, ''American Meteorological Society'']
*[https://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Soft_rime Soft Rime in Glossary, ''American Meteorological Society'' ]
*[http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Rime.htm Weather Facts, ''WeatherOnline'']
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[[Category:Frost and rime]]
[[Category:Water ice]]