View source for Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864–66

{{Short description|British royal commission}}
{{distinguish|Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1949–1953}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
'''The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment''' was a [[royal commission]] on [[capital punishment in the United Kingdom]] which worked from 1864 to 1866. It was chaired by [[Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond]]. Commissioners disagreed on the question of abolition of capital punishment, but their report's recommendations including abolishing [[public execution]], which was effected by the [[Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868]].
==Appointment==
The Government agreed to a Royal Commission on 3 May 1864. In the [[House of Commons]], [[William Ewart (English politician)|William Ewart]] proposed a [[Select committee (United Kingdom)|select committee]], but withdrew in favour of [[Charles Neate]]'s resolution requesting a Royal Commission.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1864/may/03/punishment-of-death-select-committee |work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |volume=HC Deb vol 174 |date=3 May 1864 |no-pp=y |page=cc2055-115 |access-date=18 October 2019 |title=Punishment Of Death.—Select Committee Moved For.}}</ref>
The commission was formally appointed by [[Queen Victoria]] on 8 July 1864. Its [[terms of reference]] were:
:to inquire into the Provisions and Operation of the Laws now in force in the United Kingdom, under and by virtue of which the Punishment of Death may be inflicted upon persons convicted of certain crimes, and also into the manner in which Capital Sentences are carried into execution, and to report whether any, and if any what alteration is desirable in such Laws, or any of them, or in the manner in which such sentences are carried into execution.
The commissioners were:
{|
|-
| [[Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond]] || Chairman
|-
| [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Edward, Lord Stanley]] || later the 15th Earl of Derby
|-
| [[Stephen Lushington (judge)|Stephen Lushington]] || judge
|-
| [[John Taylor Coleridge]] || judge
|-
| [[Thomas O'Hagan, 1st Baron O'Hagan|Thomas O'Hagan]] ||  [[Lord Chancellor of Ireland]]
|-
| [[James Moncreiff, 1st Baron Moncreiff|James Moncrieff]] || [[Lord Advocate]] for Scotland
|-
| [[Horatio Waddington]] || [[Under Secretary of State for the Home Department]]
|-
| [[John Bright]] || MP
|-
| [[William Ewart (English politician)|William Ewart]] || MP
|-
| [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook|Gathorne Hardy]] || MP
|-
| [[George Ward Hunt]] || MP
|-
| [[Charles Neate]] || MP
|}
Secretary to the commission was James Henry Patteson
==Evidence==
The Commission took oral evidence on 15 days, between 29 November 1864 and 25 March 1865, dealing with three or four witnesses a day.
{|
|-
| [[George Denman (MP)|George Denman]] || QC and MP
|-
| [[Edmund Henderson]] || [[Comptroller General of Convicts (Western Australia)|Comptroller General of Convicts]] in [[Western Australia]]
|-
| Thomas Kittle || Policeman
|-
| Richard<!-- not [[Richard Tanner]]--> Tanner || Policeman
|-
| Sir [[Fitzroy Kelly]] || MP
|-
| John Davis || [[prison chaplain|chaplain]] of [[Newgate Prison]]
|-
| [[William Tallack]] || Hon. Secretary of the Society for the Abolition of the Punishment of Death
|-
| [[Vere Hobart, Lord Hobart]] || Peer and administrator
|-
| [[Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet|Sir George Grey]] || [[Home Secretary]]
|-
| [[Hilary Nicholas Nissen]] || Former [[Sheriff of the City of London]]
|-
| Henry <!-- not [[Henry Avory]] --> Avory || [[Clerk of the Peace|Clerk of Arraigns]] at the [[Old Bailey|Central Criminal Court (Old Bailey)]]
|-
| [[Leone Levi]] || Jurist and statistician
|-
| [[James Fitzjames Stephen]] || Lawyer
|-
| Sir [[James Shaw Willes]] || [[Court of Common Pleas (England)|Court of Common Pleas]] justice
|-
| John<!-- not [[John Jessop]]--> Jessop || [[Horsemonger Lane Gaol]] chaplain
|-
| Thomas Beggs || Hon. Secretary of the Society for the Abolition of the Punishment of Death
|-
| [[Thomas Harrington Tuke]] || Association of Medical Officers of [[Psychiatric hospital|asylums]]
|-
| [[John Humffreys Parry]] || [[Serjeant at law]]
|-
| [[Henry Cartwright]] || [[Prison warden|Governor]] of [[Gloucester Prison]]
|-
| [[Lawrence Peel (judge)|Sir Lawrence Peel]] || Former [[Chief Justice of Bengal]]
|-
| William Charles Hood || Asylum [[visitor]]
|-
| [[James Anthony Lawson]] || [[Attorney General for Ireland]]
|-
| William Morrish || Governor of [[Portland Prison]]
|-
| Émile Chedieu || French lawyer
|-
| [[Sydney Godolphin Osborne]] || Cleric and philanthropist
|-
| [[George Young (MP)|George Young]] || [[Solicitor General for Scotland]]
|-
| Henry Stace || Former Governor of [[Oxford Gaol]]
|-
| William Cook Osborne || Chaplain at [[Bath Gaol]]
|-
| [[Walter Crofton]]  || Prison administrator and penal reformer
|-
| Auguste Visschers || Belgian lawyer; chair of the 1848 [[International Peace Congress]] in Brussels
|-
| Sir Mordaunt Wells || Former judge in Bengal
|}
==Questionnaire==
Written questions were sent by the Commission via the [[Foreign Office]] to foreign law officers and experts:{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
# What crimes, if any, are now punishable with death by the law of . . . . . ?
# When a person is found guilty of a capital offence, is there any power in the jury, or the court, to reduce the punishment below that of death by finding attenuating circumstances ? If so, is this power frequently exercised?
# What is the most severe punishment next to that of death by the law of . . . . ? and in cases where the sentence of death is reduced by the finding of attenuating circumstances, or commuted by the government to such lesser punishment, is the latter invariably carried out in full ? If not, to what extent is it mitigated ?
# Have there been any changes of late years in the law of . . . . .  by which certain crimes formerly capital have ceased to be so ? If so, have these crimes increased, and is their increase, if any, attributed to the diminution of the punishment ?
# In what manner is the sentence of death executed, and does the execution take place in public or private ?
# In what proportion of capital convictions is the punishment of death usually reduced by the clemency of the Head of the State to some minor infliction?
Sent France, Belgium, Holland, Prussia, Bavaria, Austria, Saxony, Hanover, Italy, Tuscany, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Nassau, Anhalt, Oldenberg, Brunswick, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Ohio, Maine and Rhode Island, Columbia, Indiana, Venezuela, Wisconsin, Ecuador, the Australian colonies, Scotland, Ireland
==Report==
The Report of the commission was published in December 1865.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Pall Mall Gazette]] |date=26 December 1865 |number=275 |page=6 |title=Capital Punishment}}</ref> The report proper summarised the evidence and gave the commissioners' recommendations. The oral testimony was printed verbatim over 471 pages; the written responses were gathered into an appendix of 195 pages plus an index. There followed statistical tables and a [[Draft Bill]] on [[infanticide]] by [[James Shaw Willes]].
In their report, they included a section summarising the response to the following questions:
* the nature of capital punishment; its difference from all other punishments in its irrevocability, etc.
* [[Deterrence (penology)|deterrent effect]] of the punishment of death
* the [[Home Office]]
* restoring to the judges the power of recording sentence of death
* whether juries show a reluctance to convict in capital cases
* the propriety of giving power to jurors to bring in verdicts of "guilty of murder" with "[[extenuating circumstances]]" in certain cases
* [[infanticide]]
* allowing [[appeal]]s in capital cases
* whether executions should be public or private
* what secondary punishment should be inflicted in the event of the abolition of the punishment of death
===Recommendations===
The Commission did not come to agreement on abolition. On most matters, it offered a range of options for legislation. The exception was unanimity of the need for a law to stop public executions and to regulate executions within prisons.
A declaration, drafted by Stephen Lushington, was included in the Report: "[We] . . . are not prepared to agree to the Resolution respecting private executions." Signed by Stephen Lushington, Wm Ewart, Charles Neate, J Moncreiff, John Bright. This is presumably because they strongly favoured abolition.
William Ewart, Stephen Lushington, John Bright and Charles Neate signed a declaration drafted by Ewart: "[we]. . . are of opinion that Capital Punishment might, safely, and with advantage to the community, be at once abolished."
O'Hagan made a longer declaration: "I am of opinion,—with much deference for the great authority of those who think otherwise,—that the weight of evidence and reason is in favour of the abolition of Capital Punishment.
"I should, therefore, sign the declaration prepared by Mr. Ewart, but that I doubt whether public opinion in this country is yet ripe for the acceptance of such a change; and if it should be accomplished, without the sufficient sanction of that opinion, I fear the reaction which might follow on the perpetration of some great crime. I think, also, that the substitution of a minor penalty would render essential serious modifications in the discipline and machinery of our prisons; and such modifications, whilst I believe them to be possible, may be difficult, and remain to be devised. On these grounds, having regard to the practical scope of Your Majesty's Commission, I cannot join in simply advising immediate abolition; but, so far qualifying my adhesion to the terms of the declaration, I am prepared to adopt the principle which it embodies."
==See also==
*[[Capital punishment in the United Kingdom]]
==References==
===Sources===
* {{cite book |author=Royal Commission on Capital Punishment |title=Report, together with the minutes of evidence and appendix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FewZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 |location=London |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |series=Parliamentary Papers |year=1866 |volume=HC 1866 (3590) xxi 1 }}
===Citations===
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864-66}}
[[Category:British Royal Commissions|Capital Punishment]]
[[Category:Capital punishment in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Death penalty law]]
[[Category:Penology]]
[[Category:1860s in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1864 establishments in the United Kingdom]]