View source for Rubus

{{Short description|Genus of plants in the rose family}}
{{Redirect|Bramble|other uses|Bramble (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Eocene|Recent}}
| image = -2020-09-23 Blackberrys, Coast Path, Trimingham.JPG
| image_upright = 1.25
| image_caption = Blackberry bush with ripe and unripe fruit
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Rubus
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN |access-date=2010-06-27}}</ref>
| type_species = ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]''
| type_species_authority = L.<ref>{{Tropicos|40027499|Rubus|L. |access-date=2010-06-27}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
| synonyms = {{collapsible list
|bullets = true
|''Ametron'' Raf.
|''Ampomele'' Raf.
|''Batidaea'' (Dumort.) Greene
|''Bossekia'' Neck. ex Greene
|''Calyctenium'' Greene
|''Cardiobatus'' Greene
|''Chamaemorus'' Hill
|''Comarobatia'' Greene
|''Cumbata'' Raf.
|''Cylactis'' Raf.
|''Dalibarda'' Kalm
|''Dyctisperma'' Raf.
|''Idaeobatus'' (Focke) Börner
|''Manteia'' Raf.
|''Melanobatus'' Greene
|''Oligacis'' Raf.
|''Oreobatus'' Rydb.
|''Parmena'' Greene
|''Psychrobatia'' Greene
|''Rubacer'' Rydb.
|''Selnorition'' Raf.
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = "POWO" />
}}
'''''Rubus''''' is a large and diverse [[genus]] of flowering plants in the rose family, [[Rosaceae]], subfamily [[Rosoideae]], commonly known as '''brambles'''.<ref name = "POWO">{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000199-2 |title=''Rubus'' L. |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |date=2021 |accessdate=4 September 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331005745/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000199-2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{eFloras|1|20916|Rosaceae (subfam. Rosoideae) tribe Rubeae |family=Rosaceae |first=Luc |last=Brouillet}}</ref><ref name="dict">{{Cite web |title=the definition of bramble |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bramble |access-date=2016-02-15 |website=Dictionary.com |archive-date=2016-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215043015/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bramble |url-status=live }}</ref> Fruits of various species are known as [[Raspberry|raspberries]], [[Blackberry|blackberries]], [[Dewberry|dewberries]], and '''bristleberries'''. It is a diverse genus, with the estimated number of [[List of Rubus species|''Rubus'' species]] varying from 250 to over 1000, found across all continents except Antarctica.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Ti-Ran |last2=Chen |first2=Jian-Hui |last3=Hummer |first3=Kim E. |last4=Alice |first4=Lawrence A. |last5=Wang |first5=Wen-He |last6=He |first6=Yi |last7=Yu |first7=Sheng-Xiang |last8=Yang |first8=Ming-Feng |last9=Chai |first9=Tuan-Yao |last10=Zhu |first10=Xiang-Yun |last11=Ma |first11=Lan-Qing |last12=Wang |first12=Hong |date=April 2023 |title=Phylogeny of Rubus (Rosaceae): Integrating molecular and morphological evidence into an infrageneric revision |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tax.12885 |journal=Taxon |language=en |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=278–306 |doi=10.1002/tax.12885 |issn=0040-0262}}</ref>
Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. The ''Rubus'' [[fruit]], sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an [[Aggregate fruit|aggregate]] of [[drupelet]]s. The term "cane fruit" or "cane berry" applies to any ''Rubus'' species or [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as [[loganberry]], [[boysenberry]], [[marionberry]] and [[tayberry]].<ref name=GYOF>{{cite book |last=Klein |first=Carol |title=Grow your own fruit |year=2009 |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84533-434-5 |pages=224}}</ref> The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes.
== Description ==
Bramble bushes typically grow as [[shrub]]s (though a few are [[Herbaceous plant|herbaceous]]), with their stems being typically covered in sharp [[Thorns, spines, and prickles|prickles]].<ref name="treesandshrubsonline" /> They grow long, arching shoots that readily root upon contact with soil,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brambles and other woody weeds /RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=256 |access-date=2016-02-15 |website=www.rhs.org.uk |archive-date=2024-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524114658/https://www.rhs.org.uk/weeds/brambles-and-other-woody-weeds |url-status=live }}</ref> and form a soil [[rootstock]] from which new shoots grow in the spring.<ref name="woodlands" /> The leaves are either [[evergreen]] or [[deciduous]], and [[Simple leaf|simple]], [[lobed]], or [[Compound leaf|compound]].<ref name="treesandshrubsonline" /> The shoots typically do not flower or set [[fruit]] until the second year of growth (i.e. they are [[Biennial plant|biennial]]).<ref name="woodlands">{{Cite web |title=Bramble or blackberry {{!}} Woodlands.co.uk |url=http://www.woodlands.co.uk/blog/woodland-flowers/pinkpurple-flowers/bramble-or-blackberry/ |access-date=2016-02-15 |website=www.woodlands.co.uk |archive-date=2016-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914051950/http://www.woodlands.co.uk/blog/woodland-flowers/pinkpurple-flowers/bramble-or-blackberry/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The rootstock is [[Perennial plant|perennial]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blackberry Planting, Spacing, and Trellising |url=https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/blackberry-planting-spacing-and-trellising/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Alabama Cooperative Extension System |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927201557/https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/crop-production/blackberry-planting-spacing-and-trellising/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most [[species]] are [[plant sexuality|hermaphrodites]] with male and female parts being present on the same flower.<ref name="treesandshrubsonline">{{Cite web |title=Rubus - Trees and Shrubs Online |url=https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/rubus/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=www.treesandshrubsonline.org |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927194828/https://www.treesandshrubsonline.org/articles/rubus/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bramble fruits are [[Fruit#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruits]] formed from smaller units called [[drupe]]lets.<ref name="woodlands" />
Around 60-70% of species of ''Rubus'' are [[Polyploidy|polyploid]] (having more than two copies of each chromosome), with species ranging in [[ploidy]] from [[diploid]] (2x, with 14 chromosomes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubus all species {{!}} GDR |url=https://www.rosaceae.org/species/rubus/all |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=www.rosaceae.org |archive-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928004350/https://www.rosaceae.org/species/rubus/all |url-status=live }}</ref>) to tetradecaploid (14x).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Small genomes in tetraploid Rubus L. (Rosaceae) from New Zealand and southern South America |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=327553 |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=www.ars.usda.gov |archive-date=2023-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927194825/https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=327553 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Taxonomy==
=== Modern classification ===
''Rubus'' is the only genus in the tribe Rubeae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Xun |last2=Li |first2=Jinlu |last3=Cheng |first3=Tao |last4=Zhang |first4=Wen |last5=Liu |first5=Yanlei |last6=Wu |first6=Ping |last7=Yang |first7=Xueying |last8=Wang |first8=Ling |last9=Zhou |first9=Shiliang |date=February 2020 |title=Molecular systematics of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00606-020-01629-z |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=306 |issue=1 |page=9 |doi=10.1007/s00606-020-01629-z |bibcode=2020PSyEv.306....9C |issn=0378-2697}}</ref>
''Rubus'' is very complex, particularly within the [[blackberry]]/[[dewberry]] [[subgenus]] (''Rubus''), with polyploidy, [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]], and facultative [[apomixis]] apparently all frequently occurring, making species [[Taxonomy (biology)|classification]] of the great variation in the subgenus one of the grand challenges of [[systematic botany]]. In publications between 1910 and 1914, German botanist [[Wilhelm Olbers Focke]] attempted to organize the genus into 12 subgenera, a classification system that since became widely accepted, though modern genetic studies have found that many of these subgenera are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name=":0" />
Some treatments have recognized dozens of species each for what other, comparably qualified botanists have considered single, more variable species. On the other hand, species in the other ''Rubus'' subgenera (such as the [[raspberries]]) are generally distinct, or else involved in more routine one-or-a-few taxonomic debates, such as whether the European and American red raspberries are better treated as one species or two (in this case, the two-species view is followed here, with ''[[Rubus idaeus|R.&nbsp;idaeus]]'' and ''[[Rubus strigosus|R.&nbsp;strigosus]]'' both recognized; if these species are combined, then the older name ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' has priority for the broader species).
The classification presented below recognizes 13 subgenera within ''Rubus'', with the largest subgenus (''Rubus'') in turn divided into 12 [[Section (botany)|sections]]. Representative examples are presented, but many more species are not mentioned here. A&nbsp;comprehensive 2019 study found subgenera ''Orobatus'' and ''Anoplobatus'' to be [[monophyletic]], while all other subgenera to be [[paraphyletic]] or [[polyphyletic]].<ref name="Carter-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Katherine A. |last2=Liston |first2=Aaron |last3=Bassil |first3=Nahla V. |last4=Alice |first4=Lawrence A. |last5=Bushakra |first5=Jill M. |last6=Sutherland |first6=Brittany L. |last7=Mockler |first7=Todd C. |last8=Bryant |first8=Douglas W. |last9=Hummer |first9=Kim E. |date=2019-12-20 |title=Target Capture Sequencing Unravels Rubus Evolution |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=10 |pages=1615 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2019.01615 |issn=1664-462X |pmc=6933950 |pmid=31921259 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Phylogeny ===
The genus has a likely North American origin,<ref name="Carter-2019" /> with fossils known from the [[Eocene]]-aged [[Florissant Formation]] of Colorado, around 34 million years old.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Leopold |first1=Estella B. |title=Phytogeography of the late Eocene Florissant flora reconsidered |date=2008 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/587/chapter/3804067 |work=Paleontology of the Upper Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado |publisher=Geological Society of America |language=en |doi=10.1130/2008.2435(04) |isbn=978-0-8137-2435-5 |access-date=2021-09-23 |last2=Manchester |first2=Steven R. |last3=Meyer |first3=Herbert W. |archive-date=2024-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524114632/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/books/book/587/chapter-abstract/3804067/Phytogeography-of-the-late-Eocene-Florissant-flora?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Rubus'' expanded into Eurasia, South America, and Oceania during the [[Miocene]].<ref name="Carter-2019" /> [[Fossil]] seeds from the early [[Miocene]] of ''Rubus'' have been found in the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] part of the [[Zittau]] Basin.<ref>Acta Palaeobotanica – 43(1): 9-49, January 2003 – Early Miocene carpological material from the Czech part of the Zittau Basin – Vasilis Teodoridis</ref> Many fossil fruits of †''Rubus laticostatus'', †''Rubus microspermus'' and †''Rubus semirotundatus'' have been extracted from bore hole samples of the [[Middle Miocene]] fresh water deposits in [[Nowy Sacz]] Basin, [[West Carpathians]], [[Poland]].<ref>Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.</ref>
Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following [[Plant morphology|morphological]] data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lawrence A. Alice |author2=Christopher S. Campbell |name-list-style=amp |year=1999 |title=Phylogeny of Rubus (rosaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region sequences |journal=American Journal of Botany |publisher=Botanical Society of America |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=81–97 |doi=10.2307/2656957 |jstor=2656957 |pmid=21680348}}</ref>
=== Species ===
{{Main|List of Rubus species|l1 = ''List of ''Rubus'' species''}}
[[File:Rubus caesius fruit - Keila.jpg|thumb|''Rubus caesius'' berry]]
[[File:Rubus arcticus3.jpg|thumb|''[[Rubus arcticus|R. arcticus]]'' flower]]
[[File:Rubus-odoratus-flower2.JPG|thumb|[[Rubus odoratus|''R. odoratus'']] leaves and flower]]
[[File:Rubus saxatilis02.jpg|thumb|[[Rubus saxatilis|''R. saxatilis'']] leaves and berries]]
[[File:Rubus ellipticus obcordatus 3.jpg|thumb|[[Rubus ellipticus|''R. ellipticus'' var. ''obcordatus'']] leaves and flowers]]
[[File:Aculi.jpg|thumb|''[[Rubus ulmifolius|R. ulmifolius]]'' prickles]]
[[File:Rubus chamaemorus fruit.jpg|thumb|''[[Rubus chamaemorus|R. chamaemorus]]'' fruit]]
[[File:Brombeerlaub.jpg|thumb|''[[Rubus caesius|R. caesius]]'' leaf]]
[[File:Thimbleberry flower (Rubus parviflorus).jpg|thumb|''[[Rubus parviflorus|R. parviflorus]]'' flower]]
[[File:Rubus idaeus leaf.JPG|thumb|[[Rubus idaeus|''R. idaeus'']] leaves]]
[[File:Blackberry flower 01.jpg|thumb|[[Rubus fruticosus|''R. fruticosus'']] flower]]
[[File:Björnbär.jpg|thumb|[[Rubus laciniatus|''R. laciniatus'']] berries]]
[[File:Starr 030419-0035 Rubus hawaiensis.jpg|thumb|''[[Rubus hawaiensis|R. hawaiensis]]'' berry]]
[[File:Rubus spectabilis 2566.JPG|thumb|[[Rubus spectabilis|''R. spectabilis'' var. ''spectabilis'']] flower]]
[[File:Raspberries (40971).jpg|thumb|Commercially produced ''[[Rubus strigosus|R.&nbsp;strigosus]]'' raspberries]]
[[File:Rubus rosifolius1.JPG|thumb|[[Rubus rosifolius|''R. rosifolius'']] leaves and berry]]
[[File:Japanische Weinbeere.jpg|thumb|''[[Rubus phoenicolasius|R. phoenicolasius]]'' flowers]]
[[File:Rubus hirsutus2.jpg|thumb|''[[Rubus hirsutus|R. hirsutus]]'' flowers]]
Better-known species of ''Rubus'' include:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''[[Rubus aboriginum]]'' – garden dewberry
*''[[Rubus allegheniensis]]'' – Allegheny blackberry
*''[[Rubus arcticus]]'' – Arctic raspberry
*''[[Rubus argutus]]''
*''[[Rubus armeniacus]]'' – Himalayan blackberry
*''[[Rubus caesius]]'' – European dewberry
*''[[Rubus canadensis]]'' – smooth blackberry
*''[[Rubus chamaemorus]]'' – cloudberry
*''[[Rubus cockburnianus]]'' – white-stemmed bramble
*''[[Rubus coreanus]]'' – bokbunja
*''[[Rubus crataegifolius]]''
*''[[Rubus deliciosus]]''
*''[[Rubus domingensis]]''
*''[[Rubus ellipticus]]''
*''[[Rubus flagellaris]]'' – northern dewberry
*''[[Rubus fraxinifolius]]'' – mountain raspberry
*''[[Rubus glaucus]]''
*''[[Rubus hawaiensis]]''
*''[[Rubus hayata-koidzumii]]''
*''[[Rubus hispidus]]'' – swamp dewberry
*''[[Rubus idaeus]]'' – red raspberry
*''[[Rubus illecebrosus]]''
*''[[Rubus laciniatus]]'' – cut-leaved blackberry
*''[[Rubus leucodermis]]'' – whitebark raspberry
*''[[Rubus moluccanus]]''
*''[[Rubus nepalensis]]''
*''[[Rubus nivalis]]'' – snow raspberry
*''[[Rubus niveus]]''
*''[[Rubus occidentalis]]'' – black raspberry
*''[[Rubus odoratus]]'' – purple-flowered raspberry
*''[[Rubus parviflorus]]'' – thimbleberry
*''[[Rubus pedatus]]''
*''[[Rubus pensilvanicus]]'' – Pennsylvania blackberry
*''[[Rubus phoenicolasius]]'' – wineberry
*''[[Rubus probus]]''
*''[[Rubus pubescens]]'' – dwarf raspberry
*''[[Rubus rosifolius]]''
*''[[Rubus saxatilis]]'' – stone bramble
*''[[Rubus spectabilis]]'' – salmonberry
*''[[Rubus tricolor]]''
*''[[Rubus trivialis]]'' – Southern dewberry
*''[[Rubus ulmifolius]]'' – elm-leaved blackberry
*''[[Rubus ursinus]]'' – trailing blackberry
*''[[Rubus vestitus]]'' – European blackberry{{div col end}}
A more complete subdivision is as follows:
{|
|- valign="top"
|
* '''Subgenus ''Anoplobatus'''''
** ''[[Rubus aliceae]]''
** ''[[Rubus deliciosus]]''
** ''[[Rubus koehleri]]''
** ''[[Rubus neomexicanus]]''
** ''[[Rubus odoratus]]''
** ''[[Rubus parviflorus]]''
* '''Subgenus ''[[Rubus subg. Chamaebatus|Chamaebatus]]'''''
** ''[[Rubus calycinus]]''
** ''[[Rubus hayata-koidzumii]]''
** ''[[Rubus nivalis]]''
** ''[[Rubus pectinellus]]''
* '''Subgenus ''Chamaemorus'''''
** ''[[Rubus chamaemorus]]''
** ''[[Rubus pseudochamaemorus]]''
* '''Subgenus ''Comaropsis'''''
** ''[[Rubus geoides]]''
* '''Subgenus ''Cylactis'''''
** ''[[Rubus arcticus]]''
** ''[[Rubus fockeanus]]''
** ''[[Rubus humulifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus lasiococcus]]''
** ''[[Rubus pedatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus saxatilis]]''
** ''[[Rubus sierrae]]''
** ''[[Rubus xanthocarpus]]''
* '''Subgenus ''Diemenicus'''''
** ''[[Rubus gunnianus]]''
* '''Subgenus ''Dalibardastrum'''''
** ''[[Rubus amphidasys]]''
** ''[[Rubus nepalensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus tricolor]]''
** ''[[Rubus tsangiorum]]''
* '''Subgenus ''Idaeobatus'''''
** ''[[Rubus acuminatissimus]]''
** ''[[Rubus adenophorus]]'' (syn. ''R. sagatus'')
** ''[[Rubus alexeterius]]''
** ''[[Rubus alpestris]]''
** ''[[Rubus amabilis]]''
** ''[[Rubus apetalus]]''
** ''[[Rubus archboldianus]]''
** ''[[Rubus aurantiacus]]''
** ''[[Rubus biflorus]]''
** ''[[Rubus chingii]]''
** ''[[Rubus cockburnianus]]''
** ''[[Rubus columellaris]]''
** ''[[Rubus copelandii]]''
** ''[[Rubus corchorifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus coreanus]]''
** ''[[Rubus crataegifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus croceacanthus]]''
** ''[[Rubus ellipticus]]''
** ''[[Rubus eustephanos]]''
** ''[[Rubus flosculosus]]''
** ''[[Rubus fraxinifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus glabricarpus]]''
** ''[[Rubus glaucifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus grayanus]]''
** ''[[Rubus hawaiensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus hirsutus]]''
** ''[[Rubus hoffmeisterianus]]''
** ''[[Rubus hypargyrus]]''
** ''[[Rubus idaeus]]''
** ''[[Rubus illecebrosus]]''
** ''[[Rubus innominatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus inopertus]]''
** ''[[Rubus irritans]]''
** ''[[Rubus komarovii]]''
** ''[[Rubus lasiostylus]]''
** ''[[Rubus leucodermis]]''
** ''[[Rubus ludwigii]]''
** ''[[Rubus lutescens]]''
** ''[[Rubus macilentus]]''
** ''[[Rubus macraei]]''
** ''[[Rubus mesogaeus]]''
** ''[[Rubus microphyllus]]''
** ''[[Rubus minusculus]]''
** ''[[Rubus niveus]]''
** ''[[Rubus occidentalis]]''
** ''[[Rubus palmatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus parvifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus peltatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus pentagonus]]''
** ''[[Rubus phoenicolasius]]''
** ''[[Rubus pileatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus pinfaensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus pinnatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus probus]]''
** ''[[Rubus pungens]]''
** ''[[Rubus queenslandicus]]''
** ''[[Rubus racemosus]]''
** ''[[Rubus rigidus]]''
** ''[[Rubus rosifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus sachalinensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus simplex]]''
** ''[[Rubus spectabilis]]''
** ''[[Rubus stans]]''
** ''[[Rubus suavissimus]]''
** ''[[Rubus subornatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus sumatranus]]''
** ''[[Rubus teledapos]]''
** ''[[Rubus thibetanus]]''
** ''[[Rubus trianthus]]''
** ''[[Rubus trifidus]]''
** ''[[Rubus vernus]]''
* '''Subgenus ''Lampobatus'''''
** ''[[Rubus acanthophyllos]]''
** ''[[Rubus adenothallus]]''
** ''[[Rubus adenotrichos]]''
** ''[[Rubus betonicifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus bogotensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus briareus]]''
** ''[[Rubus bullatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus choachiensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus coriaceus]]''
** ''[[Rubus costaricanus]]''
** ''[[Rubus eggersii]]''
** ''[[Rubus eriocarpus]]''
** ''[[Rubus fagifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus florulentus]]''
** ''[[Rubus gachetensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus giganteus]]''
** ''[[Rubus glabratus]]''
** ''[[Rubus glaucus]]''
** ''[[Rubus hondurensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus imperialis]]''
** ''[[Rubus irasuensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus macvaughianus]]''
** ''[[Rubus megalococcus]]''
** ''[[Rubus nubigenus]]''
** ''[[Rubus peruvianus]]''
** ''[[Rubus roseus]]''
** ''[[Rubus sapidus]]''
** ''[[Rubus shankii]]''
** ''[[Rubus trichomallus]]''
** ''[[Rubus turquinensis]]''
* '''Subgenus ''Malachobatus'''''
** ''[[Rubus acuminatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus alceifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus assamensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus bambusarum]]''
** ''[[Rubus buergeri]]''
** ''[[Rubus chroosepalus]]''
** ''[[Rubus chrysophyllus]]''
** ''[[Rubus elongatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus fairholmianus]]''
** ''[[Rubus flagelliflorus]]''
** ''[[Rubus fockei]]''
** ''[[Rubus formosensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus gardnerianus]]''
** ''[[Rubus glomeratus]]''
** ''[[Rubus henryi]]''
** ''[[Rubus hunanensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus ichangensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus irenaeus]]''
** ''[[Rubus kawakamii]]''
** ''[[Rubus lambertianus]]''
** ''[[Rubus lineatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus moluccanus]]''
** ''[[Rubus multibracteatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus paniculatus]]''
** ''[[Rubus parkeri]]''
** ''[[Rubus pseudosieboldii]]''
** ''[[Rubus pyrifolius]]''
** ''[[Rubus rolfei]]''
** ''[[Rubus rugosus]]''
** ''[[Rubus setchuenensis]]''
** ''[[Rubus sieboldii]]''
** ''[[Rubus splendidissimus]]''
** ''[[Rubus swinhoei]]''
** ''[[Rubus tephrodes]]''
** ''[[Rubus tiliaceus]]''
** ''[[Rubus wardii]]''
** ''[[Rubus xanthoneurus]]''
* '''Subgenus ''[[Rubus subg. Micranthobatus|Micranthobatus]]'''''
** ''[[Rubus australis]]''
** ''[[Rubus cissoides]]''
** ''[[Rubus moorei]]''
** ''[[Rubus nebulosus]]''
** ''[[Rubus parvus]]''
** ''[[Rubus schmidelioides]]''
** ''[[Rubus squarrosus]]''
* '''Subgenus ''Orobatus'''''
** ''[[Rubus loxensis]]''
|
* '''Subgenus ''Rubus''''' (formerly known as subgenus ''Eubatus'')
** '''Sections'''
*** Sect. Allegheniensis
**** ''[[Rubus allegheniensis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus alumnus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus pennus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus pugnax]]''
**** ''[[Rubus rosa]] –'' rose blackberry
*** Sect. Arguti
**** ''[[Rubus abactus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus ablatus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus andrewsianus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus argutus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus densissimus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus frondosus]] –'' Yankee blackberry
**** ''[[Rubus laudatus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus mollior]]''
**** ''[[Rubus multispinus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus oklahomus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus orarius]]''
**** ''[[Rubus ostryifolius]]''
**** ''[[Rubus pensilvanicus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus philadelphicus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus recurvans]] –'' recurved blackberry
**** ''Rubus subsolanus''
*** Sect. Caesii
**** ''[[Rubus caesius]]''
*** Sect. Canadenses
**** ''[[Rubus canadensis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus kennedyanus]]''
*** Sect. Corylifolii
**** ''[[Rubus adenoleucus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus aureolus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus babingtonianus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus britannicus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus camptostachys]]''
**** ''[[Rubus conjungens]]''
**** ''[[Rubus cyclomorphus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus dissimulans]]''
**** ''[[Rubus dumetorum]]''
**** ''[[Rubus eluxatus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus fabrimontanus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus fioniae]]''
**** ''[[Rubus gothicus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus lamprocaulos]]''
**** ''[[Rubus mortensenii]]''
**** ''[[Rubus nemorosus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus seebergensis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus tuberculatus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus wahlbergii]]''
*** Sect. Cuneifolii
**** ''[[Rubus cuneifolius]]''
*** Sect. Hispidi
**** ''[[Rubus fulleri]]''
**** ''[[Rubus hispidus]]''
*** Sect. Procumbentes (formerly known as Sect. Flagellares)
**** ''[[Rubus aboriginum]]''
**** ''[[Rubus baileyanus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus bushii]]''
**** ''[[Rubus celer]]''
**** ''[[Rubus centralis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus curtipes]]''
**** ''[[Rubus deamii]]''
**** ''[[Rubus depavitus]]''
**** ''Rubus enslenii''
**** ''[[Rubus exsularis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus fecundus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus ferrofluvius]]''
**** ''[[Rubus flagellaris]]''
**** ''[[Rubus fraternalis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus grimesii]]''
**** ''[[Rubus hancinianus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus heterophyllus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus invisus]]''
**** ''Rubus ithacanus''
**** ''Rubus kentuckiensis''
**** ''[[Rubus leviculus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus meracus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus michiganensis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus multifer]] –'' Kinnikinnick dewberry
**** ''[[Rubus multiformis]]''
**** ''Rubus profusiflorus''
**** ''[[Rubus roribaccus]] –'' Lucretia dewberry
**** ''Rubus satis''
**** ''[[Rubus steelei]]''
*** Sect. ''Rubus''
**** ''Rubus acheruntinus''
**** ''Rubus adornatus''
**** ''Rubus adspersus''
**** ''Rubus ahenifolius''
**** ''Rubus alterniflorus''
**** ''Rubus ammobius''
**** ''Rubus amplificatus''
**** ''[[Rubus anglocandicans]]''
**** ''Rubus angustifrons''
**** ''[[Rubus armeniacus]]'' (syn. ''R. discolor'')
**** ''Rubus arrhenii''
**** ''Rubus atrichantherus''
**** ''Rubus axillaris''
**** ''Rubus bakerianus''
**** ''Rubus bavaricus''
**** ''Rubus bayeri''
**** ''Rubus bertramii''
**** ''[[Rubus bifrons]]'' – Himalayan blackberry
**** ''Rubus bloxamianus''
**** ''Rubus bloxamii''
**** ''Rubus bollei''
**** ''Rubus boreanus''
**** ''Rubus braeuckeri''
**** ''Rubus bregutiensis''
**** ''[[Rubus calvatus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus canescens]]'' – woolly blackberry
**** ''Rubus cardiophyllus''
**** ''Rubus caucasicus''
**** ''Rubus chlorothyrsos''
**** ''Rubus chrysoxylon''
**** ''Rubus cimbricus''
**** ''Rubus cissburiensis''
**** ''Rubus clusii''
**** ''Rubus colemannii''
**** ''Rubus concolor''
**** ''Rubus conothyrsoides''
**** ''Rubus cordifolius''
**** ''Rubus cyri''
**** ''Rubus dasyphyllus''
**** ''Rubus divaricatus''
**** ''Rubus diversus''
**** ''Rubus drejeri''
**** ''Rubus dumnoniensis''
**** ''Rubus echinatoides''
**** ''Rubus echinatus''
**** ''Rubus egregius''
**** ''Rubus eianus''
**** ''Rubus ergii''
**** ''Rubus errabundus''
**** ''Rubus erythrops''
**** ''Rubus fissus''
**** ''Rubus foliosus''
**** ''Rubus formidabilis''
**** ''Rubus furvicolor''
**** ''Rubus fuscoater''
**** ''Rubus fuscus''
**** ''Rubus gelertii''
**** ''Rubus georgicus''
**** ''Rubus glandithyrsos''
**** ''Rubus glanduliger''
**** ''Rubus glandulosus''
**** ''Rubus gordonii''
**** ''Rubus grabowskii''
**** ''[[Rubus gratus]]''
**** ''Rubus gremlii''
**** ''RUbus hartmanii''
**** ''Rubus hirtus''
**** ''Rubus hylophilus''
**** ''Rubus ieri''
**** ''Rubus inermis''
**** ''Rubus infestus''
**** ''Rubus insularis''
**** ''[[Rubus laciniatus]]''
**** ''Rubus lamprophyllus''
**** ''Rubus lespinassei''
**** ''Rubus leucostachys''
**** ''Rubus linkianus''
**** ''Rubus macrophyllus''
**** ''Rubus micans''
**** ''Rubus miszczenkoi''
**** ''Rubus montanus''
**** ''Rubus moschus''
**** ''Rubus mucronulatus''
**** ''Rubus mulleri''
**** ''Rubus nessensis''
**** ''[[Rubus nigricans]]'' (syn. ''[[Rubus pedemontanus|pedemontanus]]'').
**** ''Rubus nitidoides''
**** ''Rubus pedatifolius''
**** ''Rubus piceetorum''
**** ''[[Rubus plicatus]]''
**** ''Rubus polyanthemus''
**** ''Rubus praecox''
**** ''Rubus promachonicus''
**** ''[[Rubus pyramidalis]]''
**** ''Rubus radula''
**** ''Rubus rhamnifolius''
**** ''Rubus rosaceus''
**** ''Rubus rubritinctus''
**** ''Rubus rudis''
**** ''Rubus sanctus''
**** ''Rubus scheutzii''
**** ''Rubus schlechtendalii''
**** ''Rubus schleicheri''
**** ''Rubus senticosus''
**** ''Rubus separinus''
**** ''[[Rubus septentrionalis]]''
**** ''Rubus slesvicensis''
**** ''Rubus sprengelii''
**** ''Rubus sulcatus''
**** ''Rubus thrysiflorus''
**** ''[[Rubus ulmifolius]]''
**** ''[[Rubus vestitus]]'' – European blackberry
**** ''Rubus vigorosus''
**** ''[[Rubus vulgaris]]''
*** Sect. Setosi (bristleberries)
**** ''Rubus dissensus''
**** ''Rubus groutianus''
**** ''[[Rubus junceus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus missouricus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus regionalis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus semisetosus]] –'' swamp bristleberry
**** ''[[Rubus setosus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus stipulatus]]''
**** ''Rubus superioris''
**** ''[[Rubus uniformis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus vermontanus]] –'' Vermont bristleberry
**** ''[[Rubus wheeleri]]''
**** ''[[Rubus wisconsinensis]]''
*** Sect. Ursini (Pacific berries)
**** ''[[Loganberry|Rubus × loganobaccus]]''
**** ''[[Rubus ursinus]]''
*** Sect. Verotriviales (Southern dewberries)
**** ''[[Rubus ictus]]''
**** ''Rubus lucidus''
**** ''[[Rubus riograndis]]''
**** ''[[Rubus sons]]''
**** ''[[Rubus trivialis]]''
|}
==== Hybrid berries ====
The term "hybrid berry" is often used collectively for those fruits in the genus ''Rubus'' which have been developed mainly in the U.S. and U.K. in the last 130 years. As ''Rubus'' species readily interbreed and are [[apomict]]s (able to set seed without fertilisation), the parentage of these plants is often highly complex, but is generally agreed to include cultivars of blackberries (''R.&nbsp;ursinus'', ''R.&nbsp;fruticosus'') and raspberries (''R.&nbsp;idaeus''). The British National Collection of ''Rubus'' stands at over 200 species and, although not within the scope of the National Collection, also hold many cultivars.<ref>[http://www.rubusspecies.com/ National Collection of ''Rubus'' Species, Houghton, England, United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912105653/http://rubusspecies.com/ |date=2017-09-12 }} ''www.rubusspecies.com''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nccpg.com/National-Collections/Collection-Results.aspx?id=391 |title=Plant Heritage – National Collections Scheme, UK Garden Plants |work=nccpg.com |access-date=20 January 2015 |archive-date=20 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120233053/http://www.nccpg.com/National-Collections/Collection-Results.aspx?id=391 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The hybrid berries include:-<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ardle |first=John |title=Hybris vigour |journal=The Garden |date=July 2013}}</ref>
* [[loganberry]] (California, U.S., 1883) ''R.'' × ''loganobaccus'', a spontaneous hybrid between ''R.&nbsp;ursinus'' 'Aughinbaugh' and ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' 'Red Antwerp'
* [[boysenberry]] (U.S., 1920s) a hybrid between ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' and ''R.'' × ''loganobaccus''
* [[nectarberry]] Suspected variant of boysenberry, a hybrid between ''R.&nbsp;idaeus'' and ''R.'' × ''loganobaccus''
* [[olallieberry]] (U.S., 1930s) a hybrid between the loganberry and youngberry, themselves both hybrid berries
* [[veitchberry]] (Europe, 1930s) a hybrid between ''R.&nbsp;fruticosus'' and ''R.&nbsp;idaeus''
* [[skellyberry]] (Texas, U.S., 2000s), a hybrid between ''R.&nbsp;invisus'' and ''R.&nbsp;phoenicolasius''
* [[marionberry]] (1956) now thought to be a blackberry cultivar ''R.'' 'Marion'
* [[silvanberry]], ''R.'' 'Silvan', a hybrid between ''R.'' 'Marion' and the boysenberry
* [[tayberry]] (Dundee, Scotland, 1979), another blackberry/raspberry hybrid
* [[tummelberry]], ''R.'' 'Tummel', from the same Scottish breeding programme as the tayberry
* [[hildaberry]] (1980s), a tayberry/boysenberry hybrid discovered by an amateur grower
* [[youngberry]], a complex hybrid of raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries
=== Etymology ===
The generic name means blackberry in [[Latin]] and was derived from the word ''ruber'', meaning "red".<ref>{{cite book |last=Quattrocchi |first=Umberto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIOvJSJs-IkC |title=CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names |publisher=Taylor & Francis US |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8493-2678-3 |volume=IV R-Z |page=2345 |access-date=2020-12-29 |archive-date=2024-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524114631/https://books.google.com/books?id=zIOvJSJs-IkC |url-status=live }}</ref>
The blackberries, as well as various other ''Rubus'' species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called [[bramble]]s. However, this name is not used for those like the raspberry that grow as upright canes, or for trailing or prostrate species, such as most dewberries, or various low-growing boreal, arctic, or alpine species. The scientific study of brambles is known as "[[wikt:batology|batology]]".
"Bramble" comes from Old English ''bræmbel'', a variant of ''bræmel''.<ref name="dict" />
== See also ==
* [[Mulberry]], an unrelated deciduous tree with similar looking fruit
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rubus}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Rubus|''Rubus''}}
* [http://bioweb.wku.edu/Rubus/default.asp ''Rubus''] at the [[Western Kentucky University]]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q602740}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rubus| ]]
[[Category:Rosaceae genera]]
[[Category:Subshrubs]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]