View source for Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading

{{Short description|British politician (1860–1935)}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Most Honourable]]
| name                = The Marquess of Reading
| honorific-suffix    = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCSI|GCIE|GCVO|PC}}
| image               = Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading in 1917.jpg
| caption             = Reading in 1917
| order               = [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
| term_start          = 25 August 1931
| term_end            = 5 November 1931
| primeminister       = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| predecessor         = [[Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor|The Lord Parmoor]]
| successor           = [[Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham|The Viscount Hailsham]]
| order1              = [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start1         = 25 August 1931
| term_end1           = 5 November 1931
| primeminister1      = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| predecessor1        = [[Arthur Henderson]]
| successor1          = [[Sir John Simon]]
| order2              = [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| term_start2         = 2 April 1921
| term_end2           = 3 April 1926
| monarch2            = [[George V]]
| primeminister2      = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|[[David Lloyd George]]<br/>[[Bonar Law]]<br/>[[Stanley Baldwin]]<br/>[[Ramsay MacDonald]]}}
| predecessor2        = [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford|The Lord Chelmsford]]
| successor2          = [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Earl of Halifax]]
| office3             = [[Lord Chief Justice of England]]
| term_start3         = 21 October 1913
| term_end3           = 8 March 1921
| appointer3          = [[George V]]
| predecessor3        = [[Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone|The Viscount Alverstone]]
| successor3          = [[Alfred Lawrence, 1st Baron Trevethin|The Lord Trevethin]]
| order4              = [[Attorney-General for England]]
| term_start4         = 7 October 1910
| term_end4           = 19 October 1913
| primeminister4      = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor4        = [[William Robson, Baron Robson|Sir William Robson]]
| successor4          = [[Sir John Simon]]
| order5              = [[Solicitor-General for England]]
| term_start5         = 6 March 1910
| term_end5           = 7 October 1910
| primeminister5      = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| predecessor5        = [[Samuel Thomas Evans|Sir Samuel Evans]]
| successor5          = [[Sir John Simon]]
| office8             = [[Member of the House of Lords]]<br>[[Lord Temporal]]
| term_start8         = 9 January 1914
| term_end8           = 30 December 1935<br>[[Hereditary Peerage]]
| predecessor8        = ''[[Marquess of Reading|Peerage created]]''
| successor8          = [[Gerald Isaacs, 2nd Marquess of Reading|The 2nd Marquess of Reading]]
| office9             = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br/>for [[Reading (UK Parliament constituency)|Reading]]
| term_start9         = 6 August 1904
| term_end9           = 19 October 1913
| predecessor9        = [[George William Palmer (England)|George William Palmer]]
| successor9          = [[Leslie Orme Wilson]]
| birth_name          = Rufus Daniel Isaacs
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1860|10|10}}
| birth_place         = [[Tower Hamlets]], [[County of London|London]], England
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1935|12|30|1860|10|10|df=yes}}
| death_place         = [[Mayfair]], [[County of London|London]], England
| nationality         = British
| party               = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| education           = [[University College School]]
| profession          = Lawyer, jurist, politician
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Alice Edith Cohen]]|1887|1930|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|[[Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading|Stella Charnaud]]<br>|1931}}
}}
| children            = [[Gerald Isaacs, 2nd Marquess of Reading]]
}}
'''Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|GCB|GCSI|GCIE|GCVO|PC}} (10 October 1860 – 30 December 1935), known as '''the Earl of Reading''' from 1917 to 1926, was a British Liberal politician and judge, who served as [[Lord Chief Justice of England]],<ref name=EB1922>{{Cite EB1922 |wstitle=Reading, Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Earl of |volume=32 |page=255}}</ref> [[Viceroy of India]], and [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Foreign Secretary]], the last Liberal to hold that post. The second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet (the first being [[Herbert Samuel]],<ref>Although Samuel's religious views were generally considered to be atheist, he remained an observant Jew to please his wife: see {{cite ODNB|last=Wasserstein|first=Bernard|title=Samuel, Herbert Louis|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35928?docPos=1|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35928|access-date=22 March 2014}} Isaacs could be considered the first ''believing'' Jew to be a member of the Cabinet.</ref> who was also a member of [[H. H. Asquith]]'s government), Isaacs was the first Jew to be [[Lord Chief Justice]], and the first, and as yet, only [[British Jew]] to be raised to a [[Marquesses in the United Kingdom|marquessate]].
==Biography==
Rufus Isaacs was born at 3 Bury Street, in the parish of [[St Mary Axe]], London, the son of a Jewish fruit importer at [[Spitalfields]].<ref name = "IsaacsODNB">{{Cite ODNB|id=34119|title=Isaacs, Rufus Daniel, first marquess of Reading}}</ref> He was educated at [[University College School]]<ref name=EB1922/> and then entered the family business at the age of 15. In 1876–77 he served as a ship's boy and later worked as a [[Stockjobber|jobber]] on the [[London Stock Exchange|stock-exchange]] from 1880 to 1884. In 1887 he married [[Alice Edith Cohen]], who suffered from a chronic physical disability and died of cancer in 1930, after over 40 years of marriage. The Lady Reading Hospital in [[Peshawar]] is named after her.
He then married [[Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading|Stella Charnaud]], the first Lady Reading's secretary. His second marriage lasted until his own death in 1935. After his death Stella Isaacs was made [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE) in 1941,<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 35029
| date = 1 January 1941
| page = 12
| supp = y
}}</ref> promoted to [[Order of the British Empire|Dame Grand Cross]] (GBE) in 1944,<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 36544
| date = 8 June 1944
| page = 2586
| supp = y
}}</ref> and then in 1958 made a [[life peer]]ess as Baroness Swanborough, of Swanborough in the County of Sussex.
== Legal career  ==
[[File:Rufus Isaacs, Vanity Fair, 1904-02-18.jpg|thumb|Isaacs caricatured by [[Leslie Ward|Spy]] for [[Vanity Fair (British magazine)|''Vanity Fair'']], 1904]]
Isaacs was admitted as a student to the [[Middle Temple]] in 1885, and was [[called to the Bar]] in 1887.<ref>''[[The Concise Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 1992.</ref> He set up his own chambers at 1 Garden Court, Temple, and was very successful; within five years he was able to repay his creditors, and after twenty years at the bar earned the enormous sum of £30,000 per year. He was appointed a [[Queen's Counsel]] in 1898, after only ten and half years at the junior bar.
Isaacs mainly practised in the [[Commercial Court (England and Wales)|Commercial Court]], with occasional appearance in the divorce court or at the Old Bailey. Among his famous cases were the defence of ''[[The Star (1888)|The Star]]'' against a charge of libel by Arthur Chamberlain (at the behest of his brother [[Joseph Chamberlain|Joseph]]), the [[Taff Vale case]] (where he appeared for the union), the 1903 [[Brown Dog affair#Bayliss v. Coleridge|''Bayliss v. Coleridge'' libel suit]], the prosecution of the fraudster [[Whitaker Wright]], the defence of [[Edward Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Liverpool|Sir Edward Russell]] on a charge of criminal libel, and that of [[Robert Sievier]] on a charge of blackmail.
As a barrister, Isaacs was a hard worker, rising early to prepare his cases, although he never worked after dinner. His advocacy was calm and forensic, and he was renowned for his style of cross-examination.
==Political career ==
Having earlier contested unsuccessfully North Kensington in 1900, Isaacs entered the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] as the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] member of Parliament (MP) for [[Reading (UK Parliament constituency)|Reading]] at the [[1904 Reading by-election|by-election on 6 August 1904]], a seat he held for nine years until 1913.<ref name=EB1922/>
In 1910, he was appointed [[Solicitor General for England and Wales|solicitor general]] in the government of [[H. H. Asquith]] and received the customary [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]]. After six months, he was appointed [[Attorney General for England and Wales|attorney general]]. On the resignation of [[Lord Loreburn]] as Lord Chancellor in 1912, Isaacs had expected to succeed him, but was passed over in favour of [[Lord Haldane]]. To appease him, Asquith invited Isaacs to join the Cabinet; he was the first attorney general to sit in the Cabinet.
As law officer, Isaacs handled many high-profile cases. As solicitor general, he appeared for the Admiralty in the [[George Archer-Shee]] case. As attorney general, he led the prosecutions of [[Edward Mylius]] for criminal libel against King [[George V]] (and was appointed [[Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]] shortly after), of poisoner [[Frederick Seddon]] (the only murder trial Isaacs ever took part in), and of suffragette [[Emmeline Pankhurst]]. He also represented the [[Board of Trade]] at the inquiry into the sinking of the RMS ''[[Titanic]]''.
In addition, he helped to pilot through the Commons several pieces of key legislation, including the [[Parliament Act 1911]], the [[Official Secrets Act 1911]], the [[National Insurance Act 1911]], the [[Trade Union Act 1913]], and the [[Government of Ireland Act 1914]]. He was appointed to the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]] in the [[1911 Coronation Honours]].
===  Marconi scandal ===
Isaacs was one of several high-ranking members of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] government accused of involvement in the [[Marconi scandal]].<ref>Lady Frances Lonsdale Donaldson, "The Marconi scandal", Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962</ref> An article published in ''[[Le Matin (France)|Le Matin]]'' on 14 February 1913 alleged corruption in the award of a government contract to the [[Marconi Company]] and [[insider trading]] in Marconi's shares, implicating a number of sitting government ministers, including [[Lloyd George]], the [[chancellor of the Exchequer]]; Isaacs, then attorney general; [[Herbert Samuel]], [[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom|postmaster general]]; and the treasurer of the Liberal Party, [[Alexander Murray, 1st Baron Murray of Elibank|Lord Murray]].<ref name=baker/>
The allegations included the fact that Isaacs's brother, [[Godfrey Isaacs]], was managing director of the Marconi company at the time that the cabinet, in which Isaacs sat, awarded Marconi the contract.<ref>[[H. Montgomery Hyde]], "Lord Reading; the Life of Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading", Heinemann, 1968, pages 124,138–140</ref><ref>Stanley Jackson, "Rufus Isaacs, first marquess of Reading", Cassell, 1936, pages 167–172</ref> Isaacs and Samuels sued ''Le Matin'' for [[libel]], and as a result, the journal apologised and printed a complete retraction in its 18 February 1913 issue.<ref name=baker/><ref>Ian D. Colvin, "Carson the Statesman", Kessinger, 2005, {{ISBN|1-4179-8663-8}}, page 179</ref><ref>Michael Finch, ''G.K. Chesterton: A biography'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986, {{ISBN|0-297-78858-2}}, pages 204–205</ref>
The factual matters were at least partly resolved by a parliamentary [[Select committee (United Kingdom)|select committee]] investigation, which issued three reports: all found that Isaacs and others had purchased shares in the [[American Marconi]] company, but while the fellow-Liberal members of the committee cleared the ministers of all blame, the opposition members reported that Isaacs and others had acted with "grave impropriety".<ref name=baker>W. J. Baker, "The history of the Marconi company 1874–1965", Routledge, 1998 {{ISBN|0-415-14624-0}}, pages 144–146</ref> It was not made public during the trial that these shares had been made available through Isaacs's brother at a favourable price.<ref>^ a b Michael Finch, ''G. K. Chesterton: A biography'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986, {{ISBN|0-297-78858-2}}, pages 204–205</ref>
== Diplomatic career ==
[[File:NLS Haig - Mr Lloyd George, M. Albert Thomas and Lord Reading.jpg|thumb|right|Mr. [[Lloyd George]] (2nd left), Lord Reading (2nd from right) and [[Albert Thomas (minister)|M. Albert Thomas]] (far left) visiting the Front, France. (photo: [[Ernest Brooks (photographer)|Ernest Brooks]])]]
In October 1913 he was made [[Lord Chief Justice of England]], in succession to the [[Viscount Alverstone]]. At the time the Attorney General had the right of first refusal for the appointment, but his involvement in the Marconi scandal complicated matters. Although reluctant to abandon his political career Isaacs felt he had little choice: to refuse would be to suggest that the Marconi scandal had tainted him. Consequently, he accepted the post, and was elevated to the peerage as '''Baron Reading''', ''of [[Erleigh]] in the [[County of Berkshire]]'', on 9 January 1914.<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 28791
| date = 9 January 1914
| page = 258
}}</ref> His appointment caused some controversy, and led to [[Rudyard Kipling]] attacking him in the poem "Gehazi".
As Lord Chief Justice, Reading presided over the trial of [[Roger Casement]] for high treason. His attendance in court was, however, intermittent, as he was frequently called upon by the government to serve as an advisor. In August 1914 Reading was enlisted to deal with the financial crisis brought about by the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. In 1915 he led the [[Anglo-French Financial Commission]] to seek financial assistance for the Allies from the United States. During the December 1916 Cabinet crisis, he acted as intermediary between Asquith and [[David Lloyd George]].
In September 1917 Reading returned to the United States with the special appointment of high commissioner to the United States and Canada. In 1918 he was appointed [[British Ambassador to the United States]], all the while remaining Lord Chief Justice. Returning to England for six months in 1918, he frequently attended the [[War Cabinet]] and was sent to France as Lloyd George's confidential emissary. He returned to the United States as Ambassador in 1919, relinquishing the post the same year. After the excitement of wartime diplomacy, he returned unwillingly to the bench in 1919, while seeking new appointments.
For his wartime public service he was appointed [[Knight Grand Cross of The Order of the Bath|GCB]] in 1915, made '''Viscount Reading''', ''of Erleigh in the County of Berkshire'' in 1916, and '''Earl of Reading''' as well as '''Viscount Erleigh''', ''of Erleigh in the County of Berkshire'', in 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 29651
| date = 4 July 1916
| page = 6597
}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 30442
| date = 21 December 1917
| page = 13384
}}</ref>
=== Viceroy of India ===
[[File:Statue of the 1st Marquess of Reading.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of Isaacs as Viceroy of India, originally sited in [[New Delhi]] but now in Eldon Square Gardens in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]]]]
In 1921, he resigned the chief justiceship to become [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]. Reading preferred a conciliatory policy: he was determined to implement the provisions of the [[Government of India Act 1919]] and opposed racial discrimination. He personally received [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], and visited [[Amritsar]] as a gesture of reconciliation. However, he ended up using force on several occasions: in 1921 he ordered the suppression of the [[Malabar rebellion]], and in 1922 he put down Sikh unrest in the Punjab. The same year, he had Gandhi arrested for sedition. Reading cultivated good relations with the Indian princes, but forced two maharajas to abdicate.
On his return from India in 1926, he was made '''[[Marquess of Reading]]''', the first man to rise from commoner to a marquessate since the [[Duke of Wellington]].<ref name = "IsaacsODNB"/> The next year he was made [[Captain of Deal Castle]] in 1927, a position he held until 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastkent.freeuk.com/deal/castle/captains.htm|title=Captains of Deal Castle|publisher=East Kent freeuk|access-date= 10 January 2017}}</ref> As Viceroy Reading was appointed GCSI and GCIE ''ex officio'' in 1921, and in 1922 was promoted to GCVO.
As a former viceroy, Reading was critical of some of the policies of his successor [[Lord Irwin]]. On 5 November 1929 he attacked Irwin in the House of Lords for using the term "Dominion Status" with regard to India, prior to the report of the [[Simon Commission]].<ref>Jago 2015, pp.65–7, 70</ref>
== Later life and career ==
[[File:LordReading.jpg|thumb|Lord Reading and his wife at Haifa Power Station, 1930s|alt=]]On his return from India, Reading, who had no pension and was a heavy spender, sat on several corporate boards, and later became president of [[Imperial Chemical Industries]]. The [[Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)|Leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords]] from 1931 to 1935, he took part in the [[Round Table Conferences]] of 1930–32 on the future of British India as head of the Liberal delegates. He was also a member of the select committee charged with the drafting of the [[Government of India Act 1935]].
In MacDonald's [[National Government (1931)|National Government]] in August 1931, Reading briefly served as [[Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)|Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs]] and [[Leader of the House of Lords]], but stood down after the first major reshuffle in November due to ill-health.
He was appointed [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]] in 1934.
== Death ==
Lord Reading died in London in December 1935 aged 75. After cremation at [[Golders Green Crematorium]] his ashes were buried at the nearby [[Golders Green Jewish Cemetery|Jewish cemetery]].<ref name="compeerage">{{cite book|title=The Complete Peerage, Volume XIII, Peerage Creations 1901–1938|publisher=St Catherine's Press|year=1949|page=182}}</ref> The house where he died, No. 32 [[Curzon Street]] in [[Mayfair]], has had a [[blue plaque]] on it since 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openplaques.org/plaques/663|title=Rufus Isaacs blue plaque|publisher=openplaques.org|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref>
== Honours and commemoration==
In addition to five peerages and five knighthoods, Reading received many other honours. In 1925 he was appointed Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]].<ref>Royal Decree of 1925/-Mémorial du centenaire de l'Ordre de Léopold. 1832–1932. Bruxelles, J. Rozez, 1933.</ref> He was [[Captain of Deal Castle]] and [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]], received the freedom of Reading and of London, and was a [[Bencher]] and Treasurer of the Middle Temple. He received honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Toronto, Calcutta, Cambridge and Oxford.
Although he had [[History of the Jews in Canada|no apparent link with Canada]], his eminence was such that the Lord Reading Law Society (founded in 1948 to promote the interests of Jewish members of the [[Quebec Bar]]) was named in his honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lordreading.org/about/about-us/|title=About us|publisher=The Lord Reading Law Society|access-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826123707/https://lordreading.org/about/about-us/|archive-date=26 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> A founding chairman of the Palestine Electric Corporation (along with [[Alfred Mond]] (father of his daughter in-law) and [[Herbert Samuel]]), the [[Reading Power Station]] in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] was named in his honour.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/5/The%20Power%20Plant%20on%20Two%20 The Power Plant on Two Rivers]</ref>
== Scholarly assessment ==
In his approach to politics, Isaacs was, according to Denis Judd,<blockquote>"no blood-red Radical, and had 'little sympathy with the narrower aspects of the Nonconformist outlook which constituted so powerful an element in contemporary Liberalism.' Liberalism, nonetheless, was the natural party for him to support. Within his own father's lifetime Jews had been obliged to struggle to obtain full civil rights. Moreover, the Liberal party apparently stood for the noble principles of liberty, toleration and progress whereas the Tories, although somewhat disguised with the Unionist coalition, seemed to offer little in the way of enlightened policies. For a man who approved of social reform, yet wanted to stop well short of revolution, the Liberal party was the obvious home."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ9LAQAAQBAJ&dq=Rufus+Isaacs+first+marquess+of+Reading+radical+liberal&pg=PT63 Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading: radical liberal]</ref></blockquote>Indeed, Isaacs championed such measures as the taxation of land values and reforms in the legal standing of unions, education, licensing, and military organization.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ9LAQAAQBAJ&dq=denis+judd+the+platform+on+which+he+stood&pg=PT66 The Platform On Which He Stood]</ref> Isaacs also gave staunch official backing to David Lloyd George's initiative on land reform, together with his tax on land values<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQ9LAQAAQBAJ&dq=Rufus+Isaacs+land+values&pg=PT93 Rufus Isaacs and land values]</ref> and national social insurance scheme.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1911/may/25/national-insurance-bill-1#S5CV0026P0_19110525_HOC_292 Hansard 25 May 1911, National Insurance bill]</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* Fowler, Wilton B. ''British-American Relations 1917–1918'' (Princeton University Press, 2015).
* Hyde, Harford Montgomery. ''Lord Reading; the Life of Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading'' (London: Heinemann, 1967).
* Judd, Denis. ''Lord Reading: Rufus Isaacs, First Marquess of Reading, Lord Chief Justice and Viceroy of India, 1860–1935'' (Faber & Faber, 2013).
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Rufus Isaacs}}
* Jago, Michael ''Rab Butler: The Best Prime Minister We Never Had?'', Biteback Publishing 2015 {{ISBN|978-1849549202}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading}}
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-rufus-isaacs | the Marquess of Reading }}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20091220042958/http://www.leighrayment.com/commons/Rcommons1.htm Reading]}}
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{{Viceroys of India}}
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[[Category:British Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs]]
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