View source for Run out

{{Short description|Method of dismissal in cricket}}
{{other uses|Runout (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
[[File:Wicket being hit by a ball.jpg|thumb|162x162px|Run outs generally involve a fielder throwing the ball at the wicket.]]
'''Run out''' is a method of [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissal]] in [[cricket]], governed by Law 38 of the [[laws of cricket]]. A run out usually occurs when the [[batsmen|batters]] are attempting to run between the [[Wicket|wickets]] and the fielding team succeed in getting the ball to one of the wickets before a batter has crossed the [[Crease_(cricket)#For_the_batting_side|crease line]] near the wicket. If the batter is judged run out, the [[run (cricket)|run]] does not count and the [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] does not get credit for the wicket.
A run out can also be effected when the batters are not attempting a run if one of them leaves the crease when the ball is not dead.
Some such dismissals cause controversy because they challenge long-established — but not universal — conventions about the spirit of the game.
==Definition==
A [[batsmen|batter]] is run out if, at any time while the [[cricket ball|ball]] is in play, no part of their [[cricket bat|bat]] or person is grounded behind the [[Crease (cricket)|popping crease]] and their [[wicket]] is fairly [[Wicket#Putting down a wicket|broken]] by the action of a [[fielding (cricket)|fielder]].<ref name="Law">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/laws-of-cricket/laws/law-38-run-out/|title=Law 38 – Run out|publisher=MCC|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> The batter whose [[Batter's ground|ground]] is at the end where the wicket is broken is out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/batsman-out-of-his-her-ground|title=Law 30 – Batsman out of his/her ground|publisher=MCC|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
A batter can be run out even when not attempting a run if they are out of their crease and the wicket is put down by a fielder. For example, the striker is run out if the batter plays the ball which is collected by a [[Fielding (cricket)#Catching positions|close fielder]] and the wicket is broken when the striker has left their ground to play the ball.
If a batter has a [[Runner (cricket)|runner]], the batter must also stay in the crease when the ball is in play, and the batter can be run out if they or their runner are out of the crease when the wicket is broken.
===Exceptions===
A batter may be run out whether or not a run is being attempted, even if the delivery is declared a [[no-ball]] or a [[wide (cricket)|wide]] except for the following circumstances:<ref name="Law"/>
*A batter has been within the popping crease and has subsequently left it to avoid injury, when the wicket is put down.
*The ball [[Bowling (cricket)|bowled]] by the bowler has not made any contact with a [[fielding (cricket)|fielder]] before the wicket is put down.
*A batter is given out [[stumped]].
*A [[no-ball]] has been called, no attempt to run is made by the batter, and the wicket is put down by the wicket-keeper without another fielder's intervention. This prevents what would be a stumping — were it not called a no-ball — being ruled a run out instead.
===Non-striker leaving their ground early===
{{see also|List of Mankading incidents in cricket}}
As a bowler enters their delivery stride, the non-striking batter might [[Backing up (cricket)|back up]], meaning they leave their popping crease early and moves towards the other end of the wicket, so that, if the batters attempt a run, that run can be completed quickly. If, at any time from the moment the ball comes into play (i.e. when the bowler starts their run-up) until the instant when the bowler would normally have been expected to release the ball, the non-striker is out of their ground, they can be run out. This is judged to be before the bowler's bowling arm has passed the vertical.
While a generous bowler may warn a batter to stay in their crease rather than to take their wicket, it is not required by the laws of cricket nor the guidance notes by [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] on the spirit of cricket to do so. It is a legitimate mode of dismissal and the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) playing conditions match MCC Law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2021/05/23/33c2d68e-8b38-4804-bcc4-daa8da8ad362/ICC-Standard-Test-Match-Playing-Conditions-May-2021.pdf|title=Standard Test match playing conditions|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Mankading.gif|thumb|News report of Bill Brown's runout]]
One of the earliest recorded examples came in a match between [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[Harrow School|Harrow]] in 1850, when Harrow's [[Charles Austen-Leigh]] was run out "backing up" by Eton bowler [[William Prest (Cambridgeshire cricketer)|William Prest]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/228169.html|title=Wisden - Obituaries in 1924|date=2 December 2005|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> The most notable example of this method of dismissal involved the [[India national cricket team|Indian]] bowler [[Vinoo Mankad]] who ran out [[Bill Brown (cricketer)|Bill Brown]] on 13 December 1947 in the second [[Test cricket|test]] during [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1947–48|India's tour of Australia]] at [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]]. Mankad when, in the act of delivering the ball, he held on to it and removed the bails with Brown well out of his crease. Since this incident, a batter dismissed in this fashion was informally said to have been "Mankaded".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149530.html|title=Two legends make their entrance|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=13 November 2008|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref>
Until 2022 this mode of dismissal was part of Law 41-Unfair play.<ref name="UFP">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/unfair-play|title=Law 41 - Unfair play|publisher=MCC|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> but it is now wholly within Law 38 (Run Out).<ref>{{cite news|title=MCC announces new Code of Laws from 1 October 2022|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/mcc-announces-new-code-of-laws-from-1-october-2022|work=MCC|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Some observers feel that dismissing a batter in this way is poor sporting [[etiquette]] and against the [[Spirit of Cricket|spirit of the game]], while others believe that the laws and regulations exist to be used as a structure of the game and that it is legitimate and sporting to exercise them.<ref>{{cite news|first=Cameron|last=Tomarchio|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/what-don-bradman-said-about-mankading/news-story/78b741dad44a2235f2a6375551d13bc4|title=What Don Bradman said about Mankading|work=News|date=3 February 2016 |access-date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=On Mankading and the problem with chivalry|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/on-mankading-and-the-problem-with-chivalry/cid/1687832|access-date=1 December 2023|date=9 September 2020|newspaper=Telegraph India}}</ref> Such dismissals have on occasion provoked debate.<ref>{{cite news|first=Steve|last=Harmison|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/27689164|title=Jos Buttler run-out defended by Sri Lanka captain Angelo Mathews|work=BBC|date=4 June 2014|access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21060617/mankading-incident-turns-close-finish-controversial|title=Mankading incident turns close finish controversial|access-date=18 October 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=18 October 2017}}</ref> In July 2014, when [[England national cricket team|England]]'s [[Jos Buttler]] was run out by [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]'s [[Sachithra Senanayake]], the World Cricket Council, an independent consultative body of former international captains and umpires, unanimously expressed support of Sri Lanka's actions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lords.org/news/2014/july/wcc-icc-should-state-long-term-vision/ |title=World Cricket Committee Running out the non-striker: Law is clear and the act is not against the Spirit of Cricket|work=MCC|access-date=1 December 2023|date=18 August 2014}}</ref> In contrast, in March 2019, when Buttler was dismissed in the same way by [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] in the [[2019 Indian Premier League]], an MCC spokesman said that while the mode of dismissal is legitimate, this particular dismissal was not in the "spirit of the game" because of the timing of the breaking of the wicket, a judgement that is now explicit in the Law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47728182|title=Jos Buttler: 'Mankad' dismissal not 'in the spirit of the game' - MCC|work=BBC Sport|date=27 March 2019|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1113878|title=Buttler's controversial 'Mankad' run out – best of the reaction|work=International Cricket Council|access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47714310|title=Jos Buttler 'Mankad' dismissal: Law is 'essential' says MCC|work=BBC Sport|date=26 March 2019|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
===Runs scored===
If either batter is run out, the run in progress when the wicket is put down is not counted. Any runs completed will be counted, together with any runs for penalties awarded to either side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket/scoring-runs|title=Law 18 – Scoring runs|publisher=MCC|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
If the striker has a [[Runner (cricket)|runner]] and is themself run out (which would be at the striker's end), then no runs count and the umpire returns the non-striker to the original (non-striking) end. If the striker's runner, a non-striker's runner, or the non-striker themselves, is run out, runs completed will be counted.
===Credit===
The bowler does not get credit for the wicket as part of their match bowling figures. Credit is given to the "primary" fielder who gathers the ball and either puts down the wicket or makes the ball available for another player to do so, and any other "assistant" fielders who touch the ball, including a player who ultimately puts down the wicket. The bowler may act as the primary fielder or assistant fielder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play-cricket.ecb.co.uk/hc/en-us/articles/360001225037-Differentiating-Primary-and-Assistant-Fielders-when-Scoring-a-Wicket-PCS-Pro-|title=Differentiating Primary and Assistant Fielders when Scoring a Wicket|publisher=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]]|access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>
===Ball in play===
The batter can be run out if the ball is in play (i.e not 'dead'). They may intentionally leave the crease not attempting a run, for example to talk to the non-striker or to pat the pitch. They can do this because of the customary understanding with the fielding team that the ball is considered dead at that time. If that understanding breaks down, a fielder might put down the wicket. As ever, the fielding team must appeal for any dismissal to occur, and the fielding captain will withdraw the appeal if they view it to be unwarranted by the spirit of the game, which will depend on judgement of custom, practice and circumstance. But if an appeal is made, the umpire must give the batter out unless they consider that a dead ball pertained.
There have been instances, such as a Test match in 2006, when [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] left his crease to congratulate [[Kumar Sangakkara]] on completing his century, and was run out by [[Brendon McCullum]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-regrets-on-controversial-murali-run-out-fleming-271912|title=No regrets on controversial Muralitharan run out - Fleming|access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> McCullum subsequently stated that he regretted that his actions were not within the spirit of the game.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/brendon-mccullum-s-mcc-spirit-of-cricket-lecture-full-transcript-1023531|title='Cricket was meant to be a game, not a life or death struggle'|access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>
In a contrasting incident in a Test match against India in 2011, [[Ian Bell]] was initially given run out after leaving his crease, wrongly assuming his shot had reached the [[boundary (cricket)|boundary]], but the appeal was later withdrawn by the fielding captain [[MS Dhoni]] and Bell was allowed to resume his innings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-awards-2011-ms-dhoni-wins-spirit-of-cricket-award-532185|title=Dhoni wins Spirit of Cricket award|access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> The essential distinction of this incident is that the ball is automatically dead when it reaches the boundary (interpretation by the umpire is not required), and so Bell left his crease under a misapprehension that may have been reinforced by the actions of some of the fielding team, who were under the same misapprehension. An intention to deceive the batter is explicitly unfair and would itself cause the ball to become adjudged dead by the umpire, but otherwise a batter is still run out on appeal if they are out of their ground wrongly believing the ball to have become automatically dead.<ref name="UFP"/>
== See also ==
* Similar events in baseball: {{Original research inline|date=September 2024}}
** [[Force play]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=What cricket can learn from baseball's review system |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kartikeya-date-what-cricket-can-learn-from-baseball-s-review-system-774677 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en }}</ref>
** [[Tag out]]<ref name=":0" />
** [[Pickoff]], similar to Mankading<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=Explained: Why Deepti Sharma's legal run-out has attracted controversy, the rules and misuse of Mankad's name |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/explained-why-deepti-sharmas-legal-run-out-has-attracted-controversy-the-rules-and-misuse-of-mankads-name-11338581.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us }}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Methods of dismissal in cricket}}
[[Category:Cricket terminology]]
[[Category:Cricket laws and regulations]]
[[Category:Batting (cricket)]]