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'''Elisabeth Bonnes''' (Bouness), best known under her pen name '''Ruth Bré''' (1862 – 7 December 1911 in Herischdorf, today [[Jelenia Góra]]), was a German advocate for [[matrilineality]] and [[women's rights]], a writer, journalist, playwright and radical critic of [[patriarchy]]. Bré was the founder of the Bund für Mutterschutz,<ref>Richard J. Evans: ''The feminist movement in Germany''. London, Beverly Hills 1976 (SAGE Studies in 20th Century History, Vol. 6). {{ISBN|0-8039-9951-8}}, p. 120</ref> an organization that aimed to improve women's standing in law, economics, and society.
== Life ==
Ruth Bré was born out of wedlock. The names of her parents were kept a secret. She had at least one brother.<ref>Julia Polzin: ''Ruth Bré und der Bund für Mutterschutz''. Hamburg 2012, p. 13</ref> Bré worked as a teacher, engaged in public debates on children's education, and wrote plays that were publicly performed.
The name Ruth Bré was a [[pseudonym]]. The word ''Bré'' is thought to be the initial letters of the last name Elisabeth-Rothmund-Bonnes, in reverse.<ref>Julia Polzin: ''Ruth Bré und der Bund für Mutterschutz''. Hamburg 2012, p. 15</ref> Rothmund was the name of her biological mother. She published her earliest writings under the pseudonym ''Elisabeth Bouness'' (alternate spelling ''Bouneß''), and her writings on the women's movement under the pseudonym Ruth Bré.
Bré's grave, on the Cavalier-Berg in Herischdorf (today [[Jelenia Góra]]), no longer exists.<ref>Julia Polzin: ''Ruth Bré und der Bund für Mutterschutz''. Hamburg 2012, p. 81</ref>
== Advocate for women's and mothers' rights ==
Following her early retirement<ref>Christl Wickert: ''Helene Stöcker 1869−1943. Frauenrechtlerin, Sexualreformerin und Pazifistin.''. Bonn 1991. {{ISBN|3-8012-0167-8}}, p. 183</ref> she became active in the [[women's movement]] in Germany, of which she belonged to the radical wing. From this point on she wrote treatises on the rights of mothers, a novel and articles, and tried her hand as the editor of a newspaper. She impressed her listeners with, among other qualities, her fiery rhetoric.<ref>Helene Stöcker: ''Ruth Bré und der Bund für Mutterschutz''. In: Die Neue Generation, Vol. 8, No. 1, Jg. 8/1912, p. 39</ref>
Ruth Bré devoted her life to improving the situation of single mothers and their children. In her writings she criticized the conditions of motherhood in patriarchal society and urged: "Women, give birth not to others...but to yourselves! […] The woman can exist without the state, but not the state without the woman."<ref>Ruth Bré: ''Staatskinder oder Mutterrecht? Versuche zur Erlösung aus dem sexuellen und wirtschaftlichen Elend''. Leipzig 1904, p. 33</ref> Among other causes, Bré fought against the firing of married female civil servants (the so-called ''Lehrerinnenzölibat'', prescribed celibacy for female teachers) and for freely chosen motherhood. In Bré's view, motherhood was not the precondition for a woman's psychological and physical health. Her aim was the reintroduction of [[matrilineality]], and her writings expressed a veneration for the mother, in physical as well as spiritual form.
In [[Leipzig]] on 12 November 1904, Bré founded the '''Bund für Mutterschutz''' (Society for the Protection of Mothers). Among the signatories of the Bund's founding document were reformer Friedrich Landmann and local official and writer [[Heinrich Meyer]]. The Bund für Mutterschutz quickly became successful, finding many prominent supporters. Yet relatively swiftly, following conflicts over the direction of the organization, Bré was defeated by her opponent [[Helene Stöcker]], who usurped her position and pushed the Bund in the direction of sexual reform, reflected in the name '''Deutscher Bund für Mutterschutz und Sexualreform''', adopted in 1908. Bré and her comrades accused Stöcker of having stolen Bré's intellectual property.<ref>Helene Stöcker: ''Ruth Bré und der Bund für Mutterschutz''. In: Die Neue Generation, Vol. 8, No. 1, Jg. 8/1912, p. 30, 31</ref>
Bré founded at least one mothers' colony on the model of matriarchal societies.<ref>Adele Schreiber: ''Die Ansätze neuer Sittlichkeitsbegriffe in Hinblick auf die Mutterschaft''. In: Dies. (Hg.): Mutterschaft. Ein Sammelwerk für die Probleme des Weibes als Mutter, München 1912, p. 176; Evans (1976), p. 121</ref>
== Selected writings ==
* Elisabeth Bouneß: ''Die Frau an der Jahrhundertwende''. Breslau 1900. (Play).
* Elisabeth Bouness: ''Kaiserworte, Fürsorgegesetz und Lehrerschaft. Betrachtungen aus Liebe zum Vaterlande''. Leipzig 1903.
* Ruth Bré: ''Das Recht auf die Mutterschaft: Eine Forderung zur Bekämpfung der Prostitution, der Frauen- und Geschlechtskrankheiten''. Leipzig 1903.
* Ruth Bré: ''Staatskinder oder Mutterrecht? Versuche zur Erlösung aus dem sexuellen und wirtschaftlichen Elend''. Leipzig 1904.
* Ruth Bré: ''Keine Alimentationsklage mehr! Schutz den Müttern! Ein Weckruf an alle, die eine Mutter hatten''. Leipzig 1905.
* Ruth Bré: ''Ecce Mater! (Siehe eine Mutter!)''. Leipzig 1905. (Novel).
* Ruth Bré: "Geboren am Weihnachtsabend". In: ''Die Neue Generation,'' Vol. 5, No. 2/1909, pp.&nbsp;81–85.
* Ruth Bré: "Zunächst andere Ehegesetze!" In: Hedwig Dohm et al. (ed.): ''Ehe? Zur Reform der sexuellen Moral,'' Berlin 1911, pp.&nbsp;177–191.
== References ==
<references />
{{more footnotes|date=March 2014}}
== Further reading ==
* [[Richard J. Evans]]: ''The feminist movement in Germany''. London, Beverly Hills 1976 (= SAGE Studies in 20th Century History, Vol. 6). {{ISBN|0-8039-9951-8}}.
* Gudrun Hamelmann:'' Helene Stöcker, der „Bund für Mutterschutz“ und „Die Neue Generation“''. Frankfurt am Main 1992. {{ISBN|3-89228-945-X}}.
* Bernd Nowacki: ''Der Bund für Mutterschutz (1905–1933)''. Husum 1983 (= Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, Heft 48). {{ISBN|3-7868-4048-2}}.
* Julia Polzin: ''Ruth Bré und der Bund für Mutterschutz''. Hamburg 2012. Masterarbeit Universität Hamburg
* [[Adele Schreiber]]: "Die Ansätze neuer Sittlichkeitsbegriffe in Hinblick auf die Mutterschaft". In: Dies. (Hg.): ''Mutterschaft. Ein Sammelwerk für die Probleme des Weibes als Mutter'', München 1912, S. 163–185.
* Helene Stöcker: "Ruth Bré und der Bund für Mutterschutz". In: ''Die Neue Generation'', Bd. 8, Nr. 1, Jg. 8/1912, S. 30–40.
* Christl Wickert: ''Helene Stöcker 1869−1943. Frauenrechtlerin, Sexualreformerin und Pazifistin. Eine Biografie''. Bonn 1991. {{ISBN|3-8012-0167-8}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050413175540/http://www.dradio.de/dlr/sendungen/kalender/335728/ Deutschlandradio Berlin: 100 Jahre Mutterschutzbund]
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[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1911 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jelenia Góra]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Silesia]]
[[Category:German feminists]]
[[Category:German women writers]]