View source for Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan)

{{Short description|Son of Orhan Ghazi}}
{{Other uses|Suleiman Pasha (disambiguation)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Süleyman|Pasha||lang=Ottoman Turkish}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Süleyman Bey
| title        = [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]
| image        = Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan) turbe.jpg
| caption      = Süleyman's [[türbe]]
| birth_date   = 1306
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1357|1306|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Bolayır]]
| burial_place = Süleyman Pasha's türbe, Bolayır
| spouse       = Selçuk Hatun<br/>Gülbahar Hatun
| spouse-type  = Consorts
| issue        = Ishak Bey<br/>Nasir Melik Bey<br/>Ismail Bey<br/>Efendize Hatun<br/>''Fülane'' Sultan Hatun
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|House of Osman]]
| father       = [[Orhan]]
| mother       = [[Orhan#Consorts|Efendize Hatun]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Ghazi Süleyman Pasha''' (1306<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Peirce |first=Leslie P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L6-VRgVzRcUC |title=The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-508677-5 |pages=34–35 |language=en}}</ref> – 1357) was an Ottoman prince, son of Sultan [[Orhan]].
He played a major role in early Ottoman expansion into [[Thrace]] in the 1350s. He was Orhan's eldest son and his favorite and, until his death due to a hunting accident, his heir presumptive.<ref name=":1" />
== Motherhood ==
Traditional Ottoman historiography wrote that Süleyman Pasha's mother was [[Nilüfer Hatun]], who was also the mother of [[Murad I]].{{sfn|Alderson|1956|p=165}} This has been refuted by modern historiography:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kafadar |first=Cemal |title=Between two worlds: the construction of the Ottoman state |date=2002 |publisher=Univ. of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20600-7 |edition=Nachdr. |location=Berkeley, Calif. |pages=18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imber |first=Colin |title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: the structure of power |date=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-57450-2 |edition= |location=Basingstoke New York |pages=8}}</ref> Süleyman's mother was actually the consort [[Orhan#Consorts|Efendize Hatun]], while Nilüfer entered the [[Ottoman Imperial Harem|harem]] in 1325, twenty years after Süleyman's birth.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=NİLÜFER HATUN |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nilufer-hatun |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref> Efendize was Orhan's cousin, the daughter of his uncle [[Gündüz Alp#Son of Ertuğrul|Gündüz Bey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAL HATUN |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mal-hatun |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref>
== Biography ==
Süleyman Pasha was a great warrior, so much so that he deserved the title [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Finkel |first=Caroline |title=Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire 1300 - 1923 |date=2007 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02396-7 |location=New York |pages=16}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Süleyman Ghazi |url=http://home.uludag.edu.tr/users/ucmaz/PDF/ilh/2009-18(1)/M13.pdf |access-date=2024-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803043834/http://home.uludag.edu.tr/users/ucmaz/PDF/ilh/2009-18(1)/M13.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-03 }}</ref>
He was one of Orhan's main generals, especially in [[Thrace]], and became known as the "Conqueror of [[Rumelia]]".<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
He conquered [[İznik|Iznik]] ([[Nicaea]]) in 1331, [[Karasid dynasty|Karesioğulları]] in 1335, and [[İzmit|Izmit]] ([[Nicomedia]]) in 1337. His father appointed him governor of all his conquests. Between 1349 and 1354 he conquered [[Gallipoli]] and its region. He failed in the siege of [[Sofia]], but he killed its governor Ivan Asen, son of tsar [[Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria|Ivan Alexander]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
In 1355 he crossed the [[Dardanelles]] and conquered parts of [[Rumelia]], where he created a nucleus of Ottoman settlements which were then exploited as a base for future conquests. In the same year, he killed a second son of Ivan Alexander, Michael.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
He died in 1357, due to a fall from his horse while hunting with falcon between [[Bolayır]] and [[Seydikavağı]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Lowry |first=Heath W. |title=The nature of the early Ottoman state |date=2003 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-5635-4 |series=SUNY series in the social and economic history of the Middle East |location=Albany |pages=82}}</ref> His father had him buried in Bolayır, even though Süleyman had already had a mausoleum built in [[Yenişehir, Bursa|Yenişehir]], near [[Bursa]].<ref name=":4" />
He is also remembered for his religious and charitable constructions in the territories he administered: he built [[Mosque|mosques]], [[Madrasa|madrasas]], [[Caravanserai|caravanserais]] and schools in Bursa, [[Göynük]], [[Geyve]], [[Akyazı]], İzmit, İznik and [[Gelibolu]].<ref name=":3" />
== Family ==
=== Consorts ===
Süleyman Pasha had two known consorts:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gazi Süleyman Pasha |url=http://home.uludag.edu.tr/users/ucmaz/PDF/ilh/2009-18(1)/M13.pdf |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803043834/http://home.uludag.edu.tr/users/ucmaz/PDF/ilh/2009-18(1)/M13.pdf |archive-date=2012-08-03 }}</ref>
* Selçuk Hatun, daughter of Seyyid Hüseyin Çelebi.
* Gülbahar Hatun, daughter of [[Kötürüm Bayezid]].
===Sons===
Süleyman Pasha had at least three sons:<ref name=":0" />
* Ishak Bey, Rumelia's bey.
* Melik Nasir Bey, drowned in the sea near Bolayır.
* Ismail Bey, Rumelia's bey.
===Daughters===
Süleyman Pasha had at least two daughters:<ref name=":0" />
* Efendize Hatun (died in July 1397, buried in Akşehir, Imaret Cami's cemetery).
* ''Fülane'' Sultan Hatun (died in 1395, buried at [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]]), married [[Süleyman II of Candar|Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha]], brother of Gülbahar Hatun, and was mother of [[Mubariz al-Din Isfendiyar|Mubariz al-Din Isfendiyar Bey]]. She had also a daughter who married [[Murad I]], Süleyman's younger half-brother.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Alderson |first=Anthony Dolphin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u75BAAAAYAAJ&q=alderson+ottoman+dynasty |title=The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty |year=1956 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}
*{{cite book|last=Finkel |first=Caroline |title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923 |publisher=Basic Books |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-465-02396-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Imber |first=Colin |title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power |edition=2 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |place=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-230-57451-9 }}
*{{cite book|last=Kafadar |first=Cemal |title=Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State |publisher=University of California Press |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-520-20600-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Lowry |first=Heath |title=The Nature of the Early Ottoman State |publisher=SUNY Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-7914-5636-6}}
{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ottoman princes]]
[[Category:Ottoman people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars]]
[[Category:1357 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century people from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Deaths by horse-riding accident]]
[[Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded]]
[[Category:Sons of sultans]]