View source for SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia

{{Short description|1991–1992 self-proclaimed Serb oblast in eastern Croatia}}
{{About|the entity that split from Croatia|the post-war territory|Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)}}
{{Coord missing|Croatia}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-size:70%;|title = {{Space|3}}|liststyle = text-align:center;|{{Resize|80%|''{{Lang|hr|Srpska autonomna oblast Istočna Slavonija, Baranja i Zapadni Srijem}}'' {{Resize|80%|([[Croatian language|Croatian]])}}<br />{{Lang|sr-Cyrl|Српска аутономна област Источна Славонија, Барања и Западни Срем}} {{Resize|80%|([[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]])}}<br />''{{Lang|sr-Latn|Srpska autonomna oblast Istočna Slavonija, Baranja i Zapadni Srem}}'' {{Resize|80%|([[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Serbian Latin alphabet|Latin]])}}}}}}
| conventional_long_name = Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
| common_name            = Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
| status                 = Unrecognized
| status_text            = Self-proclaimed insurgent entity
| p1                     = Socialist Republic of Croatia
| flag_p1                = Flag of Croatia (1990).svg
| s1                     = Republic of Serbian Krajina
| flag_s1                = Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg
| image_flag             = Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg
| image_coat             = Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Eastern_Slavonia_-_Baranja_-_and_Western_Syrmia.svg
| image_map              = Istočna Slavonija, Baranja i Zapadni Srem-en.png
| image_map_caption      = {{colour box|cyan}} Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
| capital                = [[Vukovar]]
| government_type        = Interim authority
| title_leader           = Speaker of the People's Assembly
| leader1                = [[Ilija Končarević]]
| year_leader1           = 1991–1992
| title_representative   =
| representative1        =
| year_representative1   =
| representative2        =
| year_representative2   =
| era                    = [[Breakup of Yugoslavia]]
| event_start            = Broke away from [[Croatia]]
| date_start             = 25 June
| year_start             = 1991
| event_end              = Incorporated into the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]]
| date_end               = 26 February
| year_end               = 1992
| stat_year1             =
| stat_pop1              =
| currency               = [[Krajina dinar]]
| footnotes              = Sources: [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Croatia.html#Krajina WorldStatesmen.org]
| image_flag2            =
}}
{{History of Slavonia}}
The '''Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia''' ({{lang-sh-Latn-Cyrl|Srpska autonomna oblast Istočna Slavonija, Baranja i Zapadni Srem|Српска аутономна област Источна Славонија, Барања и Западни Срем}}) was a self-proclaimed [[Serb Autonomous Regions|Serbian Autonomous Oblast]] (SAO) in eastern [[Croatia]], established during the [[Yugoslav Wars]]. It was one of three SAOs proclaimed on the territory of [[Republic of Croatia (1990-1991)|Croatia]]. The oblast included parts of the geographical regions of [[Slavonia]], [[Baranya (region)|Baranja]], and [[Syrmia]] along the Croatian section of the [[Danube]] river [[Podunavlje]] region.
The entity was formed on June 25, 1991, the same day the [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]] decided to withdraw from Yugoslavia, following the [[Croatian independence referendum, 1991]]. In the first phase of the [[Croatian War of Independence]], in 1992, the oblast joined the breakaway [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] (RSK) as an [[exclave]] and the only part of the RSK directly bordering [[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Serbia]]. As an ethnically diverse area without predominant majority, the region experienced high levels of interethnic violence and [[Ethnic cleansing|cleansing]] with the expulsion of large majority of ethnic Croats and numerous other non-Serbs. It was at the same time an area of particularly pronounced external actors involvement in the initiation of and support for the local rebellion compared to other parts of Croatia.
After the fall of the western main portion of RSK in 1995 during the [[Operation Storm]] this exclave remained the only area in Croatia under the Serb rebel control. Local authorities in [[Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–98)|Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia]] were convinced to sign the 1995 [[Erdut Agreement]] which enabled the peaceful reintegration facilitated by the [[United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium]].
==History==
=== Background ===
Contrary to western parts of Croatia nationalist [[Serb Democratic Party (Croatia)|Serb Democratic Party]] was not present at the local level in eastern Croatia ahead of the [[Croatian parliamentary election, 1990|1990 Croatian parliamentary election]] with Serbs in the region strongly supporting local branch of the [[SKH-SDP]] which was critical on the party as a whole.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=}}
The Croatian parliamentary election, 1990 was organized in an atmosphere of ethnic tensions between [[Croats]] and [[Serbs]].{{sfn|Lobell|Mauceri|2004|pp=79–81}} The election period in the Vukovar municipality was marked with intense electioneering along national lines. The Serbs were well represented in the [[SKH-SDP]], beyond their representation in the total population.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|p=89}} In the villages around Vukovar, numerous protests were organized against the rise of nationalist [[Croatian Democratic Union]] (HDZ) on the national level, following the politics of [[Slobodan Milošević]] in nearby [[Vojvodina]] and [[Serbia]]. The municipality committee of the SKH-SDP protested the Croatian delegation's withdrawal from the [[14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia]].{{sfn|Filipović|2019|p=98}}
The local HDZ on the other hand organized rallies in Croat-populated villages, advocated for being seen as a representative of all Croats, and represented a grass-roots, less educated section of the population of the municipality, with a relatively inexperienced leadership composed of people outside the intelligentsia, which also made overtures towards reassessing the legacy of the [[Ustaše]], causing dismay among the local Serbs.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|p=100-101}} The election itself went through generally peacefully, with four members of [[SKH-SDP]] and an independent elected into the [[Sabor]], four of which were ethnic Croats and one ethnic Serb, and all five were publicly known as people interested in peaceful coexistence.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|p=102}} The HDZ was the largest minority party in the local council, and held sway in local governments of Croat-populated villages, while the SKH-SDP dominated the rest, as it received votes from the Serbs, other ethnicities, and some Croats as well.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|pp=102-103}} After the election, the Serbs created a local branch of the [[Serbian Democratic Party (Croatia)|Serbian Democratic Party]] (SDS) in June 1990, which initiated rallies converse in content to those of the HDZ but similar in the style of nationalism, and also gained power by having numerous SKH-SDP delegates switch parties.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|pp=102-103}}
SKH-SDP representative [[Slavko Dokmanović]], a Serb of [[Trpinja]], became the President of the Municipality Assembly of Vukovar following the 1990 election.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|pp=103}} In July 1990, Dokmanović appeared on the rally organized by the SDS in [[Srb]], and joined their newly-founded Serbian National Council (SNV).{{sfn|Filipović|2019|pp=104}} This was met with widespread condemnation, and he was forced to leave that position.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|pp=105}} Nevertheless, in August 1990, SDS organized a referendum in Serb-populated villages in the region about establishing a Serbian autonomy, that passed overwhelmingly.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|pp=105}}
=== Founding ===
Following a growth in activities by and support for the SDS in the region throughout the latter part of 1990, they sponsored the founding of a Serbian National Council of Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia at an assembly in [[Šidski Banovci]] on January 7, 1991.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|pp=105}} This matched the developments in the western regions of Croatia, which would form the [[SAO Krajina]] in April 1991.
After the [[Pakrac clash]] of March 1991, SDS and SNV publicly encouraged a state of psychosis amongst the Serbs in the region, starting a refugee wave from Serb-inhabited villages, following public claims by [[Goran Hadžić]] about how their expulsion was imminent.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|pp=105}} Later the same month, Hadžić was also involved in the 31 of March 1991 [[Plitvice Lakes incident]], which escalated into a crisis in the Serb-inhabited villages in the region.{{sfn|Filipović|2019|pp=110}} Goran Hadžić and Boro Savić were arrested during the Plitvice Lakes incident when they suffered police abuse during their transport to [[Zagreb]] where they ended up in prison hospital.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=303}} The news of the arrest caused escalation in rural majority Serb villages with violence and minor clashes being reported in [[Bobota, Croatia|Bobota]], [[Borovo, Croatia|Borovo]], [[Bršadin]] and [[Negoslavci]].{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=303}} Goran Hadžić and Boro Savić were released three days later and on their return to eastern Croatia they became the most prominent leaders of the local Serb Democratic Party.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=305}}
On 31 of March 1991 Serbian National Council of Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia organized a meeting in Borovo where the body declared unification of the region with [[Vojvodina]] calling for an urgent extraordinary meeting of the [[Assembly of Vojvodina]] and [[National Assembly (Serbia)|National Assembly of Serbia]] to confirm the decision.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=304}} Both assemblies received the request but never formally decided on it.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=304}} The return of Hadžić temporarily deescalated situation with most of road barricades being removed till the end of the first week of April.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=305}} [[Social Democratic Party of Croatia]], which as a successor SKH-SDP remained in power but distanced from the SDP headquarters in Zagreb, was at the time was critical of both the Serb Democratic Party and Croatian Democratic Union in their letters to the [[President of Croatia]] [[Franjo Tuđman]].{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=306}} Slavko Dokmanović decided to leave the SNV and distance himself from the Serb Democratic Party but at the same time he warned that without the intervention of the federal bodies of the [[Presidency of Yugoslavia]] and the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] he will also join the barricade keepers in his own village.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=306}}
The escalation went further, however, when on April 8, 1991 the story was published about high-ranking Croatian officials shooting towards the village of Borovo.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=306}} On the next day [[Josip Reihl-Kir]] tried to deescalate situation by stating that the firing with launch projectiles on Borovo was a response after the attack on Croatian Police without mentioning any Croatian officials.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=306}} The interpretation of the event remained controversial and relevant in narratives about the beginning of the war in the region.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=306}} On 1 of May 1991 elderly Serb resident of Bršadin was killed by his Hungarian neighbour with media reporting that the murderer was a member of HDZ leading to blockade of the [[D55 road]] despite victim's family calls against it.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=307}} Serbian media reported that the victim worn [[Serbian tricolor]] and was murdered by a Croat while at the same night 2 Croatian policemen were taken hostages in Borovo in the event which will next day lead to the [[Battle of Borovo Selo]] leading to the direct involvement of the Yugoslav People's Army in the conflict in the region.{{sfn|Filipović|2022|pp=306-308}}
The SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia was declared on June 25, 1991, and on June 26 its first president was declared to be [[Goran Hadžić]].{{sfn|Bartrop|2012|p=121}}
=== Inclusion into the RSK ===
Initially, it was a separate Serb autonomous region (oblast), but it subsequently joined the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] (RSK) in February 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Croatia.html#Krajina|title = Croatia}}</ref> Its borders were established by the end of 1991 as entrenched front lines of the first phase of the [[Croatian War of Independence]]. Up to August 1995, Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia was ''de facto'' part of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, while ''de jure'' still part of Croatia, per [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 753]]. The region did not have its own local/regional administration within the RSK. It was nevertheless significantly more aligned with the policies of the [[FR Yugoslavia]] compared to western main portion od RSK alignment with [[Republika Srpska]], particularly after FR Yugoslavia imposed sanctions on Republika Srpska in 1994.{{sfn|Barić|2011|p=395}} When after the 1995 [[Operation Flash]] Republika Srpska and RSK announced their intention to pursue unification, local leadership in Eastern Slavonia rejected the idea and established the Coordination Committee arguing that the move will deepen the crisis and damage Belgrade's intentions to achieve peace in Bosnia.{{sfn|Barić|2011|p=395}} RSK Authorities in Knin declared the goal of the Coordinating Committee to be the secession of Eastern Slavonia from RSK, claiming that the region is no more under the control of Knin but of Belgrade.{{sfn|Barić|2011|p=395}}
==Geography==
The territory of the former SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia was part of the Central European [[Pannonian Basin]]. The eastern border of the oblast was mostly the [[Danube]] river, while approximately one third of the western border was the [[Drava]] river. The [[Kopački rit]] natural preserve located near the confluence of Drava and Danube formed a major geographical barrier - there were no road or rail connections between Baranja and the southern parts of the territory, except through Serbia.
Other boundaries were not natural boundaries: the border with [[Hungary]] in the north had existed since the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], the eastern border with [[FR Yugoslavia]] partly existed since the [[Kingdom of Slavonia]] (on the Danube) and was partly set with the formation of [[SFR Yugoslavia]], while the border with the rest of [[Croatia]] in the west and south was formed after the fronts were settled in the first phase of the [[Croatian War of Independence]].
Eastern Slavonia is a mostly flat area, with the best type of soil where agriculture is highly developed, particularly on wheat fields, and it also has several forests as well as vineyards.
The Đeletovci Oil fields are located between the villages of [[Đeletovci]], [[Banovci, Vukovar-Syrmia County|Banovci]] and [[Nijemci]].
Traffic over the [[Brotherhood and Unity Highway]] (today the [[A3 (Croatia)|A3]]) was interrupted with the formation of the ESBWS. The water transport over the [[Danube]] river continued unobstructed. The [[Drava]] river was not navigated at the time. The railway line between [[Zagreb]] and [[Belgrade]] and the transport between the [[Budapest]] and [[Sarajevo]] passing through the area were also closed.
==Population==
The population of this area was ethnically mixed. Before the war, the total population of the area numbered 192,163 inhabitants, and was composed of:
* 90,454 (47%) [[Croats]],
* 61,492 (32%) [[Serbs]], and
* 40,217 (21%) others ([[Hungarians]], [[Romani people|Roma]], [[Yugoslavs]], [[Germans]], [[Pannonian Rusyns|Rusyns]], [[Slovaks]], etc.).
During the [[Croatian War of Independence]], 109,500 Serbs lived in this area out of a total of 160,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Croatia.html#Krajina|title = Croatia}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=worldstatesmen.org is hardly a WP:RS|date=December 2013}} which means that the number of Serbs living there has almost doubled while the general population has decreased
War crimes charges brought by the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] against Croatian Serb leader in the region, [[Goran Hadžić]], indicate that virtually all Croat and other non-Serb population of the region was either killed, deported or otherwise forcibly removed from the area.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]]|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/hadzic/ind/en/had-ii040716e.htm|title=The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Goran Hadžić - Indictment|date=21 May 2004}}</ref>
==Municipalities and Inhabited places==
During the existence of the [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]], the region was divided into five municipalities:
* [[Beli Manastir]] (in [[Baranja region|Baranja]]),
* [[Dalj]] and [[Tenja]] (in eastern [[Slavonia]]), and
* [[Vukovar]] and [[Mirkovci]] (in western [[Syrmia]]).
The main cities in the area were [[Vukovar]] and [[Beli Manastir]]. Other important places included [[Borovo Selo]], [[Darda, Croatia|Darda]], [[Dalj]], [[Ilok]], and [[Tenja]].
==Legacy==
After the RSK's demise in August 1995, the region was reconstituted again as [[Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998)|Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia]]. Following the November 1995 [[Erdut Agreement]], it was subsequently controlled by the [[United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium]]. After the war, all the towns and municipalities in the region were designated [[Areas of Special State Concern]]. Today the ethnic Serb interests in the region are advocated by the [[Joint Council of Municipalities]].
==See also==
*[[Breakup of Yugoslavia]]
*[[Croatian War of Independence]]
*[[Republic of Serbian Krajina]]
*[[SAO Krajina]]
*[[SAO Western Slavonia]]
*[[Serb Autonomous Regions]]
*[[Socialist Republic of Croatia]]
==Further reading==
* The Thorny Issue of Ethnic Autonomy in Croatia: Serb Leaders and Proposals for Autonomy, Nina Caspersen,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/centres/richinst/profiles/nina-caspersen|title = Home}}</ref> [[London School of Economics and Political Science]] (http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2003/nr3/Focus3-2003_Caspersen.pdf)
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
* {{cite journal | title = Srpska oblast Istočna Slavonija, Baranja i Zapadni Srijem – od "Oluje" do dovršetka mirne reintegracije hrvatskog Podunavlja (prvi dio) | first = Nikica | last = Barić | journal = Scrinia Slavonica | volume = 11 | pages = 393–451 | publisher = Hrvatski institut za povijest | location = Zagreb | year = 2011 | url = https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/116220 }}
* {{cite book | title = A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good | first = Paul Robert | last = Bartrop | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780313386787 | chapter = Hadžić, Goran (b. 1958) }}
* {{cite book |last1=Lobell |first1=Steven |last2=Mauceri |first2=Philip |title=Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation |date=2004 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-40398-141-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fvFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80}}
* {{cite journal | url = https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/336815 | language = hr | title = Stranačka politika u Vukovaru 1990-1991. | trans-title = Party Politics in the Vukovar in 1990-1991 | first = Vladimir | last = Filipović | journal = Annals of the Croatian Political Science Association | volume = 16 | number = 1 | year = 2019 | pages = 97–115 | publisher = Croatian Political Science Association | doi = 10.20901/an.16.05 | s2cid = 213013973 | issn = 1847-5299 | access-date = 2022-05-28 | via = [[Hrčak]] | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | url = https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/413781 | language = hr | title = Srpska pobuna u selima vukovarske općine 1990. - 1991. | trans-title = Serb Rebelion in the Villages of Vukovar Municipality 1990. - 1991. | first = Vladimir | last = Filipović | journal = Scrinia Slavonica | volume = 22 | number = 1 | year = 2022 | pages = 291–319 | publisher = Department for the History of Slavonia, Srijem and Baranja of the Croatian Institute of History | doi = 10.22586/ss.22.1.9 | s2cid = 253783796 | access-date = 4 December 2022 | via = [[Hrčak]] | doi-access = free }}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia}}
* Maps:
** http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect20_files/yugoslavprovinces.jpg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205175839/http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect20_files/yugoslavprovinces.jpg |date=2012-02-05 }}
** https://web.archive.org/web/20070212183735/http://www.croatianforces.co.uk/Eastern_slavonia_91-92_map.jpg
** http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/292.gif
** http://www.pointernet.pds.hu/touristinfo/croatia/image/g.jpg {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910205751/http://www.pointernet.pds.hu/touristinfo/croatia/image/g.jpg |date=2008-09-10 }}
{{Serbian minority institutions and organizations in Croatia}}
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{{Yugoslav wars}}
[[Category:1998 disestablishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Republic of Serbian Krajina]]
[[Category:History of Baranya (region)]]
[[Category:History of Syrmia]]
[[Category:History of Slavonia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1991]]
[[Category:Joint Council of Municipalities]]
[[Category:Former countries in Europe]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Croatia]]
[[Category:Separatism in Croatia]]
[[Category:Serbian nationalism in Croatia]]
[[Category:History of Vukovar]]