View source for SNAC

{{Short description|Online resource for historical records}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox bibliographic database
| title       = Social Networks and Archival Context
| image       =
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| producer    = Social Networks and Archival Context
| country     = [[United States]]
| history     = 2010 to present
| languages   =
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| cost        = Free
| disciplines = History
| depth       =
| formats     = Finding aids
| temporal    =
| geospatial  =
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| updates     =
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| web         = {{URL|1=http://snaccooperative.org/}}
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'''Social Networks and Archival Context''' ('''SNAC''') is an online project for discovering, locating, and using distributed [[historical record]]s in regard to individual people, families, and organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bromley |first=Anne |date=November 8, 2017 |title=Digital Social Network Linking the Living and the Dead Expands |publisher=UVA Today  |url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/digital-social-network-linking-living-and-dead-expands |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>
== The project ==
SNAC is a digital research project that focuses on obtaining records data from various archives, libraries, and museums, so the biographical history of individuals, ancestry, or institutions are incorporated into a single file as opposed to the data being spread throughout different associations, thereby lessen the task of searching various memory organizations to locate the knowledge one seeks.<ref name=":2" /> SNAC is used alongside other digital archives to connect related historical records.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bromley |first=Anne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=UVA Library to Enhance National Digital Archive of African-American Leaders|publisher=UVA Today |url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/uva-library-enhance-national-digital-archive-african-american-leaders |access-date=10 January 2018 }}</ref>
One of the project's tools is a radial-graph feature which helps identify a social network of a subject's connections to related historical individuals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Howard |first=Jennifer |date=May 13, 2012 |title=Projects Aims to Build Online Hub for Archival Materials |newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Building-a-Digital-Map-of/131846 |access-date=10 January 2018 }}</ref>
The [[Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities]] (IATH), [[University of Virginia]]; [[University of California, Berkeley School of Information|the School of Information, University of California, Berkeley]] (SI/UCB), and the [[California Digital Library]] (CDL), [[University of California]] are the three primary organizations responsible for processing the different elements of the project.<ref name=":2" />
IATH conducts the project and also collect sourcing data from participating institutions, compile record descriptions from [[MARC standards|MARC]] catalogs and [[Encoded Archival Description|EAD]] finding aids, and turned them into EAC-CPF files.
SI/UCB manages the process of identifying and pairing similar EAC-CPF records to create a unifying file that searchable.
CDL utilizes the [[Extensible Text Framework]] (XTF) which connects the different sources that make up a single EAC-CPF file back to its primary resources.<ref name=":2" />
With a variety of organizations such as the [[Library of Congress]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], and [[British Library]] contributing data to the project, it allows the SNAC team to collect a substantial amount of information available on a subject.<ref name=":2" />
== History ==
SNAC was established in 2010, with funding from the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] (NEH) by the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] (NARA),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aotus.blogs.archives.gov/2015/08/18/introducing-snac/ |title=Introducing SNAC |last=Ferriero |first=David |date=August 18, 2015|website=National Archives - AOTUS blog |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> California Digital Library (CDL), Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities (IATH) at the University of Virginia and the University of California, Berkeley School of Information.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/about.html|title=SNAC: Social Networks and Archival Context|website=socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619084215/http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/about.html|archive-date=2016-06-19|url-status=live|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref name="LarsonPitti2014">{{cite conference |last1=Larson |first1=Ray R. |last2=Pitti |first2=Daniel |last3=Turner |first3=Adrian |date=2014 |title=SNAC: The Social Networks and Archival Context project - Towards an archival authority cooperative |book-title=IEEE/ACM Joint Conference on Digital Libraries |conference=JCDL 2014 |pages=427–428 |doi=10.1109/JCDL.2014.6970208}}</ref><ref name="Pitti">{{Citation |last=Pitti |first=Daniel |title=Social Networks and Archival Context Project |publisher=University of Virginia |page=1 |url=http://ica2012.ica.org/files/pdf/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00310.pdf |access-date=10 January 2019 }}.</ref> The [[Andrew W. Mellon Foundation]] funded the second phase of the project from 2012 to 2014.<ref name="Pitti"/>
With the U.S. National Endowment for Humanities supplying financing, the first half of the project began, enabling the developers of SNAC to explore data extraction from the file creator and develop a model of the record description system. By gathering the contents found within the record creator, it helps to broaden the knowledge available on the entity biographical history.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Pitti|first1=Daniel|last2=Hu|first2=Rachael|last3=Larson|first3=Ray|last4=Tingle|first4=Brian|last5=Turner|first5=Adrian|date=2015-04-03|title=Social Networks and Archival Context: From Project to Cooperative Archival Program|journal=Journal of Archival Organization|language=en|volume=12|issue=1–2|pages=77–97|doi=10.1080/15332748.2015.999544|s2cid=61680510 |issn=1533-2748}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Crowe|first1=Katherine|last2=Clair|first2=Kevin|date=2015-10-02|title=Developing a Tool for Publishing Linked Local Authority Data|journal=Journal of Library Metadata|language=en|volume=15|issue=3–4|pages=227–240|doi=10.1080/19386389.2015.1099993|s2cid=61463809 |issn=1938-6389}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://portal.snaccooperative.org/about|title=About SNAC {{!}} SNAC Cooperative|website=portal.snaccooperative.org|access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>
With the tremendous progress made in the initial stage, planning for the second half of the project centered on adding more contributors to continue to build a dissimilar of information. To help the SNAC team with the second portion of the project, funding was received from the U.S. Institution for Museum and Library Services while global initiatives was managed by the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
== Data gathering ==
In 2010 the Encoded Archival Context-Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (EAC-CPF) was introduced. The new schema allowed each description to live independently from the record creator it was associated with. With the launch of EAC-CPF, the archival field had a universal standard allowing them to use archival authority records differently.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://ica2012.ica.org/files/pdf/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00310.pdf|title=Social Networks and Archival Context Project (Archival Authority Control)|last=Pitti|first=Daniel|access-date=21 April 2019}}</ref>
By using a few archival practices, the descriptions of the creator are isolated from the file itself. Permitting the gathering of information and building connections between varies entities. Helping to increase access to additional knowledge. Below are the integrated rational elements used to create relationships.
'''Authority Control''' – Allows you to locate information related to a subject with multiple or alternate spelling associated with its name through various applications.
'''Biographical/Historical Resources''' – Details all events, dates, and places associated with the file creator.
'''Cooperative Authority Control''' – Permits libraries to preserve, share, and distribute authority information with other libraries.
'''Flexible Descriptions''' – Incorporates a list of multiple institutions associated with a collection connecting the record creator to it.
'''Integrated Access to Cultural Heritage''' – Through authority records they act as a unifying folder for all of the descriptions tied to the subject. The authority records help lessen the issue of trying to retain and connect each institution description standard to a family, association, or individual.
'''Social/Historical Context''' – Professional and social knowledge linked to the subject help connect to other people, families, and institutions creating an integrated summary of them.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://xtf-prod.stanford.edu/xtf/view?docId=tei/ab-261.xml;query=;brand=default|title=The Social Networks and Archival Context Project |last1=Pitti |first1=Daniel |last2=Larson |first2=Ray |last3=Janakiraman |first3=Krishna |last4=Tingle |first4=Brian |date=2011-06-19 |others=Digital Humanities 2011: June 19–22 |access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>
Within a record creator are EAC-CPF files to locate and retrieve them, the SNAC team uses [[Encoded Archival Description]] (EAD) finding aids and [[MARC standards|Machine Readable Catalog]] (MARC) bibliographic catalogs to gather biographical/historical data. After the information is placed an archival authority record featuring the EAC-CPF knowledge is created.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
Once the EAC-CPF record is extracted, the data is compared to other similar files and paired together. To ensure the information is compactible, the SNAC team use [[Virtual International Authority File]] (VIAF), [[Union List of Artist Names]] (ULAN), and Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF) to establish matches between authority records.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
To link the knowledge found in one file to a similar one, names, dates, and other identifying aspects are used to draw a comparison to other related records. Links to where the data originated from is also included in the entity file.
By both national and international institutions providing source data, it increases the amount of information tied to one entity while linking it to other relevant subjects. With contributions from various organizations, it helps researchers, librarians, archivists, scholars, and none scholars locate an array of data available on associations, individuals, and families reducing the amount of time spent searching through an assortment of resources.
== See also ==
* [[Archival Resource Key]] (ARK)
* [[List of academic databases and search engines]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Wikidata property |1=P3430}}
* {{Official website}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Online person databases]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2010]]
[[Category:Digital library projects]]
[[Category:History websites of the United States]]