View source for SS Southern Cross (1886)

{{Short description|Steam-powered sealing vessel}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin
}} <!-- age of sail -->
|+ SS ''Southern Cross''
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = SS Southern Cross, Derwent River, 1898.jpg
| Ship caption = ''Southern Cross'' in the [[River Derwent (Tasmania)|Derwent River]], [[Tasmania]], 1898
}}
{{Infobox ship career
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| Ship country = Norway
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Norway}}
| Ship name = *''Pollux'' (1886-1897)
* ''Southern Cross'' (1897–1914)
| Ship owner = *Axel Herlofsen (1886)
*O. B. Sørensen (1886-1897)
*[[Carstens Borchgrevink]] (1897–1901)
* Murray & Crawford, Glasgow - Newfoundland Sealing Company (1901–1914)
| Ship ordered =
| Ship builder = Designed by [[Colin Archer]], Larvik, Norway
built by Ole Martin Olsen, Arendal, Norway
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| Ship launched = September 1886
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| Ship fate = Lost at sea 1914
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}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
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| Ship tonnage = {{GRT|520}}
| Ship length = {{convert|146|ft|abbr=on}}
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| Ship sail plan = [[barque]]
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'''SS ''Southern Cross''''' was a steam-powered [[Seal hunt|sealing vessel]] that operated primarily in [[Norway]] and [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]].
She was lost at sea returning from the [[seal hunt]] on March 31, 1914, killing all 174 men aboard in the same storm that killed 78 crewmen from the {{SS|Newfoundland}}, a collective [[Tragedy (event)|tragedy]] that became known as the "1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster".<ref>{{cite web
| url        = http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/sealing_disaster.html
| first      = Jenny
| last       = Higgins
| title      = 1914 Sealing Disaster
| website    = Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage
| publisher  = [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]
| access-date = August 29, 2013
}}</ref>
== Background ==
The vessel was commissioned as the [[whaler]] ''Pollux'' at [[Arendal]], [[Norway]] in 1886, was [[barque]]-rigged, registered 520&nbsp;tons [[Gross register tonnage|gross]], and was {{convert|146|ft|m}} long overall.<ref name="Borch10">{{cite book|title=First on the Antarctic Continent|url=https://archive.org/details/FirstonAntarcti00Borc|last=Borchgrevink|first=Carsten|publisher=George Newnes Ltd.|year=1901|isbn=978-0-905838-41-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/FirstonAntarcti00Borc/page/10 10]–11}}</ref>
''Pollux'' was designed by [[Colin Archer]], the renowned Norwegian shipbuilder.<ref name="Borch10" /> Archer had designed and built [[Fridtjof Nansen|Nansen's]] ship ''[[Fram (ship)|Fram]],'' which in 1896 had returned unscathed from its long drift in the northern polar ocean during Nansen's [[Nansen's Fram expedition|"Farthest North" expedition]], 1893–96.<ref name="Jones 2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fb1yDpYXEAEC|title=The Last Great Quest: Captain Scott's Antarctic Sacrifice|last=Jones|first=M.|publisher=OUP Oxford|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-280570-6|page=63|access-date=February 20, 2018}}</ref>
''Pollux'' was sold to the Norwegian explorer [[Carsten Borchgrevink]] in 1897 ''and'' renamed ''Southern Cross'',<ref name="ForgottenEx">{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage-antarctica.org/english/forgotten-explorer/|title=Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink (1864–1934)|website=Norway's Forgotten Explorer|publisher=Antarctic Heritage Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120185714/http://www.heritage-antarctica.org/english/forgotten-explorer/|archive-date=November 20, 2009|url-status=dead|access-date=August 10, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.south-pole.com/p0000052.htm|title=An Antarctic Time Line : 1519–1959|website=South-Pole|access-date=August 29, 2008}}</ref> for the [[Southern Cross Expedition]].
Like several of the historic polar ships her post-expedition life was short;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/antarctic_ships/fram.htm|title=Ships of the Polar Explorers|website=Cool Antarctica|access-date=August 11, 2008}} Fate of ''Nimrod'' and ''Aurora''</ref> ''Southern Cross'' was sold in 1901 to Murray & Crawford, Glasgow, and took up seal hunting from [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]. ''Southern Cross'' participated in every [[seal hunt]] from 1901 to 1914. In April 1914 was lost with all hands in a storm off the Newfoundland coast.<ref name="Paine 2000">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J9W4QO1b_A8C|title=Ships of Discovery and Exploration|last=Paine|first=L.P.|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=2000|isbn=978-0-395-98415-4|series=Ships of the World Series|page=131|access-date=February 20, 2018}}</ref>
== Southern Cross Expedition ==
{{See also|Southern Cross Expedition}}
[[File:Cape-Adare-1899-Carsten-Borchgrevink-SS-Southern-Cross-ship.jpg|thumb|300px|SS Southern Cross ship on the Southern Cross Expedition ca 1899]]
[[File:Cape-Adare-1899-Carsten-Borchgrevink-Theodolite-work-in-the-ice-pack.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Theodolite]] work in the ice pack, during Southern Cross Expedition, with the SS Southern Cross in the background]]
[[File:SS-Southern-Cross-ship-ca-1899.jpg|thumb|300px|During the Southern Cross Expedition]]
For the [[Southern Cross Expedition]]s, [[Carsten Borchgrevink]] purchased the steam whaler ''Pollux'' and renamed her ''Southern Cross''. She was taken to [[Colin Archer]]'s yard in [[Larvik]] and fitted out for the expedition. Engines were designed to Borchgrevink's specification, and fitted before the ship left Norway.<ref name= Borch10 />
On December 19, 1898 ''Southern Cross'' made its first [[Southern Cross Expedition|Antarctic expedition]] where it made marine history by breaking through the pack ice into the [[Ross Sea]] for the purpose of overwintering on the Antarctic continent.
Although [[Clements Markham|Markham]] cast doubts on her seaworthiness (perhaps to thwart Borchgrevink's departure),<ref name="Preston 2012">{{cite book
| last        = Preston
| first       = D.
| title       = A First Rate Tragedy: A Brief History of Captain Scott's Antarctic Expeditions
| publisher   = Little, Brown Book Group
| year        = 2012
| isbn        = 978-1-78033-081-5
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=Nj2eBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP4
| access-date = February 20, 2018
| page        = 16
}}</ref> the ship fulfilled all that was required of her in Antarctic waters.
== 1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster ==
The 1914 sealing fleet included both ''Southern Cross'' and [[SS Newfoundland|SS ''Newfoundland'']] (under Captain Westbury Kean). In addition to minor crew changes from 1913, the fateful decision to remove the wireless set and operator from ''Newfoundland'' was taken in order to cut costs.
The fleet left St. John's on March 13, 1914. ''Newfoundland'' lost 78 sealers from her crew when they were stranded on the ice for two nights. Just as the terrible news of the ''Newfoundland'' tragedy was reaching St. John's, ''Southern Cross'' fell out of normal communication. The people of Newfoundland remained hopeful that tragedy would not strike twice, as evidenced by the April 3 newspaper article below:
{{blockquote|quote=Nothing has been heard of the Southern Cross since she was reported off Cape Pine on Tuesday last, and the general opinion is that she was driven far off to sea. Various reports were afloat in the city last night, one in particular that she had passed Cape Race yesterday afternoon, but upon making enquiries this and the other reports were unfortunately found to be untrue.  At 5:30 yesterday the Anglo [Anglo-American Telegraph Co.] got in touch with Cape Race and learned that she had not passed the Cape neither was she at Trepassey. A message from Captain Connors of the Portia said she was not St. Mary's Bay. A wireless message was sent by the government to the U.S. Patrol steamer Senaca, which is in the vicinity of Cape Race, asking her to search for the Cross. The S.S. Kyle will also leave tonight to make a diligent search for her and it is hoped that something will soon be heard from the overdue ship, as anxiety for her safety is increasing hourly. If she had been driven off to sea, which is the general opinion expressed by experienced seamen, it would take her some days to make land again. The ship is heavily laden and cannot steam at great speed.|cite=''The Evening Telegram''
April 3, 1914}}
Unlike the tragedy of ''Newfoundland''{{'}}s crew, the disappearance of ''Southern Cross'' remained largely unexplained as no crewmen or record of the voyage survived. While a marine court of inquiry determined that the ship sank in a blizzard on March 31, little evidence exists to verify this. Oral tradition suggests that rotten boards gave out in the heavy sea and allowed the cargo to shift and capsize the steamer. Though the wreck of ''Southern Cross'' accounted for the greater human loss of the two shipwrecks, some historians argue that the emotional impact of the ''Newfoundland'' disaster was more intensely felt because of the horrific stories survivors were able to recount.
These two disasters together constitute what is referred to as the 1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster. A total loss of 251 lives from a country with a population of approximately 250,000 devastated families and communities. In his autobiographical book, [[Rockwell Kent]] describes the impact of the loss on Brigus, where many of the sealers from ''Southern Cross'' had lived. "It will pretty well clear out this place," said one resident of the ship's loss.  According to Kent "The dread of the loss of this steamer had passed almost to certainty and the mention of the house, the wife, the children, the hopes and ambitions of any of those on her became a tragedy."
=== Legislative Response ===
In 1914–15, the government held a commission of inquiry to examine ''Newfoundland'' and ''Southern Cross'' sealing disasters. The commission's findings made it clear that sealers faced extraordinarily dangerous working conditions on the ice.
While legislation concerning the sealing industry had existed as early as 1873, most regulations concerned maintaining seal stock. In 1898 legislation put a limit on the number of men on each steamer, and one year later in 1899, some wage protection was instated for sealers.  Arguably as a result of the 1914 Sealing Disaster and subsequent inquiries, further legislation was put in place in 1916, aimed directly at improving the safety standards and well-being of sealers. The new measures prohibited men from working in the dark; prohibited captains from ordering their crewmen to travel so far as to not be able to return to the ship within the day, and provided for rocket signals, search parties, masters' and mates' certificates, medical officers, thermometers, barometers, and better food and compensation.
In response to speculation that ''Southern Cross'' sank because of overloading, the government prohibited any ship from returning from a hunt with more than 35,000 pelts, and the Minister of Fisheries began to mark "load lines" on sealing vessels. Any ship that returned to port with its "load line" below the water would be heavily fined.
=== Public response ===
Public sympathy was very evident after the 1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster. By April 27, 1914, a disaster fund set up to aid survivors and their families amounted to  $88,550. It's notable that this was not limited to the sealing disasters; it was common practice in society at the time to respond to industrial accidents in this way.
=== In popular culture ===
The vessel was mentioned only briefly in the book ''Death on the Ice'' by [[Cassie Brown]],<ref>{{cite web
| url        = http://www.heritage.nf.ca/cns_archives/008riggsjuly28_1994.html
| title      = Death on the Ice: The Story That Had to be Told
| website    = Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage
| publisher  = [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]
| date       = November 2000
| access-date = August 29, 2013
}}</ref> which focussed, as did most coverage of the 1914 sealing disaster, on the much less numerous losses of life on the SS Newfoundland, and also in a 1991 National Film Board of Canada documentary ''I Just Didn't Want to Die: The 1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster''.<ref>{{cite web
| url   = http://www.nfb.ca/collection/films/fiche/index.php?id=14973
| title = {{-" }}I Just Didn't Want to Die": The 1914 Newfoundland Sealing Disaster |website=[[National Film Board of Canada]] | department=Our Collection |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>
To mark the 100th anniversary of the Newfoundland sealing disaster, an animated short entitled "54 Hours" was produced by the National Film Board of Canada.
A novel about the sinking by Tim B. Rogers titled ''The Mystery of the SS Southern Cross'' was published in 2014.
The loss of so many lives on ''Southern Cross'' has caused the incident to be written in a song entitled [[Southern Cross (folk song)|"Southern Cross"]].
==See also==
[[List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
| first     = Shannon
| last      = Ryan
| date      = 1994
| title     = The Ice Hunters: A History of Newfoundland Sealing to 1914
| publisher = Breakwater Books Ltd.
| isbn      = 1-55081-095-2
}}
* {{cite book
| first     = Cassie
| last     = Brown
| date     = 1972
| title     = Death on the Ice; the great Newfoundland sealing disaster of 1914
| publisher     = Doubleday
| isbn     = 0-385-25179-3
| url-access     = registration
| url     = https://archive.org/details/deathonicegr00brow
}}
* {{cite magazine
| title    = Tragedy on Ice
| magazine = [[Maclean's]]
| volume   = 113
| issue    = 48
| date     = November 27, 2000
| page     = 76
}}
* {{cite book
| first     = Rockwell
| last      = Kent
| date      = 1996
| title     = N by E
| publisher = Wesleyan
| isbn      = 0-8195-5292-5
}}
* {{cite book
| first     = Jake Milgram
| last      = Wien
| date      = 2014
| title     = Vital Passage: The Newfoundland Epic of Rockwell Kent
| publisher = The Rooms, St. John's, Newfoundland
| isbn      = 978-1-928156-00-0
}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-XAoGcWLNk ''54 hours'', National Film Board of Canada]
{{January–July 1914 shipwrecks}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Southern Cross}}
[[Category:Steamships of Norway]]
[[Category:Icebreakers of Norway]]
[[Category:Steamships of Canada]]
[[Category:Icebreakers of Canada]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in March 1914]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast]]
[[Category:Ships built in Arendal]]
[[Category:1886 ships]]