View source for Saibara

{{Original research|date=May 2012}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Japanese words and phrases]]}}
'''{{Nihongo3|||Saibara}}''' ({{Nihongo2|催馬楽}}) is a genre of accompanied vocal [[Music of Japan|Japanese]] court music<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tokyocinema.net/saibara.htm|title=saibara and roei vocal music in gagaku}}</ref> that existed during the [[Heian period]] in the [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]] and [[Kyoto]] regions.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/msj4/bulletin/v49/v49-1e.html| title=Journal of the Musicological Society of Japan vol. XLIX (1), 2003| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103021438/http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/msj4/bulletin/v49/v49-1e.html| archive-date=2007-01-03| df=}}</ref> It draws from traditional folk music ({{Nihongo3||風俗歌|fūzokuuta}}) of the [[Nara period]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jtrad.columbia.jp/eng/history.html|title=Japanese Traditional music|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223010523/http://jtrad.columbia.jp/eng/history.html|archive-date=2012-12-23|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://haiku.ru/frog/glossary-engl/enggl.html | title=(Japanese music) Glossary}}</ref> and is accompanied by ''[[togaku]]'' instruments, with the exception of the {{Nihongo3||打物|uchimono|extra='percussion instruments'}}, which are replaced by {{Nihongo3||笏拍子|shakubyoshi}}, wooden sticks used for keeping [[rhythm]].
About 55 pieces have been transcribed into modern Western notation from original 12th century sources by Elizabeth Markham. The few songs that have survived into modern times have changed over the centuries.
It may have developed out of music to drive horses along, as the Chinese characters that compose its name seem to indicate<ref>{{nihongo|Sai|催|to drive}}, {{nihongo|ba|馬|horse}} and {{nihongo|ra|楽|music}}, hence ''saibara'' = music to drive horses along as they toil.</ref> but, according to German musicologist [[Eta Harich-Schneider]], there are several other theories.
Song texts are short and simple in character and describe scenes of life. The repertoire was once estimated at some 400 songs. In the late [[Nara period]] the aristocracy became more interested in complex foreign musical imports. [[Emperor Horikawa]] (1079-1107), despite the taste for Chinese culture since the Nara period, also cultivated an interest in {{Nihongo3|||fūzokuuta}}. Courtiers sang {{Nihongo3|||saibara}} songs for entertainment. A fashionable aristocrat was not regarded ''à jour'' if he did not know of the latest Chinese imports, such as {{Nihongo3|||toka}} music. In the 14th century, because of the many wars, the repertoire of {{Nihongo3|||saibara}} declined, as many were lost due to the turmoil, and it was only at the crowning ceremony {{Nihongo3||大嘗会|Daijōe}} of emperor [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]], who ruled from 1611 to 1629, at Nijo Palace that a reconstruction of the old {{Nihongo3|||saibara}} pieces was attempted and the famous {{Nihongo3|||saibara}} piece "{{Lang|ja-latn|Ise no umi|italic=no}}" was performed at the Imperial palace in [[Kyōto]].
The emperor's wife, Fujiwara no Fusahi, tells in her court chronicles how little old material could be found.  The repertoire today includes newly created folk songs, {{Nihongo3||今様歌|imayōuta|extra='modern-style song'}}.
==Text of '{{Lang|ja-latn|Ise no Umi|italic=no}}' (Sea of Ise)==
{{Nihongo3|||Ise no umi no, kiyoki nagisa ni, shihogai ni, nanori zo yatsuma, kai ya hirowamu ya, tama ya hiro wa ya}}
('Near the sea at Ise we want to harvest sea-wheat, while we collect mussels and sea shells we collect pearls, I want to find one pearl.')
==References==
<references/>
{{Authority control}}
Harich-Schneider, E: Saibara, Deutsches Jahrbuch für Music, 1963,
Harich-Schneider, E: A history of Japanese Music, Oxford UP, 1980
[[Category:Gagaku]]
Markham, Elizabeth. Saibara: Volume 1, Text: Japanese Court Songs of the Heian Period. Cambridge, 1983/2009.
Markham, Elizabeth. Saibara: Volume 2, Music: Japanese Court Songs of the Heian Period. Cambridge, 1983/2009.
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