View source for Salerno

{{Short description|City in Campania, Italy}}
{{About|the city in Italy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Expand Italian|Salerno|topic=geo|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Salerno
| native_name = {{native name|nap|Salierno}}
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 197 BC
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_skyline = Panorama of salerno from arechi.jpg
| image_caption = Panorama of Salerno
| image_flag = Flag of Salerno.svg
| image_shield = Salerno-Stemma.svg
| image_map = Salerno pos SA.gif
| map_caption = Salerno within the Province of Salerno and Campania
| mapsize =
| region = [[Campania]]
| province = [[Province of Salerno|Salerno]] (SA)
| mayor = [[Vincenzo Napoli (politician)|Vincenzo Napoli]]
| mayor_party = [[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]]
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 58.96
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demo.istat.it/bilmens2014gen/query.php?lingua=ita&Rip=S4&Reg=R15&Pro=165&Com=116 |title=Bilancio demografico Anno 2014 (dati provvisori) Comune: Salerno |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]] |year=2014 |access-date=1 April 2015 |language=it |archive-date=26 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026144555/http://www.demo.istat.it/bilmens2014gen/query.php?lingua=ita&Rip=S4&Reg=R15&Pro=165&Com=116 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 30 November 2014
| population_total = 133,199
| population_demonym = Salernitano
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q1083|region:IT-SA_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = 4
| postal_code = 84121–84135
| area_code = 089
| saint = [[Matthew the Evangelist|Saint Matthew]]
| website = {{official website|https://www.livesalerno.com}}
}}
'''Salerno''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|s|æ|ˈ|l|ɛər|n|oʊ}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Salerno |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182227/https://www.lexico.com/definition/salerno |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Salerno |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|s|ə|ˈ|-|,_|s|ɑː|ˈ|-|,_|s|ə|ˈ|l|ɜːr|n|oʊ}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Salerno |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/salerno |title=Salerno |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512184142/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/salerno |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Salerno|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|saˈlɛrno|lang|It-Salerno.ogg}}; {{langx|nap|Salierno}} {{IPA-nap|saˈljernə|}}) is an ancient city and ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in [[Campania]], southwestern Italy, and is the capital of the [[province of Salerno|namesake province]], being the second largest city in the region by number of inhabitants, after [[Naples]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilancio demografico mensile |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2022&i=D7B |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=demo.istat.it |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029130556/https://demo.istat.it/app/?a=2022&i=D7B |url-status=live }}</ref> It is located on the [[Gulf of Salerno]] on the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. In recent history the city hosted [[Victor Emmanuel III]], the [[King of Italy]], who moved from Rome in 1943 after Italy [[Armistice of Cassibile|negotiated a peace]] with the Allies in [[World War II]], making Salerno the capital of the "Government of the South" ({{lang|it|Regno del Sud}}) and therefore provisional government seat for six months. Some of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] landings during [[Operation Avalanche (World War II)|Operation Avalanche]] (the invasion of Italy) occurred near Salerno.
Human settlement at Salerno has a rich and vibrant past, dating back to pre-historic times. In the [[early Middle Ages]] it was an independent Lombard principality, the [[Principality of Salerno]], which around the 11th century comprised most of Southern Italy. During this time, the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]], the first medical school in the world, was founded. The Normans in 1077 made Salerno the capital of their rule in all continental southern Italy. In the 16th century, under the [[House of Sanseverino|Sanseverino]] family, among the most powerful feudal lords in southern Italy, the city became a great centre of learning, culture and the arts, and the family hired several of the greatest intellectuals of the time.<ref name="sitiunesco1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sitiunesco.it/index.phtml?id=674 |title=Salerno – History, art and culture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821001245/http://www.sitiunesco.it/index.phtml?id=674 |archive-date=21 August 2007}}</ref> Later, in 1694, the city was struck by several catastrophic earthquakes and plagues.<ref name="sitiunesco1"/> During a period of Spanish rule the city suffered a crisis which would last until the 18th century, but under [[Napoleon]] Salerno became part of the [[Parthenopean Republic]].<ref name="sitiunesco1"/> In the 19th century Salerno supported ideas of the [[Risorgimento]] and welcomed [[Garibaldi]] in 1861.
The city is divided into three distinct zones: the medieval sector, the 19th century sector and the more densely populated post-war area, with its several apartment blocks.<ref name="sitiunesco1"/> A [[patron saint]] of Salerno is [[Saint Matthew]], the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]], whose [[relics]] are kept here at the [[crypt]] of [[Salerno Cathedral]].
==History==
{{For timeline}}
===Prehistory and antiquity===
The area of what is now Salerno has been continuously settled since [[prehistory|pre-historical]] times, as the discoveries of Neolithic mummy remains documents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amalficoast.com/l/campania-4/salerno-surroundings-15/eboli-1050 |title=Eboli |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050321/https://www.amalficoast.com/l/campania-4/salerno-surroundings-15/eboli-1050 |url-status=live }}</ref> Inhabited by [[Oscan language|Oscan-speaking]] populations, the region was colonized by the [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], who founded the city of '''''Irnthi''''' in the 6th century BC, across the Irno river, in what is today city quarter of Fratte, as a part of their [[Etruscan cities|''Dodecapolis'']] political model they essentially replicated in [[Campania]]. This settlement represented an important base for Etruscan trade with the nearby Greek colonies of [[Paestum|Posidonia]] and [[Velia|Elea]]. It was occupied by the [[Samnites]] around the 5th century BC as a consequence of the [[Battle of Cumae]] (474 BC) as part of the [[Syracusan]] [[sphere of influence]].
With the [[ancient Rome|Roman]] advance in Campania, Irna began to lose its importance, being supplanted by the new Roman colony (197 BC) of '''''Salernum''''', developing around an initial ''[[castrum]]''. The new city, which gradually lost its military function in favour of its role as a trade centre, was connected to Rome by the [[Via Popilia]], which ran towards [[Lucania]] and [[Reggio Calabria]].
Archaeological remains, although fragmentary, suggest the idea of a flourishing and lively city. Under the Emperor [[Diocletian]], in the late 3rd century AD, Salernum became the administrative centre of the "Lucania and Bruttii" province.
In the following century, during the [[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic Wars]], the Goths were defeated by the [[Eastern Roman Empire|Byzantines]], and the Salerno briefly returned to the control of Constantinople (from 553 to 568), before the [[Lombards]] invaded almost the whole peninsula. Like many coastal cities of southern Italy ([[Gaeta]], [[Sorrento]], [[Amalfi]]), Salerno initially remained untouched by the newcomers, falling only in 646. It subsequently became part of the [[Duchy of Benevento]].
===Middle Ages to early modern age===
[[File:Italy 1000 AD.svg|thumb|The Principality of Salerno in 1000]]
Under the Lombard dukes Salerno enjoyed the most splendid period of its history.
In 774 [[Arechis II of Benevento]] transferred the seat of the Duchy of Benevento to Salerno, in order to elude [[Charlemagne]]'s offensive and to secure for himself the control of a strategic area, the centre of coastal and internal communications in Campania.
With Arechis II, Salerno became a centre of studies with its famous [[Schola Medica Salernitana|Medical School]]. The Lombard prince ordered the city to be fortified; the Castle on the Bonadies mountain had already been built with walls and towers. In 839 Salerno declared independence from Benevento, becoming the capital of a flourishing principality stretching out to [[Capua]], northern [[Calabria]] and [[Apulia]] up to [[Taranto]]. In 871–872, the [[Aghlabids]] [[Siege of Salerno (871–872)|besieged Salerno]], but the city was relieved by [[Louis II of Italy]].
Around the year 1000 prince [[Guaimar IV of Salerno|Guaimar IV]] annexed [[Amalfi]], [[Sorrento]], [[Gaeta]] and the whole duchy of Apulia and Calabria, starting to conceive a future unification of the whole southern Italy under Salerno's arms. The coins minted in the city circulated all over the Mediterranean, with the ''Opulenta Salernum'' wording to certify its richness.
[[Image:SALERNOcapitaleDucatoPugliaCalabria.jpg|thumb|left|Salerno capital of the Norman "Ducato di Puglia e Calabria" in 1100]]
However, the stability of the Principate was continually shaken by the [[Saracen]] attacks and, most of all, by internal struggles. In 1056, one of the numerous plots led to the fall of Guaimar. His weaker son [[Gisulf II of Salerno|Gisulf II]] succeeded him, but the decline of the principality had begun. In 1077 Salerno reached its zenith but soon lost all its territory to the Normans.
[[File:ScuolaMedicaMiniatura.jpg|thumb|The Schola Medica Salernitana in a miniature from [[Avicenna]]'s ''Canon'']]
On 13 December 1076, the Norman conqueror [[Robert Guiscard]], who had married Guaimar IV's daughter [[Sikelgaita]], besieged Salerno and defeated his brother-in-law Gisulf. In this period the royal palace of Castel Terracena and the [[Cathedral of Salerno|cathedral]] were built, and science was boosted as the [[Schola Medica Salernitana]], open to [[Women of Salerno|women]] like [[Trota of Salerno]] and [[Mercuriade]] also, considered the most ancient medical institution of the European West, reached its maximum splendour with text like ''[[Trotula]]''. At this time in the late 11th century, the city was home to 50,000 people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bairoch |first=Paul |title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA161 |page=161 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226034669 |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017031024/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1100, Salerno was made the capital of Norman southern Italy, after [[Melfi]].
Salerno was the most important city of the Normans for half a century, but with the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy]], the city of Palermo started to substitute Salerno as the most important city for the Normans. Indeed, Salerno played a little part in the fall of the [[County of Sicily]], after the [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Henry VI]]'s invasion on behalf of his wife, [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance]], the heiress to the kingdom, in 1191, Salerno surrendered and promised loyalty on the mere news of an incoming army.
This so disgusted the archbishop, [[Nicholas of Ajello|Nicolò d'Aiello]] (from Naples), that he abandoned the city and fled to [[Naples]], which held out in a siege. In 1194, the situation reversed itself: Naples capitulated, along with most other cities of the Mezzogiorno, and only Salerno resisted. It was sacked and pillaged, much reducing its importance and prosperity.
Henry had his reasons, though. He had entrusted Constance to some important Salerno citizens (advised & "ruled" by the archbishop d'Aiello) and after his retreat from invasion in 1191 they had received letters about the events from Nicolò D'Aiello and so betrayed Henry, attacked Constance at Castel Terracena and handed her over to King [[Tancred of Sicily]], making the Empress captive for nearly one year. The combined treachery and stubbornness of D'Aiello and his followers cost Salerno much after the [[Hohenstaufen]] conquest: Henry's son, [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], moreover, issued a series of edicts that reduced Salerno's role in favour of Naples (in particular, the foundation of the [[University of Naples]] in that city).
[[File:SalernoStampaDEpoca.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Salerno in a print from the 17th century]]
At [[Charles II of Naples]], his father [[Charles I of Anjou]] granted the Principality of Salerno in the Kingdom of Sicily (or Regno) in 1272.
From the 14th century onwards, most of the Salerno province became the territory of the Princes of [[House of Sanseverino|Sanseverino]], powerful feudal lords who acted as real owners of the region. They accumulated enormous political and administrative power and attracted artists and men of letters in their own princely palace. In the 15th century, the city was the scene of battles between the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] and the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] royal houses with whom the local lords took sides alternatingly.
In the first decades of the 16th century, the last descendant of the Sanseverino princes, [[Ferdinando Sanseverino]], was in conflict with the viceroy of the king of [[Kingdom of Spain|Spain]], mainly because of his opposition to the [[Inquisition]], causing the ruin of the whole family and the beginning of a long period of decadence for the city.
A slow renewal of the city occurred in the 18th century with the end of the Spanish dominion and the construction of many refined houses and churches characterising the main streets of the historical centre. In 1799 Salerno was incorporated into the [[Parthenopean Republic]]. During the [[Napoleonic era]], first [[Joseph Bonaparte]] and then [[Joachim Murat]] ascended the Neapolitan throne. The latter decreed the closing of the Schola Medica Salernitana, which had been declining for decades to the level of a theoretical school. In the same period, even the religious orders were suppressed and numerous ecclesiastical properties were confiscated.
The city expanded beyond the ancient walls and sea connections were potentiated as they represented an important road network that crossed the town connecting the eastern plain with the area leading to Vietri and [[Naples]].
===Late modern and contemporary===
Salerno was an active center of [[Carbonari]] activities supporting the unification of Italy in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lacittadisalerno.gelocal.it/dettaglio/la-rivoluzione-vittoriosa-e-la-nascita-di-un-nuovo-stato/2958812 |title=La rivoluzione vittoriosa e la nascita di un nuovo Stato |author=Carmine Pinto |date=13 December 2010 |website=la Città |language=it |access-date=9 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://lacittadisalerno.gelocal.it/dettaglio/la-rivoluzione-vittoriosa-e-la-nascita-di-un-nuovo-stato/2958812 |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> The majority of the population of Salerno supported ideas of the [[Risorgimento]] against the [[Leopold, Prince of Salerno|Bourbon]], and in 1861 many of them joined [[Garibaldi]] in his struggle for unification.<ref>Seton-Watson, "Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925".</ref>
After the [[unification of Italy]], a slow urban development continued, many suburban areas were enlarged and large public and private buildings were created. The city went on developing until [[World War II]]. Its population rose from 20,000 people around 1861s unification to 80,000 in the early 20th century.
During the 19th century, foreign industries started settling in Salerno: in 1830 the first textile mill was established by the Swiss entrepreneur Züblin Vonwiller, followed by Schlaepfer-Wenner's textile mills and dye factories; the Wenner family settled permanently in Salerno. In 1877 the city was the site of as many as 21 textile mills employing around ten thousand workers; in comparison with the four thousand employed in Turin's textile industry, Salerno was sometimes referred to as the "[[Manchester]] of the two Sicilies".
[[File:Invasionofitaly1943.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Allied landing at Salerno (September 1943)]]
In September 1943, during World War II, Salerno was the scene of [[Allied invasion of Italy#Salerno landings|Operation Avalanche]], the [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of Italy]] launched by the [[Allies of World War II]], and suffered a great deal of damage. [[Henry Wellesley, 6th Duke of Wellington]], who was killed in action during the fighting, is buried in Salerno War Cemetery.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2604196/wellesley,-henry-valerian-george/ |title=Casualty Details &#124; CWGC |website=www.cwgc.org |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125201345/https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/2604196/wellesley,-henry-valerian-george/ |url-status=live }}</ref> From 12 February to 17 July 1944, it hosted the Government of Marshal [[Pietro Badoglio]]. In those months Salerno was the provisional government seat of the [[Kingdom of Italy]], and the King [[Victor Emmanuel III|Vittorio Emanuele III]] lived in a mansion in its outskirts.
After the war the population of the city doubled in a few years, going from 80,000 in 1946 to nearly 160,000 in 1976.
==Geography==
The city is situated at the northwestern end of the plain of the [[Sele (river)|Sele River]], at the exact beginning of the [[Amalfi coast]]. The small river Irno crosses through the central section of Salerno. The highest point is "Monte Stella" with its {{convert|953|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.salerno.it/allegati/17637.pdf |title=Aggiornamento della carta dei vincoli |year=2011 |website=comune.salerno.it |page=3 |language=it |access-date=9 May 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903101312/http://www.comune.salerno.it/allegati/17637.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Climate===
Salerno has a [[Mediterranean climate]], with a hot and relatively dry summer (highs of {{cvt|31|°C|0}} in July and August) and a rainy fall and winter (highs of {{cvt|13|°C|0}} in January). Usually there is nearly {{cvt|1000|mm|0}} of rain every year. The strong wind that comes from the mountains toward the [[Gulf of Salerno]] makes the city very windy (mainly in winter). However, this gives Salerno the advantage of being one of the sunniest towns in Italy.
{{Weather box
|location = Salerno, [[Italy]]
|single line = y
|metric first = y
|Jan high C = 13.4
|Feb high C = 14.4
|Mar high C = 17.0
|Apr high C = 20.4
|May high C = 24.6
|Jun high C = 28.5
|Jul high C = 31.2
|Aug high C = 31.3
|Sep high C = 28.3
|Oct high C = 23.9
|Nov high C = 18.7
|Dec high C = 14.9
|Jan mean C = 10.2
|Feb mean C = 11.0
|Mar mean C = 13.1
|Apr mean C = 16.1
|May mean C = 19.9
|Jun mean C = 23.6
|Jul mean C = 26.0
|Aug mean C = 26.1
|Sep mean C = 23.6
|Oct mean C = 19.7
|Nov mean C = 15.1
|Dec mean C = 11.9
|Jan low C = 7.0
|Feb low C = 7.6
|Mar low C = 9.1
|Apr low C = 11.8
|May low C = 15.2
|Jun low C = 18.6
|Jul low C = 20.8
|Aug low C = 20.8
|Sep low C = 18.8
|Oct low C = 15.5
|Nov low C = 11.5
|Dec low C = 8.9
| Jan precipitation mm = 138
| Feb precipitation mm = 110
| Mar precipitation mm = 102
| Apr precipitation mm = 85
| May precipitation mm = 42
| Jun precipitation mm = 32
| Jul precipitation mm = 24
| Aug precipitation mm = 50
| Sep precipitation mm = 78
| Oct precipitation mm = 132
| Nov precipitation mm = 171
| Dec precipitation mm = 150
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation days = 12
| Feb precipitation days = 11
| Mar precipitation days = 11
| Apr precipitation days = 10
| May precipitation days = 7
| Jun precipitation days = 5
| Jul precipitation days = 4
| Aug precipitation days = 5
| Sep precipitation days = 7
| Oct precipitation days = 9
| Nov precipitation days = 13
| Dec precipitation days = 14
|source = globopix<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globopix.net/clima/italia-salerno.html |title=Climate Statistics for Salerno, Italy |access-date=June 18, 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619145658/https://www.globopix.net/clima/italia-salerno.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=June 2020}}
==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|1861|26681|1871|27579|1881|30929|1901|42466|1911|46235|1921|53785|1931|61141|1936|67186|1951|90970|1961|117363|1971|155496|1981|157385|1991|148932|2001|144078|2011|132608|2021|128136|footnote=Source: [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]|cols=1|align=right}}In 2007, there were 140,580 people residing in Salerno, located in the province of Salerno, [[Campania]], of whom 46.7% were male and 53.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 19.61 per cent of the population compared to pensioners who number 21.86 per cent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 per cent (minors) and 19.94 per cent (pensioners). The average age of Salerno residents is 42 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Salerno grew by 2.02 per cent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 per cent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |website=demo.istat.it |access-date=7 July 2008 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426215446/http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> The current birth rate of Salerno is 7.77 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.
As of 31 December 2010, there were 4,355 foreigners in Salerno. The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (mainly Ukraine and Romania).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2010/query.php?lingua=ita&Rip=S4&Reg=R15&Pro=P065&Com=116&paese=A9999 |title=Cittadini Stranieri. Bilancio demografico anno 2010 e popolazione residente al 31 Dicembre – Tutti i paesi di cittadinanza Comune: Salerno |website=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]] |year=2010 |access-date=12 May 2014 |language=it |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513042632/http://demo.istat.it/str2010/query.php?lingua=ita&Rip=S4&Reg=R15&Pro=P065&Com=116&paese=A9999 |url-status=live }}</ref> The population is overwhelmingly [[Roman Catholic]].
==Economy==
The economy of Salerno is mainly based on services and tourism, as most of the city's manufacturing base did not survive the economic crisis of the 1970s. The remaining ones are connected to [[pottery]] and food production and treatment.{{Clarify|reason=treatment of what?|date=January 2015}}
The [[Port of Salerno]] is one of the most active of the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. It handles about 10 million tons of cargo per year, 60% of which is made up by containers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.porto.salerno.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=685&Itemid=21 |title=Autorità Portuale di Salerno – Traffici Commerciali 2009–2013 |website=porto.salerno.it |language=it |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508160305/http://www.porto.salerno.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=685&Itemid=21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Transport==
Salerno is connected to the [[Autostrada A2 (Italy)|A2]], [[Autostrada A3 (Italy)|Autostrada A3]] and [[Autostrada A30 (Italy)|Autostrada A30]] motorways.
[[Salerno railway station|Salerno station]] is the main railway station of the city. It is connected to the [[High-speed rail in Italy|high-speed railway network]] via the Milan-Salerno corridor. The main bus stop of Salerno is also at the train station, with both CSTP buses and SITA buses.
A [[Salerno metropolitan railway service|metro light rail line]] connects the train station with [[Stadio Arechi]], with seven intermediate stops.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metrosalerno.com/metro |title=Metropolitana di Salerno |website=metrosalerno.com |year=2014 |access-date=10 August 2014 |language=it |archive-date=7 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107123903/http://www.metrosalerno.com/metro |url-status=dead}}</ref>
A new Maritime Terminal Station, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects, was completed in 2016 and was opened for the 2017 cruise season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livesalerno.com/salerno-maritime-terminal |title=Stazione Marittima di Salerno |website=livesalerno.com |year=2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |language=it |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307092846/http://www.livesalerno.com/salerno-maritime-terminal |url-status=live }}</ref> Salerno features three marinas: Manfredi Pier, Masuccio Salernitano, and Marina di Arechi (opened in 2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.porto.salerno.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&lang=english |title=Autorità Portuale di Salerno – Marinas |website=www.porto.salerno.it |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117083401/http://www.porto.salerno.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&lang=english |url-status=live }}</ref> The commercial port of Manfredi is connected with the Amalfi coast and the islands of Gulf of [[Naples]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Salerno ports |url=https://www.ferryhopper.com/en/destinations/italy/salerno#salerno-port |access-date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331101815/https://www.ferryhopper.com/en/destinations/italy/salerno#salerno-port |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Salerno Costa d'Amalfi Airport|Salerno Airport]] is located in the neighboring towns of [[Pontecagnano Faiano]] and [[Bellizzi]].
==Education==
Salerno hosted the oldest medical school in the world, the [[Schola Medica Salernitana|Scuola Medica Salernitana]], the most important source of medical knowledge in Europe in the early Middle Ages. It was closed in 1811 by [[Joachim Murat]].
In 1944 king [[Vittorio Emanuele III]] established Istituto Universitario di Magistero "[[Giovanni Cuomo]]". In 1968 the university became state-controlled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unisa.it/english/index |title=A short history of the university |website=unisa.it |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508193206/http://www.unisa.it/english/index |url-status=live }}</ref> Today [[University of Salerno]] is located in the neighboring town of [[Fisciano]] and has about 34,000 students<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anagrafe.miur.it/php5/home.php?&anni=2012-13&categorie=ateneo&status=iscritti&tipo_corso=TT&&order_by=i |title=Anagrafe Nazionale Studenti – Iscritti 2012/2013 |date=7 March 2014 |website=[[MIUR]] |language=it |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531190822/http://anagrafe.miur.it/php5/home.php |url-status=live }}</ref> and ten faculties: Arts and Philosophy, Economics, Education, Engineering, Foreign language and literature, Law, Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, Medicine, Pharmacy and Political Science.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unisa.it/english/faculties/facultiesandcourses |title=Course organization |website=unisa.it |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508162206/http://www.unisa.it/english/faculties/facultiesandcourses |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Sport==
[[File:Arechi 6 ottobre.jpg|thumb|[[Stadio Arechi]]]]
The city's main [[association football|football]] team is [[U.S. Salernitana 1919]], that plays in  the second level of Italian football, [[Serie B]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legaserieb.it/ |title=Serie B ConTe.it – Il campionato degli italiani |website=Lega Serie B |access-date=1 January 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150710201730/http://www.legaserieb.it/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Their home stadium is [[Stadio Arechi]], opened in 1990 and with a capacity of 37,245.
The most successful team in the city is the women's [[handball]] team PDO Handball Team Salerno, with its four national titles, four national cups and two national supercups; other noteworthy teams are Arechi in [[rugby football|rugby]] and Rari Nantes Salerno in [[water polo]].
The city has also a tradition in motorsport.
==Attractions==
[[File:MAPPA SALERNO.png|thumb|250px|right|Main tourist sites of Salerno]]
Salerno is located at the geographical center of a triangle nicknamed ''Tourist Triangle of the 3 P's'' (namely a triangle with the corners in [[Pompei]], [[Paestum]] and [[Positano]]). This peculiarity gives Salerno special tourist characteristics that are increased by the many local points of tourist interest like the ''[[Lungomare Trieste]]'' (''Trieste Seafront Promenade''), the ''[[Castello di Arechi]]'' (''[[Arechis]]' Castle''), the ''[[Salerno Cathedral|Duomo]]'' (cathedral) and the ''[[Museo Didattico della Scuola Medica Salernitana]]'' (''Educational Museum of the [[Schola Medica Salernitana|Salernitan Medical School]]'').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salernocity.com/tempo/cultura/centrostorico/default.asp |title=I rioni del centro storico |language=it |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716111342/http://www.salernocity.com/tempo/cultura/centrostorico/default.asp |archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref>
==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
Salerno is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tōno, Iwate|Tōno]], Japan, since 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.salerno.it/client/scheda_news.aspx?news=3163&stile=7&prov=3 |title=Gemellaggio tra Salerno e la città giapponese di Tono |date=4 March 2012 |website=comune.salerno.it |language=it |access-date=9 May 2017 |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825042204/http://www.comune.salerno.it/client/scheda_news.aspx?news=3163&stile=7&prov=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rouen]], France, since 2003<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2004/03/03/salerno-rouen-unite-da-linea-ombra.html |title=Salerno e Rouen unite da Linea d'ombra |date=3 March 2004 |website=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508155907/http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2004/03/03/salerno-rouen-unite-da-linea-ombra.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Montpellier]], France, since 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.informazione.campania.it/portale/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=43251 |title=SALERNO – DOMANI IMPORTANTE GEMELLAGGIO MEDICO-SPECIALISTICO |website=informazione.campania.it |language=it |access-date=8 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034850/http://www.informazione.campania.it/portale/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=43251 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Baltimore]], U.S., since 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/12/16/la-presentazione-in-occasione-del-gemellaggio-baltimora-salerno.html |title=La presentazione in occasione del gemellaggio Baltimora-Salerno. La struttura diretta da Fasano L' iniziativa |date=16 December 2008 |website=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508140138/http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2008/12/16/la-presentazione-in-occasione-del-gemellaggio-baltimora-salerno.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Pazardzhik]], Bulgaria, since 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.salerno.it/client/scheda_news.aspx?news=2933&stile=7&prov=4410 |title=Gemellaggio interculturale Salerno-Pazardzhik (Bulgaria) |date=27 September 2011 |website=comune.salerno.it |language=it |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508144333/http://www.comune.salerno.it/client/scheda_news.aspx?news=2933&stile=7&prov=4410 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Legnago]], Italy, since 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.larena.it/stories/Home/272704_la_lega_sbarca_al_sud_scambio_con_salerno/ |title=La Lega sbarca al sud. Scambio con Salerno |date=23 July 2011 |website=[[L'Arena]] |language=it |access-date=8 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508154515/http://www.larena.it/stories/Home/272704_la_lega_sbarca_al_sud_scambio_con_salerno/ |archive-date=8 May 2014}}</ref>
==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Salerno#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Salerno}}
* Salerno. Le guide ai sapori e ai piaceri, [[La Repubblica]], Gedi, 2021 (with articles by [[Lucia Annunziata]], Massimiliano e Doriana Fuksas, [[Franck Ribéry]], [[Arturo Di Napoli]], Peppe Barra, Andrea Di Maria, Vincenzo Boccia, Daniel Oren, Massimo Ghini, Diego De Silva, Benedetta Buccellato, Matteo Lorito, Corrado De Rosa, [[Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio]], Rossella Gregorio, Yari Gugliucci, Dario Socci, Enrico Gallozzi, Vincenzo Dolce, Antonietta Di Martino,  e Massimo de Divitiis).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cultura.comune.salerno.it/static/news/Repubblica-pubblica-una-Guida-interamente-dedicata-alla-citta-di-Salerno-78.aspx|title=Repubblica pubblica una Guida interamente dedicata alla città di Salerno|website=cultura.comune.salerno.it}}</ref> {{ISBN|9788883718588}}
* Bonfanti, Giuseppe. ''Dalla Svolta di Salerno al 18 aprile 1948''. Editrice La Scuola. Brescia 1979.
* Crisci, Generoso. ''Salerno sacra:ricerca storica''. Edizioni della Curia arcivescovile. Salerno 1962.
* D'Episcopo, Francesco. ''Salerno. Sulla scia di Alfonso Gatto. Masuccio e l'Ottocento salernitano''. Editrice Il Sapere. Ancona 2004.
* De Renzi, Salvatore. ''Storia documentata della Scuola Medica di Salerno''. Tipografie Gaetano Nobile. Naples, 1857.
* Di Martino, Maristella. ''Le Ricette di Salerno. La cultura gastronomica della città''. Editore Il Raggio di Luna. Salerno 2006.
* Errico, Ernesto. ''Cinquant'anni fa a Salerno''. Ripostes Editore. Salerno 2004.
* Felici, Maria. ''Palazzi nobiliari a Salerno''. Edizioni La Veglia. Salerno 1996.
* Fonzo, Erminio, [https://www.academia.edu/19031256/Partiti_ed_elezioni_in_provincia_di_Salerno_nella_crisi_dello_Stato_liberale_1919-1923_ ''Partiti ed elezioni in provincia di Salerno nella crisi dello Stato liberale (1919–1923)''] in Rassegna storica lucana, nn. 49–50, 2011, pp.&nbsp;43–113.
* Fonzo, Erminio, [https://www.academia.edu/5034492/Il_fascismo_conformista._Le_origini_del_regime_nella_provincia_di_Salerno_1920-1926_ ''Il fascismo conformista. Le origini del regime nella provincia di Salerno (1920–1926)''], Edizioni del Paguro, Mercato San Severino (SA), 2011.
* Giordano, Gaetano. ''Il Profeta della Grande Salerno. Cento anni di storia meridionale nei ricordi di Alfonso Menna''. Avagliano Editore. Salerno 1999.
* Iannizzaro, Vincenzo. ''Salerno. La Cinta Muraria dai Romani agli Spagnoli''. Editore Elea Press. Salerno 1999.
* Iovino, Giorgia. ''Riqualificazione urbana e sviluppo locale a Salerno. Attori, strumenti e risorse di una città in trasformazione''. Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane. Naples, 2002.
* Mazzetti, Massimo. ''Salerno Capitale d'Italia''. Edizioni del Paguro. Salerno 2000.
* Musi, Aurelio. ''Salerno moderna''. Editore Avagliano. Salerno 1999.
* Ferraiolo Marco ''Storia di un anno di anni fa – Racconti di vita salernitana degli anni 60–70'' . Edizioni Ripostes . Salerno 2005
* Roma, Adelia. ''I giardini di Salerno''. Editore Elea Press. Salerno 1997.
* Seton-Watson, Christopher. ''Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925''. John Murray Publishers. London, 1967.
==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}}
* [[List of princes of Salerno]]
* [[Principality of Salerno]]
* [[Schola Medica Salernitana]]
* [[Salerno Ivories]]
* [[Salerno railway station]]
* [[University of Salerno]]
* [[U.S. Salernitana 1919]]
* [[Operation Avalanche (World War II)|Operation Avalanche]]
* [[Salerno Cathedral]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Salerno}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080409045623/http://www.comune.salerno.it/UserFiles/Image/duomo3.jpg Photo of the "Cripta" of the Salerno Cathedral, where is the tomb of the Apostle Matthew]
* [http://www.livesalerno.com/it/ Information about the city of Salerno (in Italian)]
* {{Cite NSRW |wstitle=Salerno |short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE |wstitle=Salerno |short=x}}
{{Cities in Italy}}
{{Province of Salerno}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Salerno| ]]
[[Category:Coastal towns in Campania]]
[[Category:Cities founded by Rome]]