View source for Salzburg Festival: history and repertoire, 1922–1926

[[File:Salzburg-Stadt,-Stadttheater-(1900).jpg|thumb|upright=1.45|The [[Salzburger Landestheater|Salzburg City Theatre]], performance venue of the first opera productions at the [[Salzburg Festival]]]]
'''Salzburg Festival: history and repertoire, 1922-26''' lists all opera productions of the [[Salzburg Festival]] in its founding years.
== Concept ==
The first Salzburg Festival took place in 1920 — without operas although all concepts for the festival included operas as a main part of the endeavor. The first festival consisted of open air performances of the drama ''[[Jedermann (play)|Jedermann]]'' [Everyman] by Austrian poet [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]] who wrote several librettos for operas by [[Richard Strauss]]. The play was performed at the grand square in front of the [[Salzburg Cathedral]]. The play describes the life and death of a rich man and is based on several medieval mystery plays. ''Jedermann'' was directed by world-famous [[Max Reinhardt]] and was a stunning success. The play is still today performed every year at the same place.<ref>Andres Müry: ''Jedermann darf nicht sterben'', Geschichte eines Salzburger Kults, re-edition of 2014, Verlag Anton Pustet, {{ISBN|978-3-7025-0769-5}}, p. 29-31 (German)</ref><ref>''70 Jahre Jedermann'', Wandlungen eines Inszenierungskonzepts, catalogue to the exhibition ''70 years Jedermann'' at the Salzburg festival 1990, Faistauer-Foyer, Orpheus-Foyer, published by Ferdinand Wögerbauer, Wolfgang Willaschek and Hans Widrich, [Salzburg 1990], p. 17-24</ref>
In 1921, concerts were added to the festival program. Concerts of the world's best orchestras, singers and soloists still today represent an important pillar of Salzburg Festival. In 1922, [[Richard Strauss]] and [[Franz Schalk]] brought opera to the festival. Both were famous conductors and since 1919 functioned also as general managers of [[Vienna State Opera]]. They chose four works of Salzburg born genius [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] for the first season — the three [[Da Ponte operas]] and ''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]'' [The Abduction from the Seraglio]. In the founding years the festival did not have the means to produce entire opera productions. So Strauss and Schalk brought the settings, the singers, the orchestra and the chorus from Vienna State Opera to Salzburg. The press critically noted that the opera program of the festival constituted ″the summer residence of Vienna State Opera″.<ref>Josef Kaut: ''Die Salzburger Festspiele 1920-1981'', Mit einem Verzeichnis der aufgeführten Werke und der Künstler des Theaters und der Musik von Hans Jaklitsch, Salzburg: Residenz Verlag, {{ISBN|3-7017-0308-6}}, p.&nbsp;41.</ref> Nevertheless, the performances were superb due to the orchestra, the chorus and the great singers.  They came from all over Europa and created excellent ensembles for the Mozart operas, later on also for works by  [[Gaetano Donizetti|Donizetti]], [[Johann Strauss II|Johann Strauß]] and [[Richard Strauss]]. An important role was also given to set designer [[Alfred Roller]] who dominated the visual aspect of the first Salzburg Festival opera performances.<ref>Stephen Gallup: ''Die Geschichte der Salzburger Festspiele.'' Wien: Orac 1989, p. 17, 28, 52 and 59</ref>
<small>All performances listed took place at the Salzburger Stadttheater.</small>
== 1922 ==
{| class="wikitable toptextcells"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
! style="width:25%;"|Orchestra, Choir, Conductor
! style="width:25%;"|Director, Set Designer
! style="width:25%;"|Female singer
! style="width:25%;"|Male singer
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Don Giovanni]]''' by [[Lorenzo Da Ponte]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], August 14 to 26, 1922 (five performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Richard Strauss]]
|[[Hans Breuer (tenor)|Hans Breuer]]<br />[[Alfred Roller]] <small>settings</small>
|[[Gertrud Kappel]] <small>''Donna Anna''</small><br />[[Claire Born]] <small>''Donna Elvira''</small><br />[[Lotte Schöne]] <small>''Zerlina''</small>
|[[Alfred Jerger]] <small>''Don Giovanni''</small><br />[[Richard Mayr]] <small>''Leporello''</small><br />[[Franz Markhoff]] <small>''Der Komtur''</small><br />[[Richard Tauber]] <small>''Don Ottavio''</small><br />[[Viktor Madin]] <small>''Masetto''</small>
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Così fan tutte]]''' by [[Lorenzo Da Ponte]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], August 15 to 27, 1922 (three performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Richard Strauss]]
|Hans Breuer<br />[[Alfred Roller]] <small>settings</small>
|[[Felicie Hüni-Mihacsek]] <small>''Fiordiligi''</small><br />[[Rosette Anday]] <small>''Dorabella''</small><br />[[Elisabeth Schumann]] <small>''Despina''</small>
|[[Hermann Wiedemann]] <small>''Ferrando''</small><br />Fritz Krauß <small>''Guglielmo''</small><br />[[Josef von Manowarda]] <small>''Don Alfonso''</small>
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Le nozze di Figaro]]''' by [[Lorenzo Da Ponte]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], August 16 to 28, 1922 (four performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Franz Schalk]]
|[[Harry Stangenberg]], Hans Breuer<br />[[Alfred Roller]] <small>settings</small>
|[[Elisabeth Rethberg]] <small>''Gräfin Almaviva''</small><br />[[Elisabeth Schumann]] <small>''Susanne''</small><br />[[Hermine Kittel]] <small>''Marcellina''</small><br />[[Lotte Schöne]] <small>''Cherubino''</small><br />Paula von Hentke <small>''Barbarina''</small>
|[[Hans Duhan]] <small>'' Graf Almaviva''</small><br />[[Alfred Jerger]] <small>''Figaro''</small><br />[[Hans Breuer (tenor)|Hans Breuer]] <small>''Basilio''</small><br />Julius Betetto <small>''Bartolo''</small><br />[[Viktor Madin]] <small>''Antonio''</small><br />[[Hermann Gallos]] <small>''Don Curzio''</small>
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]''' by [[Johann Gottlieb Stephanie]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], August 17 to 29, 1922 (four performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Franz Schalk]]
|Hans Breuer<br />[[Alfred Roller]] <small>settings</small>
|[[Selma Kurz]] <small>''Konstanze''</small><br />[[Elisabeth Schumann]] <small>''Blondchen''</small>
Gerhard Stehmann <small>''Bassa Selim''</small><br />[[Richard Tauber]] <small>''Belmonte''</small><br />[[Hermann Gallos]] <small>''Pedrillo''</small><br />Nikola Zec <small>''Osmin''</small>
|}
Cast changes in repeat performances:
* '''Don Giovanni'''. Conductor: [[Karl Alwin]]; Don Giovanni: [[Hans Duhan]], Donna Elvira: [[Felicie Hüni-Mihacsek]], Donna Anna: [[Rose Pauly (singer)|Rose Pauly]], Don Ottavio: [[Georg Maikl]], Leporello: Karl Norbert, Zerline: [[Editha Fleischer]], Masetto: Julius Betetto.
* '''Così fan tutte'''. Conductor: Karl Alwin; Dorabella: [[Claire Born]], Despina: Charlotte Brunner, Don Alfonso: : Karl Norbert.
* '''Le nozze di Figaro'''. Gräfin: [[Claire Born]], [[Felicie Hüni-Mihacsek]], Susanne: [[Editha Fleischer]], Figaro: [[Richard Mayr]], Basilio: [[Paul Kuhn (tenor)|Paul Kuhn]], Bartolo: Karl Norbert, Cherubino: [[Rosette Anday]], Barbarina: [[Karola Jovanović]].
* '''Die Entführung aus dem Serail'''. Konstanze: [[Elisabeth Rethberg]], Blondchen: Karola Jovanović, Belmonte: [[Georg Maikl]].
<small>In 1923 there were no operatic performances at the Salzburg Festival. In 1924, the Festival had to be suspended due to an economic crisis in Austria.</small>
== 1925 ==
{| class="wikitable toptextcells"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
! style="width:25%;"|Orchestra, Choir, Conductor
! style="width:25%;"|Director, Set Designer
! style="width:25%;"|Female singers
! style="width:25%;"|Male singers
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Don Giovanni]]''' by [[Lorenzo Da Ponte]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], August 24 and 28, 1925 (two performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Karl Muck]]
|Hans Breuer<br />[[Alfred Roller]] <small>settings</small>
|[[Helene Wildbrunn]] <small>''Donna Anna''</small><br />[[Claire Born]] <small>''Donna Elvira''</small><br />[[Lotte Schöne]] <small>''Zerlina''</small>
|[[Alfred Jerger]] <small>''Don Giovanni''</small><br />[[Richard Mayr]] <small>''Leporello''</small><br />Franz Markhoff <small>''Der Komtur''</small><br />[[Hermann Gallos]] <small>''Don Ottavio''</small><br />[[Viktor Madin]] <small>''Masetto''</small>
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Le nozze di Figaro]]''' by [[Lorenzo Da Ponte]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], August 25 to 30, 1925 (three performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Franz Schalk]]
|Hans Breuer<br />[[Alfred Roller]] <small>settings</small>
|[[Claire Born]] <small>''Gräfin Almaviva''</small><br />[[Lotte Schöne]] <small>''Susanne''</small><br />[[Hermine Kittel]] <small>''Marcellina''</small><br />[[Rosette Anday]] <small>''Cherubino''</small><br />Paula von Hentke <small>''Barbarina''</small>
|Karl Renner <small>'' Graf Almaviva''</small><br />[[Alfred Jerger]] <small>''Figaro''</small><br />Hans Breuer <small>''Basilio''</small><br />Franz Markhoff <small>''Bartolo''</small><br />[[Viktor Madin]] <small>''Antonio''</small><br />[[Hermann Gallos]] <small>''Don Curzio''</small>
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Don Pasquale]]''' by [[Giovanni Ruffini]] and [[Gaetano Donizetti]], August 26 and 29, 1925 (two performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Bruno Walter]]
|Hans Breuer
|[[Maria Ivogün]] <small>''Norina''</small>
|[[Richard Mayr]] <small>''Don Pasquale''</small><br />[[Hermann Wiedemann]] <small>''Malatesta''</small><br />[[Karl Erb]] <small>''Ernesto''</small><br />[[Viktor Madin]] <small>''Notar''</small>
|}
Cast change in repeat performances:
* '''Don Giovanni'''. Zerline: [[Maria Ivogün]].
== 1926 ==
{| class="wikitable toptextcells"
|- class="hintergrundfarbe5"
! style="width:25%;"|Orchestra, Choir, Conductor
! style="width:25%;"|Director, Set Designers
! style="width:25%;"|Female singers
! style="width:25%;"|Male singers
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Die Entführung aus dem Serail]]''' by [[Johann Gottlieb Stephanie]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], August 9 and 28, 1926 (two performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Bruno Walter]]
|Alois Moira<br />[[Alfred Roller]] <small>settings</small>
|[[Maria Gerhart]] <small>''Konstanze''</small><br />[[Anni Frind]] <small>''Blondchen''</small>
|[[Hans Duhan]] <small>''Bassa Selim''</small><br />[[Richard Tauber]] <small>''Belmonte''</small><br />[[Hermann Gallos]] <small>''Pedrillo''</small><br />[[Paul Bender (bass)|Paul Bender]] <small>''Osmin''</small>
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Don Giovanni]]''' by [[Lorenzo Da Ponte]] and [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], August 10 and 22, 1926 (two performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Franz Schalk]]
|[[Marie Gutheil-Schoder]]<br />[[Alfred Roller]] <small>settings</small>
|[[Maria Nemeth|Mária Németh]] <small>''Donna Anna''</small><br />[[Claire Born]] <small>''Donna Elvira''</small><br />[[Maria Rajdl]] <small>''Zerlina''</small>
|[[Hans Duhan]] <small>''Don Giovanni''</small><br />[[Richard Mayr]] <small>''Leporello''</small><br />Franz Markhoff <small>''Der Komtur''</small><br />[[Richard Tauber]] <small>''Don Ottavio''</small><br />[[Viktor Madin]] <small>''Masetto''</small>
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Die Fledermaus]]''' by [[Karl Haffner]], [[Richard Genée]] and [[Johann Strauss II]], August 13 to 29, 1926 (five performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Bruno Walter]]
|Josef Hietz
|[[Wanda Achsel]] <small>''Rosalinde''</small><br />[[Rosette Anday]] <small>''Orlofsky''</small><br />[[Fritzi Massary]] <small>''Adele''</small><br />Paula von Hentke <small>''Ida''</small>
|[[Karl Ziegler]] <small>''Eisenstein''</small><br />[[Hans Duhan]] <small>''Frank''</small><br />[[Erik Wirl]] <small>''Alfred''</small><br />Karl Renner <small>''Dr. Falke''</small><br />[[Viktor Madin]] <small>''Dr. Blind''</small><br />[[Hans Moser (actor)|Hans Moser]] <small>''Frosch''</small>
|-
|- class="hintergrundfarbe8"
|colspan="9"| '''[[Ariadne auf Naxos]]''' by [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]] and [[Richard Strauss]], August 18 to 25, 1926 (three performances)
|-
|[[Wiener Philharmoniker]]<br />[[Vienna State Opera|Wiener Staatsopernchor]]<br />[[Clemens Krauss]]
|[[Lothar Wallerstein]]<br />[[Oskar Strnad]] <small>settings</small>
|[[Lotte Lehmann]] <small>''Primadonna/Ariadne''</small><br />Maria Rajdl <small>''Komponist''</small><br />[[Maria Gerhart]] <small>''Zerbinetta''</small><br />[[Luise Helletsgruber]] <small>''Najade''</small><br />[[Hermine Kittel]] <small>''Dryade''</small><br />[[Karola Jovanović]] <small>''Echo''</small>
|[[Viktor Madin]] <small>''Haushofmeister''</small><br />[[Hans Duhan]] <small>''Musiklehrer/Harlekin''</small><br />[[John Gläser]] <small>''Tenor/Bacchus''</small><br />[[Georg Maikl]] <small>''Tanzmeister/Brighella''</small><br />[[Hermann Gallos]] <small>''Scaramuccio''</small><br />Franz Markhoff <small>''Truffaldino''</small><br />Heinrich Berthold <small>''Brighella (Vorspiel)''</small>
|}
Cast changes in repeat performances:
* '''Die Entführung aus dem Serail'''. Blondchen: Stella Eisner, Osmin: Karl Norbert.
* '''Die Fledermaus'''. Eisenstein: [[Richard Tauber]], Adele: Paula Beck.
* '''Ariadne auf Naxos'''. Conductor: [[Richard Strauss]] (on August 21); Musiklehrer/Harlekin: Karl Renner, Ariadne: [[Claire Born]].
== See also ==
*[[Salzburg Festival: history and repertoire, 1935-37]]
== Sources ==
*{{cite book | last = Gallup|first = Stephen|authorlink =Stephen Gallup| year = 1989| title= Die Geschichte der Salzburger Festspiele| publisher = Orac| location = Wien| ISBN = 3-7015-0164-5}}, {{p.|35|56}}
*{{cite book | last = Jaklitsch|first = Hans|authorlink =Hans Jaklitsch| year = 1991| title= Die Salzburger Festspiele, Band III , Verzeichnis der Werke und der Künstler 1920-1990| publisher = Residenz Verlag| location = Salzburg| ISBN = 3-7017-0639-5}}, {{p.|1|8}}
*{{cite book | last = Kaut|first = Josef|authorlink =Josef Kaut| year = 1982| title= Die Salzburger Festspiele 1920-1981, Mit einem Verzeichnis der aufgeführten Werke und der Künstler des Theaters und der Musik von Hans Jaklitsch| publisher = Residenz Verlag| location = Salzburg| ISBN = 3-7017-0308-6}}, {{p.|244–249}}.
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Salzburg Festival: history and repertoire, 1922-26}}
[[Category:Salzburg Festival|History and repertoire, 1922-26, Salzburg Festival]]
[[Category:Opera-related lists]]
[[Category:1922 music festivals]]
[[Category:1925 music festivals]]
[[Category:1926 music festivals]]