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{{short description|British researcher and writer}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Sam Parnia
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| birth_place       = London, England
| death_date        = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
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| fields            = [[Intensive-care medicine]]
| workplaces        = [[New York University Grossman School of Medicine]], New York
| alma_mater        =  [[King's College London School of Medicine|Guys and St. Thomas' Medical School]] ([[MBBS]]), [[University of Southampton]] (Ph.D.),  [[University of London]] and [[Weill Cornell Medical Center]] (residency)
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| known_for         = Research on [[near-death experiences]] and [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
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'''Sam Parnia''' is a British<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/apr/06/sam-parnia-resurrection-lazarus-effect|title=Sam Parnia – the man who could bring you back from the dead|last=Adams|first=Tim|date=2013-04-06|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-09-26}}</ref> associate professor of Medicine at the [[NYU Langone Medical Center]] where he is also director of research into [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]. In the United Kingdom, he is director of the [[Human Consciousness Project]] at the [[University of Southampton]]. Parnia is known for his work on [[near-death experiences]] and [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]].
==Education and career==
Parnia graduated from [[King's College London School of Medicine|Guy's and St. Thomas' Medical School]] in [[London]], where he received his [[MBBS]] in 1995.<ref name=adams>{{cite news|first=Tim|last=Adams|date=6 April 2013|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/apr/06/sam-parnia-resurrection-lazarus-effect|title=Sam Parnia – the man who could bring you back from the dead|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|department=Health: The Observer|access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=NYS>The State Education Department. The University of The State of New York. [http://www.regents.nysed.gov/common/regents/files/documents/meetings/2012Meetings/October2012/1012brca5.pdf Report of the Committee on the Professions Regarding Licensing Petitions] Albany, N.Y: October 2, 2012.</ref> He then pursued further studies at the [[University of Southampton]], working as a clinical research fellow and obtaining a [[PhD]] in cell biology in 2007.<ref name="Hampshire Chronicle 2007">Hampshire Chronicle staff.[http://www.hampshirechronicle.co.uk/education/1565895.Southampton_University_Graduation_List_2007_Part_1/ Southampton University Graduation List 2007 Part 1. Ceremony 10: School of Medicine; Doctor of Philosophy] ''Hampshire Chronicle'', published online 23 Jul 2007. Page accessed, June 7, 2016</ref><ref name="MMJ 2003">{{cite journal|last=O'Brien|first=M|year=2003|title=The Day I Died|journal=[[BMJ]]|volume=326|issue=7383|page=288|doi= 10.1136/bmj.326.7383.288|pmc=1125151|type=Review of TV show}}</ref> He maintained an honorary research fellow title at the [[University of Southampton]] and continued his collaboration through the Human Consciousness Project, which he founded and directs.<ref name=Nour>Nour Foundation, Speaker Profile. [http://www.nourfoundation.com/speakers/sam-parnia-md-phd-mrcp.html Sam Parnia, MD, PhD, MRCP]. Page accessed April 25, 2016</ref><ref name="Palchik 2009">{{cite journal | author = Palchik Guillermo | year = 2009| title = Conference Report: The Nour Foundation Georgetown University & Blackfriars Hall, Oxford University Symposium Series Technology, Neuroscience & the Nature of Being: Considerations of Meaning, Morality and Transcendence Part I: The Paradox of Neurotechnology 8 May 2009 | journal = Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine | volume = 4| page = 9 | doi = 10.1186/1747-5341-4-9 | pmid = 19615065 | pmc=2717997| doi-access = free}}</ref>
After completing his fellowship training in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at the [[University of London]] and the [[Weill Cornell Medical College]] in New York City in 2010, Parnia joined the faculty at [[Stony Brook University School of Medicine]] as a member of the Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Division.<ref name=Nour/> He also leads research on [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] at Stony Brook University.<ref name=Nour/><ref name="New York Times 2015">Peikoff, Kira. [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/08/health/cpr-survival-rates-can-differ-greatly-by-city.html?_r=0/ CPR Survival Rates Can Differ Greatly by City.] ''New York Times'', published online 7 December 2015. Page accessed, May 18, 2016</ref> His British medical qualifications were recognized as a medical degree by the [[New York (state)|State of New York]] in 2012.<ref name=NYS/> In 2013, he published the book "Erasing Death: The Science That Is Rewriting the Boundaries Between Life and Death," which provides an updated overview of [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|cardiac resuscitation]].<ref name="Strodtman">Strodtman, L. K. (2013). Parnia, Sam. Erasing death: the science that is rewriting the boundaries between life and death. ''CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries'', 51(2), 302+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A347002140/AONE?u=wikipedia&sid=ebsco&xid=2e2556ab</ref>  Since 2015, he has been the director of the Critical Care & Resuscitation Research Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine at [[New York University Langone Medical Center]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sam_Parnia|title=Sam PARNIA &#124; Director of Resuscitation Research &#124; MD PhD &#124; NYU Langone Medical Center, New York City &#124; NYUMC &#124; Department of Medicine &#124; Research profile}}</ref>
Additionally, Parnia has served as the chairman of the Horizon Research Foundation, a charity founded in 1987 to support research and education in the fields of death, [[cardiac arrest]], mind, brain, and consciousness studies<ref name="UKcharity">UK Charity Commission. [http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Showcharity/RegisterOfCharities/PrintReport.aspx?RegisteredCharityNumber=296655&ReportType=COLOUR 296655 - The International Association For Near-Death Studies UK] Page accessed July 26, 2019</ref>  As of 2018, the charity has ceased to exist.<ref name="UKcharity" />
In August 2024 he published ''Lucid Dying'', a blend of new research and personal experience which "tackles fundamental questions about existence and awareness."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sam-parnia/lucid-dying/|title=LUCID DYING &#124; Kirkus Reviews|via=www.kirkusreviews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/conditions/heart-health/sam-parnia-the-doctor-taking-on-death/|title=‘I have been researching death for 30 years. I am now convinced it is reversible’|first=Charlotte|last=Lytton|date=August 26, 2024|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
==Research==
=== Optimization of brain resuscitation after cardiac arrest ===
Parnia is known for his involvement and research in the field of [[emergency medicine]] and [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|cardiac arrest resuscitation]].<ref name=" Der Spiegel 2013">{{cite news|first=Marco|last=Evers|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/doctor-sam-parnia-believes-resurrection-is-a-medical-possibility-a-913075.html|title=Back from the dead: Resuscitation expert says end is reversible|newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=29 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="TIME magazine 2008">{{cite news|last=Stephey|first=M.J.|title= What happens when we die?|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=18 September 2008|url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1842627,00.html}}</ref> He conducts research on, and advocates for wider application of, best practices for resuscitation when people die; namely better, perhaps automated [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] techniques, the use of [[targeted temperature management]], [[extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]], brain [[oximetry]], and prevention of [[reperfusion injury]], and wrote his book, ''Erasing Death'' (published in the United Kingdom as the ''Lazarus Effect'') as part of that effort.<ref name=adams/><ref name=" Der Spiegel 2013"/>  He says that many people who are actually dead from heart attacks or blood loss could be resuscitated up to 24 hours after their decease if contemporary best practices as defined by the [[International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation]] were used promptly.<ref name=" Der Spiegel 2013"/>
The main focus of Parnia's research has been in the optimization of brain monitoring and oxygen delivery methods with a goal of reducing long-term brain injuries as well as disorders of consciousness such as a [[persistent vegetative state]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/doctor-sam-parnia-believes-resurrection-is-a-medical-possibility-a-913075.html|title=Doctor Sam Parnia Believes Resurrection Is A Medical Possibility|date=July 29, 2013|via=www.spiegel.de}}</ref> In order to avoid these disabilities, Parnia believes the study of consciousness should be a routine part of cardiac arrest brain injury research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/02/21/172495667/resuscitation-experiences-and-erasing-death|title=NPR interview|website=[[NPR]] }}</ref> The other side of his work, which he conducts with a team at the [[State University of New York]] and across multiple other medical centers in the United Kingdom, is consciousness during cardiac arrest. This includes [[near-death experience]]s.<ref name="adams" /><ref name="TIME magazine 2008" /><ref name="Der Spiegel 2013" /><ref name="Popular Mechanics 2009">PM Interview. [http://www.popularmechanics.co.za/science/pm-interview-weill-cornell-medical-centre-doctordeath-researchersam-parnia/ Weill Cornell Medical Centre Doctor, Death researcher, Sam Parnia.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024015400/https://www.popularmechanics.co.za/science/pm-interview-weill-cornell-medical-centre-doctordeath-researchersam-parnia/ |date=2020-10-24 }} ''Popular Mechanics'', published online 30 June 2009</ref>
=== Consciousness and near death experience research ===
Parnia has advocated for the use of the term "actual death experience" instead of  [[near death experience]] (NDE), to describe human experiences that occur during a period of cardiac arrest. He has stated: “contrary to perception, death is not a specific moment but a potentially reversible process that occurs after any severe illness or accident causes the heart, lungs and brain to cease functioning. If attempts are made to reverse this process, it is referred to as ‘cardiac arrest’; however, if these attempts do not succeed it is called ‘death’. He has mostly studied those who have no heart beat and no detectable brain activity for periods of time and believes cardiac arrest is the optimal model to help understand the human experience of death.<ref name=adams/><ref name=NPR>{{cite episode|first= Terry (host)|last=Gross|author-link=Terry Gross|first2=Sam|last2=Parnia|series=Fresh Air|series-link=Fresh Air|network=[[NPR]]|station=[[WHYY-FM]]|title='Erasing Death' Explores The Science Of Resuscitation |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/02/21/172495667/resuscitation-experiences-and-erasing-death|transcript=Transcript|transcript-url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=172495667|date=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reversing Death NYAS 2014 | pmid=25060142 | doi=10.1111/nyas.12475 | volume=1330 |author4-link=Stephan A. Mayer |vauthors=Paulson S, Becker LB, Parnia S, Mayer SA | journal=Ann N Y Acad Sci | pages=4–18| year=2014 | s2cid=206224394 }}</ref>
In 2001, Parnia and colleagues published the results of a year-long study of cardiac arrest survivors. 63 survivors were interviewed; 7 had memories of the time they were unconscious and 4 had experiences that, according to the study criteria, were NDEs.  [[Out-of-body experience|Out of body]] claims were tested by placing figures on suspended boards facing the ceiling, not visible from the floor. No positive results were reported, and no conclusions could be drawn due to the small number of subjects.<ref name="French">{{cite book|year=2005|volume=150|pages=351–67|doi=10.1016/S0079-6123(05)50025-6|pmid=16186035|author=French CC|title=The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology |chapter=Near-death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors |series=[[Progress in Brain Research]]|isbn=9780444518514}}</ref>
=== AWAreness during REsuscitation (AWARE) study ===
While at the University of Southampton, Parnia was the principal investigator of the [[Near-death experience#Awareness during resuscitation (AWARE) study|AWARE Study]], which was launched in 2008.<ref name="TIME magazine 2008" />  This study, which concluded in 2012, included 33 investigators across 15 medical centers in the UK, Austria and the USA and it tested consciousness, memories and awareness during cardiac arrest. The accuracy of claims of visual and auditory awareness were examined using specific tests.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parnia|first1=Sam|last2=Spearpoint|first2=Ken|last3=de Vos|first3=Gabriele|last4=Fenwick|first4=Peter|last5=Goldberg|first5=Diana|last6=Yang|first6=Jie|last7=Zhu|first7=Jiawen|last8=Baker|first8=Katie|last9=Killingback|first9=Hayley|date=2014-12-01|title=AWARE-AWAreness during REsuscitation-a prospective study|journal=Resuscitation|volume=85|issue=12|pages=1799–1805|doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004|issn=1873-1570|pmid=25301715}}</ref> One such test consisted of installing shelves, bearing a variety of images and facing the ceiling (hence not visible to hospital staff), in rooms where cardiac arrests were more likely to occur.<ref name="The Atlantic 2015" />  The results of the study were published in October  2014; both the launch and the study results were widely discussed in the media.<ref name="The Atlantic 2015">{{cite news|first=Gideon|last=Lichfield|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/04/the-science-of-near-death-experiences/386231/|title=The science of near-death experiences: Empirically investigating brushes with the afterlife|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|date=April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Psychology Today 2014">{{cite news|first=Pamela|last=Weintraub|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201409/seeing-the-light|title=Seeing the light|magazine=[[Psychology Today]]|date=2 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Robb 2014">{{cite magazine|author=Robb, Alice| title=The Scientists Studying Life After Death Are Not Total Frauds | url=https://newrepublic.com/article/119755/human-consciousness-life-after-death-research | magazine=[[The New Republic]] | date=8 October 2014}}</ref>
A review article analysing the results reports that out of 2060 cardiac arrest events, 101 of 140 cardiac arrest survivors could complete the questionnaires. Of these 101 patients, 9% could be classified as near-death experiences. 2 more patients (2% of those completing the questionnaires) described "seeing and hearing actual events related to the period of cardiac arrest". These two patients' cardiac arrests did not occur in areas equipped with ceiling shelves, hence no images could be used to objectively test for visual awareness claims. One of the two patients was too sick and the accuracy of her recount could not be verified. For the second patient, it was possible to verify the accuracy of their experience and to show that paradoxically, awareness occurred some minutes after the heart stopped, at a time when "the brain ordinarily stops functioning and cortical activity becomes isoelectric." The experience was not compatible with an illusion, imaginary event or hallucination since visual (other than of ceiling shelves' images) and auditory awareness could be corroborated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parnia|first=Sam|date=2014-11-01|title=Death and consciousness--an overview of the mental and cognitive experience of death|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume=1330|pages=75–93|doi=10.1111/nyas.12582|issn=1749-6632|pmid=25418460|s2cid=33091589}}</ref>
=== Aware II study ===
As of May 2016, a posting at the UK Clinical Trials Gateway website describes plans for AWARE II, a two-year multicenter observational study of 900-1,500 patients experiencing cardiac arrest, with subjects being recruited as 1 August 2014 and a trial end date of 31 May 2017.<ref>[http://www.hra.nhs.uk/news/research-summaries/aware-ii/ AWARE II Research Summary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816003843/http://www.hra.nhs.uk/news/research-summaries/aware-ii/ |date=2017-08-16 }}  on Health Research Authority website</ref><ref>UK Clinical Trials Gateway. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160509201054/https://www.ukctg.nihr.ac.uk/trials/trial-details/trial-details?trialId=31651 Primary Trial ID Number 17129], entitled "AWARE II (AWAreness during REsuscitation) A Multi-Centre Observational Study of the Relationship between the Quality of Brain Resuscitation and Consciousness, Neurological, Functional and Cognitive Outcomes following Cardiac Arrest" Last updated May 3, 2016. Page archived May 9, 2016</ref>
===Brain/mind hypotheses===
Parnia and others have suggested that a mind that is mediated by, but not produced by, the brain, is a possible way to explain NDE.<ref name="MMJ 2003"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sleutjes A, Moreira-Almeida A, Greyson B | date = Nov 2014 | title = Almost 40 years investigating near-death experiences: an overview of mainstream scientific journals | journal = J Nerv Ment Dis | volume = 202 | issue = 11| pages = 833–6 | doi = 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000205 | pmid = 25357254 | s2cid = 16765929 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jonathan|last=Petre|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/1371323/Soul-searching-doctors-find-life-after-death.html|title=Soul-searching doctors find life after death|publisher=The Telegraph|date=22 October 2000|quote=These people were having these experiences when we wouldn't expect them to happen, when the brain shouldn't be able to sustain lucid processes or allow them to form memories that would last. So it might hold an answer to the question of whether mind or consciousness is actually produced by the brain or whether the brain is a kind of intermediary for the mind, which exists independently.... I started off as a sceptic but, having weighed up all the evidence, I now think that there is something going on. Essentially, it comes back to the question of whether the mind or consciousness is produced from the brain. If we can prove that the mind is produced by the brain, I don't think there is anything after we die because essentially we are conscious beings. If, on the contrary, the brain is like an intermediary which manifests the mind, like a television will act as an intermediary to manifest waves in the air into a picture or a sound, we can show that the mind is still there after the brain is dead. And that is what I think these near-death experiences indicate}}</ref> Recent support that mind can separate from the body and hence the brain is provided by Mays & Mays (2024).<ref>https://selfconsciousmind.com/2024-UnderlyingFrameworkDefiningNDEs-final.pdf</ref>
Science writer Mike McRae (2014) suggests that "While Parnia's work contributes valuable data to understanding NDE as a cultural phenomenon, his speculations do indeed sit on the brink of [[pseudoscience]]."<ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=McRae|url=http://www.skeptic.com/insight/science-on-the-edge-of-life/|title=Science On the Edge of Life|work=Skeptic.com|date=9 October 2014}}</ref> Neurologist Michael O'Brien (2003) writes that "most people would not find it necessary to postulate such a separation between mind and brain to explain the events," and suggested that further research is likely to provide a physical explanation for near-death experiences". However, he does not define or quantify his notion of "most people", or whether "most people" would have the expertise to make valid judgement calls.<ref name="MMJ 2003" /> Psychologist and [[lecturer]] [[Susan Blackmore]]  (2003) appeared with Parnia and [[Peter Fenwick (neuropsychologist)|Peter Fenwick]] on a  [[BBC]] [[documentary]] called "The Day I Died" and disagreed with their interpretations of NDEs, finding purely physical explanations to be more plausible.<ref name="MMJ 2003"/>
In a review article published in the ''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Parnia|first=Sam|date=2014-11-01|title=Death and consciousness––an overview of the mental and cognitive experience of death|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=1330|issue=1|pages=75–93|doi=10.1111/nyas.12582|pmid=25418460|s2cid=33091589|issn=1749-6632}}</ref> Parnia admits that the nature of consciousness is still uncharted territory for science. Two different major models have been postulated about the nature of consciousness:
# one envisages the psyche/consciousness/mind (self) as the result of neuronal activity. So a causative relationship exists between cortical activity and consciousness.
# the other instead considers that consciousness is separate from the brain and can influence brain activity independently of the brain.
Parnia explains that the observations that "the human mind, consciousness, or psyche (self) may continue to function when brain function has ceased during the early period after death" (such as during the AWARE study, but not only) points to the possibility that the second model may have to be taken into account.<ref name=":0" />
== See also ==
* [[Bruce Greyson]]
* [[Raymond Moody]]
* [[Pim van Lommel]]
* [[Jeffrey Long]]
==Selected bibliography==
;Books
* {{cite book|title=What Happens When We Die|url=https://archive.org/details/whathappenswhenw00samp|url-access=registration|publisher=Hay House|year=2007|isbn=9781401907112 |first=Sam|last=Parnia|author-mask=0}}
* {{cite book|title=Erasing Death: The Science That is Rewriting the Boundaries Between Life and Death|publisher=Harper Collins|year=2013|isbn=9780062080608 |first=Sam|last=Parnia|author-mask= 0}}
* {{cite book|title=The Lazarus Effect: The Science That is Rewriting the Boundaries Between Life and Death|publisher=Rider|year=2013|isbn=9781846043079|first=Sam|last=Parnia|author-mask=0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lazaruseffectsci0000parn}}
;Research publications
* {{cite journal|last2=Waller|first2=DG|last3=Yeates|first3=R|last4=Fenwick|first4=P|year=2001|title=A qualitative and quantitative study of the incidence, features and aetiology of near-death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors|journal=Resuscitation|volume=48|issue=2|pages=149–56|pmid=11426476|last1=Parnia|first1=S|doi=10.1016/s0300-9572(00)00328-2}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Parnia S, etal | date = Aug 2012 | title = A feasibility study evaluating the role of cerebral oximetry in predicting return of spontaneous circulation in cardiac arrest | journal = Resuscitation | volume = 83 | issue = 8| pages = 982–5 | doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.01.039 | pmid = 22322284 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Ahn A, Yang J, Inigo-Santiago L, Parnia S | date = Apr 2014 | title = A feasibility study of cerebral oximetry monitoring during the post-resuscitation period in comatose patients following cardiac arrest | journal = Resuscitation | volume = 85 | issue = 4| pages = 522–6 | doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.12.007 | pmid = 24361675 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Parnia S, etal | date = Apr 2014 | title = A feasibility study of cerebral oximetry during in-hospital mechanical and manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation | journal = Crit. Care Med. | volume = 42 | issue = 4| pages = 930–3 | doi = 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000047 | pmid = 24247475| s2cid = 16856630 }}
* {{cite journal|last2=Spearpoint|first2=K|last3=de Vos|first3=G|last4=Fenwick|first4=P|last5=Goldberg|first5=D|last6=Yang|first6=J|last7=Zhu|first7=J|last8=Baker|first8=K|last9=Killingback|first9=H|display-authors=4|year=2014|journal=Resuscitation|volume=85|issue=12| pages=1799–805 |pmid=25301715 |last1=Parnia |first1=S|title=AWARE-AWAreness during REsuscitation-a prospective study |doi=10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.004}}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Singer AJ, etal | date = May 2015 | title = Cerebral oximetry levels during CPR are associated with return of spontaneous circulation following cardiac arrest: an observational study | journal = Emerg Med J | volume = 32 | issue = 5| pages = 353–6 | doi = 10.1136/emermed-2013-203467 | pmid = 24662518 | s2cid = 24626288 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Parnia S, Yang J, Nguyen R, Ahn A, etal | year = 2016| title = (Sept 2016) Cerebral Oximetry During Cardiac Arrest: A Multicenter Study of Neurologic Outcomes and Survival | url = http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/87805/1/WRAP-cerebral-oximetry-during-cardiac-arrest-multicenter-study-neurologic-outcomes-survival-Perkins-206.pdf| journal = Critical Care Medicine | volume = 44 | issue = 9| pages = 1663–1674 | doi = 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001723 | pmid = 27071068| s2cid = 10214687}}
; Reviews and editorials
* {{cite journal|author=Parnia, Sam|year=2007|title=Do reports of consciousness during cardiac arrest hold the key to discovering the nature of consciousness?|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=69|issue=4|pages=933–7|pmid=17459598|doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.076}} - in the controversial and non-[[peer review]]ed ''[[Medical Hypotheses]]''
* {{Cite journal|last=Parnia|first=Sam|date=2014|title=Death and consciousness - an overview of the mental and cognitive experience of death.|journal=Ann N Y Acad Sci|pmid=25418460|volume=1330|pages=75–93|doi=10.1111/nyas.12582|issue=1|s2cid=33091589}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
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[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Southampton]]
[[Category:Near-death experience researchers]]
[[Category:English medical writers]]
[[Category:English medical researchers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]