View source for Sandal

{{Short description|Type of footwear with an open upper}}
{{Redirect|Sandals|the Caribbean luxury resorts operator|Sandals Resorts|the holy relic at Prüm Abbey|Sandals of Jesus Christ|other uses|Sandal (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Man in sandals.jpg|thumb|Man wearing sandals]]
[[File:Nikko black sandal.jpg|thumb|Modern fashion sandals]]
'''Sandals''' are an open type of shoe, consisting of a [[Sole (shoe)|sole]] held to the wearer's [[foot]] by straps going over the [[instep]] and around the [[ankle]]. Sandals can also have a heel. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be blurry (as in the case of ''[[Huarache (shoe)|huaraches]]''—the woven leather footwear seen in Mexico, and peep-toe pumps), the common understanding is that a sandal leaves all or most of the foot exposed. People may choose to wear sandals for several reasons, among them comfort in warm weather, economy (sandals tend to require less material than shoes and are usually easier to construct), and as a [[fashion]] choice. Usually, people wear sandals in warmer climates or during warmer parts of the year in order to keep their feet cool and dry. The risk of developing [[athlete's foot]] is lower than with enclosed [[shoe]]s, and the wearing of sandals may be part of the [[Therapy|treatment]] regimen for such an infection.
{{anchor|Etymology|Names}}
==Name==
The [[English language|English]] word ''{{linktext|sandal}}'' derives under influence from [[Middle French]] {{lang|frm|{{linktext|sandale}}}} from the [[Latin language|Latin]] {{lang|la|{{linktext|sandalium}}}} and is first attested in [[Middle English]] in the form {{lang|enm|sandalies}}.<ref name=oed/><ref>[[John Wycliffe]], [[:s:Bible_(Wycliffe)|Bible]], [[:s:Bible_(Wycliffe)/Mark|Mark]], [[:s:Bible_(Wycliffe)/Mark#Chapter_6|6:9]].</ref> The Latin term derived from [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] ''sandálion'' ({{lang|grc|{{linktext|σανδάλιον}}}}), the [[diminutive (linguistics)|diminutive]] of ''sándalon'' ({{lang|grc|{{linktext|σάνδαλον}}}}), of uncertain origin.<ref name=oed>{{citation |last= |first= |contribution=sandal, ''n.¹'' |title=Oxford English Dictionary |url=http://www.oed.com |contribution-url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/170526 |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford }}.</ref> In Greek, the names referred to particular styles of women's sandals rather than being the general word for the category of footwear. Similarly, in Latin, the name was also used for [[slippers]], the more common term for [[ancient Rome|Roman]] sandals being {{lang|la|{{linktext|solea}}}}, whence English ''[[sole (shoe)|sole]]''. The English words ''[[sand]]'' and ''[[sandalwood]]'' are both [[false cognate]]s.
== History ==
[[File:Sandalias de esparto (29139609730).jpg|thumb|right|[[Esparto]] sandals from the [[6th millennium BC|6th]] or [[5th millennium BC]] found in [[Spain]].]]
[[File:Egyptian sandals, vegetable fiber - Bata Shoe Museum - DSC00009.JPG|thumb|upright|Pair of ancient vegetable fiber sandals from Egypt.]]
[[File:Fancy sandals.png|thumb|upright|Girl wearing sandals held to the feet by both thong and straps.]]
Although some other kinds of [[footwear]] like [[carbatina]] are as simple to make, sandals are the [[History of footwear|oldest known footwear]] at present. Pairs of [[Artemisia tridentata|sagebrush]] sandals discovered in 1938 at [[Fort Rock]] [[Fort Rock Cave|Cave]] in [[Oregon]], [[USA]], were later [[radiocarbon dating|dated]] to 10,500 to 9,300{{nbsp}}[[Before Present|years ago]].<ref name="robbins">{{cite book | first = William G. | last = Robbins | title = Oregon: This Storied Land | publisher = Oregon Historical Society Press | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0875952864}}</ref>
The [[ancient Egyptians]] wore sandals made of [[palm tree|palm]] leaves, [[papyrus]],{{sfnp|Wilkinson|1847|p=336}} and{{mdash}}at least in [[grave goods]]{{mdash}}gold. Egyptian statues and reliefs show sandals both on the feet and carried by [[sandal-bearer]]s. According to [[Herodotus]], papyrus footwear<!--not nec. sandals--> was part of the required dress of the [[Ancient Egyptian religion|Egyptian priests]].<ref>[[Herodotus]], ''[[History (Herodotus)|History]]'', Book 2, §37.</ref> The sandals of [[Mesopotamia]] ("[[Biblical sandals]]") were typically made of [[rawhide (material)|rawhide]] and [[Straw (agricultural product)|straw]] (dried grasses). The wealthy sometimes used gems or gold or silver beads on the thongs.
Straw shoes, sometimes in the form of sandals and sometimes carbatinae, were ubiquitous [[Hanfu footwear|Chinese footwear]] in antiquity.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
In [[Ancient Greece]], ''sandalia'' proper were a kind of sandal principally worn by women.{{sfnp|Peck|1898}} The [[sole (shoe)|sole]] was made of wood, cork, or leather and the upper chiefly consisted of a strap between the big toe and second toe and another around the ankle.{{sfnp|Peck|1898}} The sandal of [[Homer]] was the ''pédila'' ({{lang|grc|πέδιλα}}).<ref>[[Homer]], [[Iliad]], Book 24, l. 340, and [[Odyssey]], Book 8, l. 368.</ref>{{sfnp|Anderson|1870}} By the [[Classical Greece|Classical Period]], the general term for sandals was ''hypódēma'' ({{lang|grc|ὑπόδημα}}).{{sfnp|Anderson|1870}} Most forms included a strap across the toes ({{lang|grc|ζυγὸς}}, ''zygòs''), another strap between the big and second toe, and a third across the [[instep]] ({{lang|la|lingula}}); this last was frequently made with metal shaped like a heart or leaf.{{sfnp|Anderson|1870}} The ''rhaḯdia'' ({{lang|grc|ῥαΐδια}}) extended the straps of the sandal up the calf.{{sfnp|Anderson|1870}} Some Greek sandals{{mdash}}like the women's ''tyrrēniká'' ({{lang|grc|τυρρηνικά}}){{mdash}}employed wooden soles.{{sfnp|Anderson|1870}} The effeminate [[baxea]] ({{lang|grc|{{linktext|πάξεια}}}}, ''páxeia'') was usually made of [[willow]] leaves, twigs, or fibers and was associated with [[ancient Greek comedy|comic actor]]s and [[Greek philosophy|philosophers]].{{sfnp|Yates & al.|1870}} The [[ancient Greek tragedy|tragedians]] wore the [[cothurnus]] ({{lang|grc|{{linktext|κόθορνος}}}}, ''kóthornos''), sandal-like [[boot]]s that rose above the midcalf and typically incorporated [[platform shoe|platform soles]] that led to others wearing them to appear taller.<ref>Serv. in Virg. Ed. II. cc.</ref> By the [[Hellenistic Period]], some sandals show evidence of extreme ornamentation. One found from the settlements in [[Greek Crimea]] was a [[platform shoe|platform]] design with 12 separate layers in its sole and gold decoration.{{sfnp|Anderson|1870}}
Because of the general discomfort of the typical [[class in ancient Rome|upper-class]] [[calceus]], it was standard in [[ancient Rome]] to switch to sandals ({{lang|la|{{linktext|solea}}}} or {{lang|la|{{linktext|crepida}}}}) or [[soccus|slippers]] at home and it was considered an oddity of [[Augustus]] that he seldom did so. However, wearing comfortable shoes in public was considered effeminate and discussion of the habit was used as an insult by politicians and writers.{{sfnp|Anderson|1870}} [[Scipio the Elder]], [[Verres]], [[Mark Antony|Antony]], [[Germanicus]], and [[Caligula]] were all pointedly reproached for doing so and the stigma did not die off until at least the reign of [[Hadrian]].{{sfnp|Anderson|1870}} Because shoes were removed when reclining on couches to dine, it was normal to wear slippers or sandals to meals even at other houses. Because of the stigma, however, when a [[Litter (vehicle)|litter]] carried by [[slavery in ancient Rome|slaves]] could not be used between the two houses, it was considered proper to walk to the other house in [[calcei]] while carrying the shoes to be removed under the arm. The guest would change in the entryway and then have slaves remove the second pair of shoes in the dining room.{{sfnp|Anderson|1870}}
In his autobiography [[Edward Carpenter]] told how sandals came to be made in England:
{{Quote|While in India [[Harold Cox]] went in [18]85 or [18]86 for a tour in [[Kashmir|Cashmere]], and from Cashmere he sent me a pair of Indian sandals. I had asked him, before he went out, to send some likely pattern of sandals, as I felt anxious to try some myself. I soon found the joy of wearing them. And after a little time I set about making them. I got two or three lessons from W. Lill, a bootmaker friend in [[Sheffield]], and soon succeeded in making a good many pairs for myself and various friends. Since then the trade has grown into quite a substantial one. G. Adams took it up at [[Millthorpe, Derbyshire|Millthorpe]] in 1889; making, I suppose, about a hundred or more pairs a year; and since his death it has been carried on at the Garden City, [[Letchworth]].<ref>[[Edward Carpenter]] (1899) [http://www.edwardcarpenter.net/ecdd7.htm My Days and Dream, chapter 7] via Edwardcarpenter.net</ref>}}
== Construction ==
{{Unsourced section|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Anatomy of Sandals.svg|250px|right|thumb|Anatomy of a sandal]]
A sandal may have a [[sole (shoe)|sole]] made from [[rubber]], [[leather]], [[wood]], [[tatami]] or [[rope]].  It may be held to the foot by a narrow thong that generally passes between the first and second toe, or by a strap or lace, variously called a latchet, sabot strap or sandal, that passes over the arch of the foot or around the ankle. A sandal may or may not have a [[heel (shoe)|heel]] (either low or [[High-heeled footwear|high]]) or heel strap.
== Variants ==
* [[Barefoot]] sandals, footwear with the appearance of sandals but lacking a sole.
* [[Birkenstock]] sandals, a comfortable and trendy sandal made from cork.
*{{anchor|caligae|roman_military}}[[Caligae]], a heavy-soled classical Roman military shoe or sandal for marching, worn by all ranks up to and including [[centurion]]
* [[Carbatina]], open footwear worn in ancient Greece, Italy and the Middle East
* [[Clip-on sandals]] or [[clip-toe sandals]], similar to flip-flops{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}
* [[Crocs]], clog like shoes from a synthetic, rubbery, waterproof material, created in the United States in 2002
* [[Clog (shoe)|Clog]] can be formed as a heavy sandal, having a thick, typically wooden sole
* Crochet sandals<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://freecrochetpattern.weebly.com/crochet-patterns-sandals.html |title=Crochet Sandals |access-date=2014-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724014505/http://freecrochetpattern.weebly.com/crochet-patterns-sandals.html |archive-date=2014-07-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Fisherman sandal]] is a type of T-bar sandal originally for men and boys. The toes are enclosed by a number of leather bands interwoven with the central length-wise strap that lies along the instep. An adjustable cross strap or bar is fastened with a buckle. The heel may be fully enclosed or secured by a single strap joined to the cross strap. The style appears to have originated in France.
* [[Flip-flops]] (called thongs in Australia) are typically cheap and suitable for beach, pool, or locker room wear
* [[Geta (footwear)|Geta]], a classical Japanese form of elevated thong, traditionally of [[cryptomeria]] wood; the crosspiece is referred to as a ''ha'', which translates to ''tooth''
* [[Grecian sandal]], sandals from [[Greece]] and [[Salento]] (Italy), a (generally flat or low) sole attached to the foot by interlaced straps crossing the toes and instep, and fastening around the ankle. A similar style is sometimes called [[gladiator sandal]]
* [[High-heeled footwear|High-heeled sandal]], a type of sandal with an elevated heel. They allow the wearer to have an open shoe while being less casual or more formal, depending on the style of the sandal.
* [[Hiking]] and [[trekking]] sandals are designed for hiking or trekking in hot and tropical climates, usually using robust rubber outsole, suitable for any terrain, and softer [[Ethylene-vinyl acetate|EVA]] or Super EVA foam insole. These sandals are usually shaped to support the arched contour of the foot. The straps are usually made of polyester or nylon webbing for quick drying after exposure to water and to minimize perspiration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sourceoutdoor.com/hiking-gear/14-sandal-technology|title=Sandal and Footwear Technology - SOURCE Hydration & Sandals|access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> Also suitable for many other adventure sports and activities where quick drying and reduced perspiration is required, including rafting, traveling, paragliding, skydiving.
* [[Ho Chi Minh sandal]]s is one name for a homemade or [[cottage industry]] footwear, the soles cut from an old automobile tire and the straps cut from an inner tube. Made and worn in many countries, they became wider known in the US as worn by the rural people of Indochina during the [[Vietnam War]], leading to the name.
* [[Huarache (shoe)|Huarache]], a Mexican sandal,<ref>[http://www.huaraches.com/information/a-brief-history-and-guide-about-huaraches-mexican-sandals Huaraches: Mexican sandals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007144711/http://www.huaraches.com/information/a-brief-history-and-guide-about-huaraches-mexican-sandals/ |date=2016-10-07 }} from Huaraches.com</ref> with sole made of a tire tread, or [[huarache (running shoe)]], a flat sandal used by minimalist runners.
* Jelly sandals or [[jelly shoes]] were originally a version of the classic fisherman sandal made in PVC plastic. They were invented in 1946 by Frenchman Jean Dauphant in response to a post-war leather shortage. Later designs featured translucent soft plastic in bright colours; hence the later name of jelly sandals or jellies. Recently, a whole range of styles have been produced in this material, mainly for women and girls, but the classic unisex design remains popular.
* Jesuslatschen<ref>[http://www.ddr-museum.de/de/museum/objektdatenbank/?inventarno=1004163 DDR Museum: Sandals in GDR so called ''Jesuslatschen'']</ref>
* [[Jipsin]], a traditional [[Korea]]n sandal made of straw
*[[Ojota]], an extremely durable Peruvian sandal made of [[Tire recycling|recycled tires]] that is traditionally worn in the [[Andes]] by [[Quechua people]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sylwiatravel.com/have-you-ever-heard-about-peruvian-sandals-yankees/|title=Have you ever heard about peruvian sandals Yankees?|date=2014-10-29|website=Sylwia Travel Peru|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://threadsofperu.com/pages/traditional-andean-clothng|title=Traditional Andean Clothing|website=Threads of Peru|access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Cómo se hacen los Yanquis u ojotas en Perú (viral)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rqn2R8apQUA|language=en|access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref>
* [[Paduka]] are the ancient (the time of the [[Ramayana]]) Indian toe-knob sandals. They are not really worn on a daily basis now except by monks or for ceremonial purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/paduka/the_paduka/index.php|title=All About Shoes|first=Bata Shoe|last=Museum|access-date=23 November 2016|archive-date=29 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229190953/http://www.allaboutshoes.ca/en/paduka/the_paduka/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Patten (shoe)|Patten]], a type of oversized clog often with a wooden sole or metal device to elevate the foot and increase the wearer's height or aid in walking in mud
* {{anchor|gladiator|roman}}[[Roman sandal (disambiguation)|Roman sandal]], a sandal held to the foot by a [[Shoe#Shoe construction|vamp]] composed of a series of equally spaced, buckled straps
* [[Saltwater sandals]], a flat sandal developed in the 1940s as a way of coping with wartime leather shortages, primarily worn by children
* Soft foam sandals, invented in 1973, are made from closed-cell soft foam and uses surgical tubing for the straps. They are sold primarily along the Texas Gulf Coast in beach side gift shops.
* [[Strappy sandals]], open footwear characterized by multiple straps that secure the sole to the foot
* [[T-bar sandal]]s, primarily for children, with an enclosed heel and toe. It is fastened by a cross-wise strap or bar secured by a buckle, or more recently by Velcro. A length-wise strap extends from the vamp and joins the cross-strap over the arch of the foot to form a T shape. A common variant has two cross-straps. The toe is often pierced with a pattern of holes or slots. The sole is low-heeled and usually of crepe rubber, stitched-down to the upper. First seen in Europe and America in the early 20th century, by the 1950s they were very common for boys and girls up to their teens, but are now mainly worn by much younger children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://histclo.com/style/foot/sandal/sandal-ct.html|title=closed-toe sandals|access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> This style or similar styles are also called "Mary Jane" shoes.
* [[Waraji]], Japanese straw sandals common in the [[Edo period]]
* [[Wörishofer]], a ladies' sandal with a cork wedge heel
* [[Zōri]], a flat and thonged [[Japan]]ese sandal, usually made of straw, cloth, leather, or rubber
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Yoga sandals.jpg|Yoga sandals have thongs that pass between all of the toes.
File:Grecian sandals.jpg|Grecian sandals.
File:Teva Terra Fi 5 Sandals.jpg|Hiking/Sport sandals.
File:MulticolorSandalette.jpg|[[High-heeled footwear|High-heeled]] sandals.
File:HuarachesZaachila.JPG|Mexican sandals
File:Debbie Reynolds Auction - Charlton Heston and Jack Hawkins high sandal boots from "Ben-Hur" (1959) (5851596277) (2).jpg | [[Charlton Heston]] and [[Jack Hawkins]]'s [[caliga]] sandal-boots from the [[American film]] ''[[Ben-Hur (movie)|Ben-Hur]]''
File:Tire Sandals.jpg|Vietnamese sandal
File:Sandaletter -- 2019.jpg|Low heel sandals
File:Sandals (5).jpg|Sandals with a toe thong
File:Navy blue fashion sandals.jpg|Fashion sandals
File:A Some Japanese traditional zori and setta in the Japanese Shoe Shop.jpg|Japanese Zori
File:Taiwanese Blue and White Flip flops from Lung Mei Beach.jpg|Flip-flops
File:A simple sandals in the office.jpg|Hiking Sandals
</gallery>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Fashion}}
* [[Birkenstock]]
* [[Crocs]]
* [[Keen (shoe company)|Keens]]
* [[Mule (footwear)|Mules]]
* [[Slipper]]
* [[Socks and sandals]]
== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Anderson |first=W.C.F. |author-link= |date=1870 |editor-last=William |editor-first=Smith |editor-link=William Smith (antiquary) |display-editors=0 |contribution=Solea |contribution-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dsolea-cn |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities |location=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] }}.
* {{citation |first=Harry Thurston |last=Peck |title=Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Brothers |date=1898 |contribution=Sandalium |contribution-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dsandalium-harpers }}.
* {{citation |last=Wilkinson |title=Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians |volume=II |date=1847 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |location=London  |url=https://archive.org/details/mannerscustomsof02wilk_1/page/n5/mode/2up }}.
* {{citation |last=Yates |first=James |author-link=James Yates (minister) |author2=James Henry Flather |display-authors=1 |ref=CITEREFYates_&_al.1870 |date=1870 |editor-last=William |editor-first=Smith |editor-link=William Smith (antiquary) |display-editors=0 |contribution=Baxeae or Baxae |contribution-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DB%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dbaxeae-cn |title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities |location=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] }}.
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sandals}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Footwear}}
{{Clothing}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Sandals| ]]
[[Category:Footwear]]