View source for Scrotum

{{Short description|Sac of skin that protects the testicles}}
{{For|the obsolete dinosaur fossil name|Megalosaurus#"Scrotum humanum"}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name        = Scrotum
| Latin       = scrotum
| Image      = File:Scrotum - Hodensack.JPG
| Caption    = Human scrotum in a relaxed state (left) and a tense state (right)
| Width          =
| Image2       =
| Caption2     =
| Precursor   = [[Labioscrotal swelling]]s
| System      =[[Reproductive system]]
| Artery     = [[Anterior scrotal artery]], [[posterior scrotal artery]], [[deep external pudendal artery]], [[superficial external pudendal artery]], [[internal pudendal artery]]
| Vein        = [[Posterior scrotal veins]], [[internal pudendal veins]]
| Nerve       = [[Posterior scrotal nerves]], [[anterior scrotal nerves]], [[genital branch of genitofemoral nerve]], [[perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve]], [[pudendal nerve]], [[perineal nerve]]
| Lymph       = [[Superficial inguinal lymph nodes]]
}}
In most terrestrial [[mammal]]s, the '''scrotum''' ({{plural form}}: '''scrotums''' or '''scrota'''; possibly from [[Latin]] ''scortum'', meaning "hide" or "skin")<ref>{{cite book|last=van Driel|first=Mels|title=Manhood: The Rise and Fall of the Penis|publisher=Reaktion Books|year = 2010|page=11|access-date=October 14, 2023|isbn= 978-1-86189-708-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jt6u0CeVmAoC&dq=%E2%80%9Cscrotum%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9Cskin%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9Chide%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9CLatin%E2%80%9D&pg=PA11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Spiegl|first=Fritz|title=Fritz Spiegl's Sick Notes: An Alphabetical Browsing-Book of Derivatives, Abbreviations, Mnemonics and Slang for Amusement and Edification of Medics, Nurses, Patients and Hypochondriacs|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year = 1996|page=142|access-date=October 14, 2023|isbn= 978-1-85070-627-4 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_CbA5a0u5E0C&dq=%E2%80%9Cscrotum%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9Cskin%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9Chide%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9CLatin%E2%80%9D+%E2%80%9Cscortum%E2%80%9D&pg=PA142}}</ref> or '''scrotal sac''' is a part of the external male [[Sex organ|genitalia]] located at the base of the [[penis]]. It consists of a sac of [[skin]] containing the [[external spermatic fascia]], [[testicle]]s, [[epididymis|epididymides]], and [[vas deferens|vasa deferentia]]. The scrotum will usually tighten when exposed to cold temperatures.
The scrotum [[List of related male and female reproductive organs|is homologous to]] the [[labia majora]] in females.
== Structure ==
[[File:Gray1143.png|thumb|Diagram of the scrotum. On the left side, the cavity of the tunica vaginalis has been opened; on the right side, only the layers superficial to the cremaster muscle have been removed.]]
In regards to humans, the scrotum is a suspended dual-chambered sac of [[Human skin|skin]] and [[muscular tissue]] containing the testicles and the lower part of the [[spermatic cord]]s. It is located behind the [[Human penis|penis]] and above the [[perineum]]. The [[perineal raphe]] is a small, vertical ridge of skin that expands from the [[Human anus|anus]] and runs through the middle of the scrotum front to back. The scrotum is also a distention of the perineum and carries some abdominal tissues into its cavity including the [[testicular artery]], [[testicular vein]], and [[pampiniform plexus]].
===Nerve supply===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Nerve !! Surface<ref>{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Keith|title=Essential Clinical Anatomy, Third Edition|year=2007|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-6274-8|page=132|author2=Anne Agur }}</ref>
|-
| [[Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve]] || anterolateral
|-
| [[Anterior scrotal nerves]] (from [[ilioinguinal nerve]]) || anterior
|-
| [[Posterior scrotal nerves]] (from [[perineal nerve]]) || posterior
|-
| [[Perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve]] || inferior
|}
=== Blood supply ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Blood vessels{{sfn|Elson|Kapit|1977|p=}} !!
|-
| [[Anterior scrotal artery]] || originates from the [[deep external pudendal artery]]<ref>{{NormanAnatomy|antthigh}}</ref>
|-
| [[Posterior scrotal artery]] ||
|-
| [[Testicular artery]] ||
|-
|}
===Skin and glands===
* [[Sebaceous glands]]
* [[Apocrine glands]]
* [[Smooth muscle]]
The skin on the scrotum is more highly pigmented in comparison to the rest of the body. The [[Scrotal septum|septum]] is a connective tissue membrane dividing the scrotum into two cavities.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Scrotum | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica
| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/530078/scrotum
| access-date = 2015-02-24
}}
</ref>
=== Lymphatic system ===
The scrotal lymph initially drains into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, this then drains into the deep inguinal lymph nodes. The deep inguinal lymph nodes channel into the common iliac, which ultimately releases lymph into the cisterna chyli.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lymphatic vessels<ref>
{{cite web
| title = VIII. The Lymphatic System. 5. The Lymphatics of the Lower Extremity. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
| url = http://www.bartleby.com/107/179.html
| access-date = 2015-02-24
}}
</ref>!!
|-
| [[Superficial inguinal lymph nodes]] ||
|-
| [[Popliteal lymph nodes]] ||
|-
|}
=== Asymmetry ===
One testis is typically lower than the other, which is believed to function to avoid compression in the event of impact; in humans, the left testis is typically lower than the right.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bogaert | first1= Anthony F. | year = 1997 | title = Genital asymmetry in men | url = http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Genital_Asymmentry_in_Men.pdf | journal = Human Reproduction | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 68–72 | pmid = 9043905 | doi = 10.1093/humrep/12.1.68 | doi-access = free | access-date = 2015-06-29 | archive-date= 2015-05-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150528142617/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Genital_Asymmentry_in_Men.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> An alternative view is that testis descent asymmetry evolved to enable more effective cooling of the testicles.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/147470490900700402|title = On the Origin of Descended Scrotal Testicles: The Activation Hypothesis| journal=Evolutionary Psychology| volume=7| issue=4| pages=147470490900700|year = 2009|last1 = Gallup|first1 = Gordon G.| last2=Finn| first2=Mary M.| last3=Sammis| first3=Becky| doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Internal structure ===
[[File:Figure 28 01 02.JPG|thumb|500px|Image showing musculature and inner workings of the scrotum]]
Additional tissues and organs reside inside the scrotum and are described in more detail in the following articles:
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* [[Appendix of epididymidis]]
* [[Cremaster muscle]]
* [[Dartos fascia]]
* [[Efferent ductules]]
* [[Epididymis]]
* [[Leydig cell]]
* [[Lobules of testis]]
* [[Paradidymis]]
* [[Rete testes]]
* [[Scrotal septum]]
* [[Seminiferous tubule]]
* [[Sertoli cell]]
* [[Spermatic cord]]
* [[Testicle]]
* [[Tunica albuginea of testis]]
* [[Tunica vaginalis]]
* [[Tunica vasculosa testis]]
* [[Vas deferens]]
{{div col end}}
== Development ==
{{main|Development of the reproductive system}}
[[File:Human genitalia - development 1.png|thumb|Development of external genitals showing [[Homology (biology)|homologues]] from ''indifferent'' to both sexes - male on left]]
During the fifth week after fertilization, the [[genital ridge]] grows behind the peritoneal membrane.  By the sixth week, string-like tissues called primary sex cords form within the enlarging genital ridge.  Externally, a swelling called the genital tubercule appears over the cloacal membrane.
[[Testosterone]] secretion starts during week eight, reaches peak levels during week 13 and eventually declines to very low levels by the end of the second trimester. The testosterone causes the masculinization of the [[labioscrotal folds]] into the scrotum. The [[Penile raphe|scrotal raphe]] is formed when the embryonic, urethral groove closes by week 12.{{sfn|Van De Graaff|Fox|1989|pp=927-931}}
===Scrotal growth and puberty===
Though the testes and scrotum form early in embryonic life, sexual maturation begins upon entering [[puberty]]. The increased secretion of testosterone causes the darkening of the skin and development of [[pubic hair]] on the scrotum.{{sfn|Van De Graaff|Fox|1989|p=935}}
== Function ==
The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testicles and maintains it at {{convert|35 |C|F|abbr=off}}, i.e. two or three degrees below the body temperature of {{convert|37|C|F|abbr=off}}. Higher temperatures affect [[spermatogenesis]].{{sfn|Van De Graaff|Fox|1989|p=936}}   Temperature control is accomplished by the [[smooth muscle]]s of the scrotum moving the testicles either closer to or further away from the abdomen dependent upon the ambient temperature. This is accomplished by the [[cremaster muscle]] in the abdomen and the [[dartos fascia]] (muscular tissue under the skin that makes the scrotum appear wrinkly).{{sfn|Van De Graaff|Fox|1989|p=935}}
During [[sexual arousal]], the scrotum will also tighten and thicken in the course of [[Erection|penile erection]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jequier|first=Anne M.|publisher= Wiley|year=2008|title= Male Infertility: A Guide for the Clinician |page=180|isbn= 978-0-47069-526-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5iy5aEdr8QC&pg=PA180}}</ref>
Having the scrotum and testicles situated outside the abdominal cavity may provide additional advantages. The external scrotum is not affected by abdominal pressure. This may prevent the emptying of the testes before the sperm were matured sufficiently for fertilization.{{sfn|Van De Graaff|Fox|1989|p=936}} Another advantage is it protects the testes from jolts and compressions associated with an active lifestyle. The scrotum may provide some friction during intercourse, helping to enhance the activity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Richard|title=Human Reproductive Biology|date=2013|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&pg=PA74|quote=The rear-entry position of mating may allow the scrotum to stimulate the clitoris and, in this way, may produce an orgasm ...|isbn=9780123821850}}</ref> The scrotum is also considered to be an [[erogenous zone]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Redmon|first=George L.|publisher=Kensington Publishing Corporation|year=2002|title= Sensual for Life|page=176|isbn=978-0-75820-138-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ny2bBzKgX6YC&pg=PA176}}</ref>
== Society and culture ==
Common slang terms for the scrotum are ''ballsack'', ''nutsack'', and ''teabag''.
Some men will get a [[Genital piercing|piercing]] on the skin of the scrotum, any of which is called a [[hafada]] (e.g., scrotal ladder). Side-to-side or front-to-back piercings that pass through the scrotum are known as [[transscrotal piercing]]s.
[[Scrotoplasty]] is a [[sex reassignment surgery]] that creates a scrotum for [[trans men]] using tissue from the labia majora, or a [[plastic surgery]] that repairs or reconstructs the scrotum.
== Other animals ==
A scrotum is present in all [[boreoeutheria]]n land mammals except [[hippopotamus]]es, [[rhinoceros]]es, [[hedgehog]]s, [[Mole (animal)|moles]], [[pangolin]]s, [[tapir]]s, and numerous families of [[bat]]s and [[rodent]]s.<ref name="cool">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/jeb.12373| pmid=24735476|title = Cool sperm: Why some placental mammals have a scrotum| journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology| volume=27| issue=5| pages=801–814|year = 2014|last1 = Lovegrove|first1 = B. G.| s2cid=24332311| doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[anus]] is separated from the scrotum by the [[perineum]] in these mammals. The testicles remain in the body cavity in all other vertebrates, including [[cloaca]]l animals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120432.000-science--bumpy-lifestyle-led-to-external-testes.html |title=Science : Bumpy lifestyle led to external testes - 17 August 1996 - New Scientist |access-date=2007-11-06 |work=New Scientist}}</ref>
Unlike [[Placentalia|placentals]], some male [[marsupials]] have a scrotum that is anterior to the penis,<ref name="Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987">{{cite book|author1=Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe|author2=Marilyn Renfree|title=Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C&q=scrotum|date=30 January 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33792-2}}</ref><ref name="Hyman1992">{{cite book|author=Libbie Henrietta Hyman|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKlWjdOkiMwC&q=scrotum&pg=PA583|date=15 September 1992|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87013-7|pages=583–}}</ref><ref name="JonesDickman2003">{{cite book|author1=Menna Jones|author2=Chris R. Dickman|author3=Michael Archer|title=Predators with Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YQSDiWHfD0C&q=scrotum|year=2003|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-06634-2}}</ref><ref name="SaundersHinds1997">{{cite book|author1=Norman Saunders|author2=Lyn Hinds|title=Marsupial Biology: Recent Research, New Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnfVl7MX4YMC&q=scrotum|year=1997|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-311-3}}</ref> which is not homologous to the scrotum of placentals,<ref name="ArmatiDickman2006">{{cite book|author1=Patricia J. Armati|author2=Chris R. Dickman|author3=Ian D. Hume|title=Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3S5v971Nk0C&q=scrotum|date=17 August 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45742-2}}</ref> although there are several marsupial species without an external scrotum.<ref name="Tyndale-Biscoe2005">{{cite book|author=C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe|title=Life of Marsupials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqtlPZJ9y8EC&q=scrotum|year=2005|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-06257-3}}</ref>
The scrotum is also absent in [[marine mammal]]s, such as [[whale]]s, [[dolphin]]s, and [[Pinniped|seal]]s,<ref name="PerrinWürsig2009">{{cite book|author1=William F. Perrin|author2=Bernd Würsig|author3=J.G.M. Thewissen|title=Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&q=scrotum|date=26 February 2009|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-091993-5}}</ref> as well as in lineages of other land mammals, such as the [[afrotheria]]ns ([[elephant]]s, [[aardvark]]s, etc.), [[xenarthra]]ns ([[armadillo]]s, [[anteater]]s, and [[sloth]]s),<ref>{{cite web|title=Scrotum|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002296.htm|work=National Institutes of Health|access-date=6 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="cool"/> and [[monotremes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Griffiths |first=Mervyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7nu16_DkTgC&dq=scrotum&pg=PA41 |title=The Biology of the Monotremes |date=2012-12-02 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-15331-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hayssen |first1=Virginia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |title=Reproduction in Mammals: The Female Perspective |last2=Orr |first2=Teri J. |date=2017-10-27 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-2315-9 |language=en}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
Testicular of a bulldog cow Hoden eines Ochsen Venezuela P1140356.JPG|Scrotum of a [[bull]]
File:Male-kangaroo.jpg|Scrotum of a [[kangaroo]]
Red deer testicles.jpg|Scrotum of a [[red deer]]
Jaguar 7374 (5000551901).jpg|Scrotum of a [[jaguar]]
Camel's Testicles (3953363864).jpg|Scrotum of a [[camel]]
Chlorocebus-pygerythrus-private-parts.JPG|Scrotum of a [[vervet monkey]]
File:Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) male genitals covered with ticks ... (51125861810).jpg|Scrotum of a [[giraffe]]
</gallery>
== Clinical significance ==
A study has indicated that use of a laptop computer positioned on the lap can negatively affect sperm production.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4078895.stm |title=Laptops may damage male fertility |work=BBC News |date=2004-12-09 |access-date=2012-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sheynkin|first=Yefim|title=Increase in scrotal temperature in laptop computer users|journal=Hum. Reprod.|date=February 2005|volume=20|issue=2|pages=452–455|doi=10.1093/humrep/deh616|pmid=15591087|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Diseases and conditions ===
The scrotum and its contents can develop many diseases and can incur injuries. These include:
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
*[[Candidiasis]] (yeast infection)
*[[Sebaceous cyst]]
*[[Epidermal cyst]]
*[[Hydrocele testis]]
*[[Hematocele]]
*[[Molluscum contagiosum]]
*[[Spermatocele]]
*Paget's disease of the scrotum<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Paget's disease of the scrotum Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatments and Causes|publisher= RightDiagnosis.com
| url = http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/p/pagets_disease_of_the_scrotum/intro.htm
| access-date = 2015-02-24
}}
</ref>
*[[Varicocele]] - enlargement of the pampiniform venous complex
*[[Inguinal hernia]]
*[[Epididymo-orchitis]]
*[[Testicular torsion]]
*[[Pruritus scroti]] - irritation of the scrotum (itchiness)
*[[Genital warts]] - [[sexually transmitted infection]]
*[[Testicular cancer]]
*[[Dermatitis]]
*[[Undescended testes]]
*[[Chyloderma]] - swollen scrotum caused by a lymphatic obstruction
*[[Mumps]]
*[[Scabies]]
*[[Herpes]] - sexually transmitted infection
*[[Pubic lice]]
* [[Chancroid]] (''[[Haemophilus ducreyi]]'') - sexually transmitted infection
* [[Chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]] (''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'') - sexually transmitted infection
* [[Gonorrhea]] (''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'') - sexually transmitted infection
* [[Granuloma inguinale]] or (''[[Klebsiella granulomatis]]'')
* [[Syphilis]] (''[[Treponema pallidum]]'') - sexually transmitted infection
* Scrotal eczema
* Scrotal psoriasis disease
* Riboflavin deficiency
* [[Chimney sweeps' carcinoma]] (scrotal cancer)
{{div col end}}
== See also ==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
{{Portal|Anatomy}}
* [[Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection]]
* [[Scrotal infusion]], a temporary form of body modification
* [[Testicular self-examination]]
== Bibliography ==
; Books
* {{Grays}}
* {{cite book |last1=Van De Graaff|first1=Kent M.|last2=Fox|first2=Stuart Ira|title=Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology|date=1989|publisher=William C. Brown Publishers|location=Dubuque, Iowa|isbn=978-0697056757|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptsofhumana00vand}}
* {{cite book |last1=Elson|first1=Lawrence|last2=Kapit|first2=Wynn|title=The Anatomy Coloring Book |date=1977|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York |isbn=978-0064539142|url=https://archive.org/details/anatomycoloringb00kapi}}
* {{cite web| ref=UnivMi | title = Gross Anatomy Image |series= Medical Gross Anatomy Atlas Images|publisher= University of Michigan Medical School|date=1997| url=http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy2010/html/atlas/abdo_wall63.html# |access-date = 2015-02-23 }}
* {{cite book |ref=merckmanual |last1=Berkow |first1=Robert |title=The Merck Manual of Medical Information; Home Edition |date=1977 |publisher=Merck Research Laboratories |location=Whitehouse Station, New Jersey |isbn=978-0911910872 |url=https://archive.org/details/merckmanualofmed00berk}}
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== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline|Scrotums}}
{{Human regional anatomy}}
{{Male reproductive system|state=collapsed}}
{{Sex}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Scrotum| ]]
[[Category:Human male reproductive system]]
[[Category:Integumentary system]]
[[Category:Mammal male reproductive system]]
[[Category:Sex organs]]
[[Category:Testicle]]