View source for Selgovae

{{Short description|Celtic tribe}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
The '''Selgovae''' ([[Common Brittonic]]: *''Selgowī'') were a [[Celts|Celtic]] tribe of the late 2nd century AD who lived in what is now [[Kirkcudbrightshire]] and [[Dumfriesshire]], on the southern coast of [[Scotland]]. They are mentioned briefly in [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'', and there is no other historical record of them. Their cultural and ethnic affinity is commonly assumed to have been [[Brythonic languages|Brittonic]].
Assertions that the [[Solway Firth]] preserves the name of the Selgovae are without foundation. 'Solway' is Anglo-Saxon from the thirteenth century (''sol'' = 'mud', ''wæth'' = 'ford'), and this was the name of the main crossing at Eskmouth at that time.<ref>{{Citation
| last=Neilsen
| first=George
| editor-last=Forbes
| editor-first=Peter
| year=1899
|contribution=Annals of Solway – Until A.D. 1307
| title=Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society
| volume=III
|series=New Series
| publisher=James Maclehose & Sons
| publication-place=Glasgow
| publication-date=1899
|pages=245–308
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5YDAAAAMAAJ
}}</ref> The firth has been known by various names in the past, and this one happened to be the survivor.
{{clear}}
{{TOC right}}
== The historical record ==
=== Ptolemy ===
[[File:Britain.north.peoples.Ptolemy.jpg|frameless|right|240px]]
The sole record of the Selgovae and their towns is their mention by Ptolemy in c. AD 150. Their name appears in the 8th century ''[[Ravenna Cosmography]]'' as 'Segloes',<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Pinder|Parthey|1860|pp=436–437}}, ''Ravenna Cosmography''</ref>{{Broken footnote|date=February 2020}} but the document here is taken to be an imperfect copy of classical sources such as Ptolemy, and not an independent historical reference.
The [[Novantae]] are unique among the peoples that Ptolemy names in that their location is reliably known to have been in Galloway due to the way he named several readily identifiable physical features. Since the Selgovae were adjacent to them, their homeland is similarly known.
Ptolemy said that the towns of the Selgovae were ''Carbantorigum'', ''Uxellum'', ''Corda'', and ''Trimontium''. However, there were no towns as such in the area at that time, so he was probably referring to [[Roman military]] camps and native strong points such as [[dun (fortification)|dun]]s. In the ''Ravenna Cosmography'' the town names appear as ''Carbantium'', ''Uxela'', ''Corda'', and ''Trimuntium'', respectively, and the towns are given in a list that does not associate any of the towns with any particular people.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Pinder|Parthey|1860|pp=432–434}}, ''Ravenna Cosmography''</ref>{{Broken footnote|date=February 2020}}
Efforts have been made to determine the locations of the towns, but there is not enough information available to reach any degree of certainty, and the locations suggested are little more than guesswork.
In the 19th century, ''Carbantorigum'' was thought to be the [[Motte of Urr]] by [[William Forbes Skene|Skene]], and [[John Rhys|Rhys]] thought the name derived from ''Carbantorion'' (''chariot town''). ''Uxellum'' was at Wardlaw Hill at [[Caerlaverock]] according to Skene and Horsley; it was noted that the name sounds like Welsh ''uchel'' (''high'') or Gaelic ''uas'', ''uasal''. ''Corda'' was at [[Sanquhar]], according to Skene. ''Trimontium'' was at Birrenswark Hill, according to Skene, who says its name probably represents Welsh ''Tref mynydd'' (''Town on a Mountain'').<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Skene|1886|pp=72}}, ''Celtic Scotland'', Vol. I</ref>
[[John Rhys|Rhys]], agreeing with [[Andrew Wyntoun|Wyntoun]], thought that 'Selgovae' means 'the hunters' ({{langx|sga|selg}}, modern {{langx|ga|sealg|}}; {{langx|owl|selg}}, modern {{langx|cy|hela|}} 'hunting').<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Rhys|1904|pp=72}} ''Celtic Britain''</ref>
=== Roman Era ===
[[File:Roman.Britain.north.84.jpg|frameless|left|240px]]
Archaeological evidence indicates that the Selgovae lived in two principal settlement types: stone-built huts and so-called "scooped enclosures", some of which were abandoned in the 1st century AD while others were established in the 2nd century and developed into [[Hill fort#Types of hill fort|multivallate]] structures. They had possibly lived in the area since the [[Bronze Age]], and certainly during the pre-Roman [[Iron Age]]. The pattern of forts subsequently established in the area by the Romans suggests that the Selgovae lived in a number of distinct communities and probably had some degree of tribal and political organisation, perhaps influenced by individuals who had fled the Roman advance further south. They are thought to have had a tribal centre at Eildon Hill North near [[Melrose, Scottish Borders|Melrose]]. They built a significant number of [[hillforts]], more so than their neighbours, which may explain why the Romans targeted them before the relatively less organised and therefore less threatening tribes to the west and north.<ref name="Early People">{{cite book|title=Early People of Britain and Ireland: An Encyclopedia, Volume II|editor-last=Snyder|editor-first=Christopher A.|last=Sassin|first=Anne|page=476|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84645-029-7}}</ref>
In [[Agricola (book)|his account]] of the campaigns of [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]] (governor 78–84), [[Tacitus]] says that after a combination of force and diplomacy quieted discontent among the Britons who had been conquered previously, Agricola built forts in their territories in 79. In 80 he marched to the [[Firth of Tay]], campaigning against the peoples there. He did not return until 81, at which time he consolidated his gains in the lands that he had conquered.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Tacitus|98|pp=364–368}}, ''Life of Agricola'', Chapters 19–23.</ref>{{Broken footnote|date=February 2020}}
The territory of the Selgovae was substantially planted with Roman forts at this time, at Broomholm, [[Blatobulgium]] ([[Birrens]]), Ward Law, Milton, Drumlanrig, [[Dalswinton]], and [[Glenlochar]] on the eastern bank of the [[River Dee, Galloway|River Dee]], which was perhaps the boundary between the Selgovae and the neighbouring [[Novantae]].<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Frere|1987|pp=88–89}}, ''Britannia''</ref> This suggests (but does not confirm) that the Selgovae were among the British peoples who had strongly resisted Roman occupation. This is in contrast to the neighbouring Novantae, where there are no signs of Roman occupation save the fortlet at [[Gatehouse of Fleet]], in the southeast of their territory.
Following the reorganisation of northern Roman Britain and the construction of [[Hadrian's Wall]] (c. 122), the only Roman forts among the Selgovae were at Birrens and Netherby.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Frere|1987|pp=112–113}}, ''Britannia''</ref> However, with the construction of the [[Antonine Wall]] and the re-occupation of territory north of Hadrian's Wall (c. 142), the territory of the Selgovae was again heavily planted with Roman forts, at Netherby, Broomholm, [[Blatobulgium|Birrens]], Burnswark, Raeburnfoot, Shieldhill, Milton, Drumlanrig, Dalswinton, Carzield, Lantonside, and Glenlochar.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Frere|1987|pp=130 –131}}, ''Britannia''</ref> There were no Roman forts planted in the territory of the neighbouring Novantae.
When Rome largely abandoned its occupation of territory north of Hadrian's Wall under the reorganisation of [[Marcus Aurelius]] (c. 175), they nevertheless retained forts at [[Blatobulgium|Birrens]] and Netherby,<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Frere|1987|pp=142–143}}, ''Britannia''</ref> though there would never again be a large-scale military occupation of the territory of the Selgovae. Rome permanently abandoned the area by 370.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Frere|1987|pp=347–348}}, ''Britannia''</ref>
=== Cultural affinity ===
The ethnic and cultural affinity of the Selgovae is assumed to have been Brittonic and there have been suggestions that they were an integral part of the tribe of the [[Brigantes]].{{citation needed|date= September 2023}}
Archaeological evidence is scant, but it includes a Roman-era figure and inscription found at [[Birrens]] (the Roman [[Blatobulgium]]) that was dedicated to 'Brigantia', similar to dedications found in known Brigantian territory in [[Cumbria]] and [[Yorkshire]].<ref name=brigartifacts>{{Citation
|last=Haverfield
|first=F.
|year=1904
|contribution=On Julius Verus, a Roman Governor of Britain
|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPERAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA456
|title=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
|volume=XXXVIII
|publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
|publication-date=1904
|publication-place=Edinburgh
|page=456
}}</ref> [[Tacitus]] says that the Brigantes were a large tribe,<ref name=tac17>{{Harvcolnb|Tacitus|98|pp=362–363}}, ''Life of Agricola'', Chapter 17</ref> and artefacts associated with the Brigantes have been found across the region just north of Hadrian's Wall, both in England and in Scottish [[Dumfriesshire]] and [[Kirkcudbrightshire]].<ref name=brigartifacts/>
The Brigantes were troublesome to Roman rule, strongly resisting initial Roman occupation<ref name=tac17/> and frequently rising in efforts to throw off Roman rule. The Roman response was overwhelming force and the subsequent heavy plantation of forts of occupation. The heavy plantation of forts in the territory of the Selgovae is similar to the Roman occupation of the Brigantes and unlike Roman treatment of other neighbouring peoples such as the [[Novantae]] and [[Votadini]], who were never known to be at war with the Romans, and who were not heavily occupied.
Much later history, better recorded, shows that the territory of the Selgovae was continually associated with [[Cumbria]] (homeland of the Brigantes){{citation needed|date= September 2023}} and [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Alt Clud]] (homeland of the [[Damnonii]]), both of which are known to have been Britonnic in culture and language.
== Contradicting Ptolemy ==
Ptolemy's placement of the Selgovaean town of Trimontium was accepted to be somewhere along the southern coast of Scotland until [[William Roy]] (1726–1790) placed it far to the east at [[Trimontium (Newstead)|Eildon Hills]], near [[Newstead, Scottish Borders|Newstead]]. Roy was trying to follow an itinerary given in the 1757 ''[[De Situ Britanniae]]'', and moving Ptolemy's Trimontium made the itinerary seem more logical according to his historical work, ''Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain'' (1790, published posthumously in 1793). Roy did not alter Ptolemy's placement of the Selgovae in southern Scotland, but chose to assign Trimontium to a different people who were described in ''De Situ Britanniae''.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Roy|1790|pp=115–119}}, ''Military Antiquities'', Book IV, Chapter III</ref>
[[File:Selgovae.william.roy.1793.png|thumb|right|150px|Location of the Selgovae town of Trimontium according to Roy, who was trying to reconcile problems with the spurious ''De Situ Britanniae''.]]
When ''De Situ Britanniae'' was debunked as a fraud in 1845, Roy's misguided placement of Trimontium was retained by some historians, though he was no longer cited for his contribution. Furthermore, some historians not only accepted Roy's placement of Trimontium, but also returned the town to the Selgovae by moving their territory such that they would be near Eildon Hills. Ptolemy's placement of the Novantae in Galloway was retained, and since Ptolemy said that they were adjacent to the Selgovae, Novantae territory was greatly expanded beyond Galloway to be consistent with this thesis, which survives in a number of modern histories.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Cunliffe|1971|pp=216}} – see, for example, the influential ''Iron Age Communities in Britain'', map of the tribes of Northern Britain, attributed to "various sources"
</ref>
The result is that an 'error correction' to the sole legitimate historical reference (Ptolemy), made so that a fictional itinerary in ''De Situ Britanniae'' would seem more logical, is retained; and the sole legitimate historical reference is further 'corrected' by moving the Selgovae far from their only known location.
While Roy's historical work is largely ignored due to his unknowing reliance on a fraudulent source, his maps and drawings are untainted, and continue to be held in the highest regard. Roy's work is highly supported by the town of [[Selkirk, Scottish Borders|Selkirk]].{{citation needed|date= September 2023}}
== See also ==
* [[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Ptolemy's ''Geography'']]
* [[Roman Britain]]
* [[Scotland during the Roman Empire]]
==Citations==
{{Reflist|2}}
==References==
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}}
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}}
{{refend}}
{{Iron Age tribes in Britain}}
{{Scotland during the Roman Empire}}
[[Category:Tribes of ancient Scotland]]
[[Category:Celtic Britons]]
[[Category:Scotland in the Roman era]]
[[Category:2nd century in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historical Celtic peoples]]
[[Category:Tribes mentioned by Ptolemy]]