View source for Serbs of White Carniola

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Serbs of White Carniola
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Igre iz Bele krajine 1.JPG
| image_caption = Traditional dress
| population = 280{{sfn|Subašić|2014}}
| genealogy =
| popplace = [[Črnomelj]] municipality: [[Bojanci]], [[Marindol]], [[Paunoviči]], [[Adlešiči]], [[Žuniči]], [[Miliči]]
| languages = [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| religions = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Eastern Catholicism]]
| related_groups =
| footnotes =
}}
Apart from the immigrant community that makes up the vast majority of '''[[Serbs in Slovenia]]''', there are a few villages in the southern region of [[White Carniola]] inhabited by descendants of Serbs ([[Uskoks]]) that fled from the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 16th century, beginning in 1528 and permanent by 1593. These immigrants founded settlements in which descendants of Serbs live to these days: [[Bojanci]], [[Marindol]], [[Paunoviči]], [[Adlešiči]], [[Žuniči]], [[Miliči]] and others. The majority of the community ({{langx|sl|Srbi v Beli krajini}}) have kept the [[Serbian Orthodox]] faith and their distinctive culture, although they have been almost completely assimilated to their Slovene-speaking environment. Some of them became Uniate ([[Eastern Catholic]]) in the 17th and 18th century.
==History==
With the Ottoman conquest of Serbian territories, groups of Serbs fled to the north or west; of the western migrational groups, some settled in White Carniola and [[Žumberak]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Glasnik Etnografskog instituta|volume=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyKAAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Научно дело|page=189}}</ref> In September 1597, with the fall of [[Slatina, Croatia|Slatina]], some 1,700 [[Uskoks]] with their wives and children settled in Carniola, bringing some 4,000 sheep with them.<ref name="nauka1970">{{cite book|author=Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Odjeljenje društvenih nauka|title=Radovi odjeljenje društvenih nauka|volume=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEIoAQAAMAAJ|year=1970|page=158}}</ref> The following year, with the conquest of Cernik, some 500 [[Uskoks]] families settled in Carniola.<ref name="nauka1970"/> At the end of the 17th century, with the stagnation of Ottoman power due to European pressure during internal crisis, and Austrian advance far into [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]], Serbs armed themselves and joined the fight against the Ottomans; the Austrian retreat prompted another massive exodus of Serbs from the Ottoman territories in ca. 1690 (see [[Great Serb Migrations]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Etnografski institut (Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti)|title=Posebna izdanja|volume=10–14|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCEKAQAAIAAJ|year=1960|publisher=Naučno delo}}</ref>
[[File:Karte Crnomelj si.png|thumb|Location of [[Črnomelj]] municipality.]]
White Carniola, being the southernmost region of Slovenia, by the [[Kupa river]], is also the northwesternmost Serbian linguistical island, heard from often repeated phrases.{{sfn|Subašić|2014}} In reality, the Serbian language is rarely heard in the last four villages in which descendants of Serb ''[[uskoks]]'' live, who continue to espouse a Serb identity: [[Bojanci]], [[Marindol]], [[Miliči]] and [[Paunoviči]]. In the other historical European–Ottoman frontier villages in the region, there are today [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Uniate (Eastern Catholic)]] and Catholicisated descendants of Serbs who only speak the [[Slovenian language]].{{sfn|Subašić|2014}}
The community had traditionally taken wives from other Serb communities, such as in nearby [[Gorski kotar]] (in Croatia).  The first mixed marriage was recorded in Bojanci and White Carniola in 1947, and since then, Bojanci Serbs "seek wives in the Slovenian milieu".{{sfn|Stanovčić|2005|p=431}} Before [[World War II]], the gravestones were written in [[Serbian Cyrillic]], while today, they are written in [[Serbian Latin]].{{sfn|Subašić|2014}} The assimilation of the White Carniolan Serbs continued, with a Serbian primary school being closed in 1992.<ref name="Lopušina1998">{{cite book|author=Marko Lopušina|title=Svi Srbi sveta: vodič kroz dijasporu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vqYtAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=IP PRINCIP|pages=190–192|isbn=9788682273073}}</ref> In 1967, there was an estimated 500–600 Serbs in White Carniola.{{sfn|Subašić|2014}} The number of Serb households shrunk with 300% during the 1981–1991 period, with a total number of 121 households in 1991.<ref name="Lopušina1998"/> According to Zdravko Vukčević from Bojanci and Orthodox priest Jelenko Stojanović from [[Moravice, Croatia|Moravice]], Serb children from [[Miliči]] and [[Paunoviči]] began entering Slovenian schools in [[Adlešiči]] and [[Črnomelj]].<ref name="Lopušina1998"/>
In the area  of White Carniola  are mentioned Vlachs from Marindol in 1668.  "die Walachen zu Marienthall beclagen sich" <ref>Pifoći o pokušaju oslobođenja Like iz koje Vlasi čine nasilja i zločine po
sredifojoj Hrvatskoj, provaljujući i u dubinu Kranjske, lvić sugerira
svome čitatelju kako je amtrijski_ nadvojvoda naredio »proterivanje Srba
iz Like«. U originalnom dokumentu stoji »[ .. . ] Abtreibung der neu angesessnem Walachen in der Likha [ ... ]«.24 Isti postupak primijenio je s
gornirskim Vlasima, koje A. lvić foa kao »Gomirski Srbi«, iako u arhivskom spisu stoji »Wallachen zu Goymerie«.25 Jednako postupa i s poznatim vlaškim selima Dubrave i Ponikve u okolici Ogulina. lvić piše:
»srpska mesta Dubrave i Ponikve, gde su Srbi živeli«. U originalnom
dokumentu stoji•[ ... ] die in dem Dorff Dubraua und Ponique wohnende
Wallachen [ ... ]«.26 'Tužbu žumberačkih Vlaha iz Marindola 1668. prikazuje I vić kao tužbu »Srba iz Marindola«, iako u originalnom spisu
stoji: •[ ... ] die Walachen zu Marienthall beclagen sich [ ... ]«.27 Falsifikatima takve vrste vrvi svaka stranica Ivićeve knjige. Ovdje su gotovo
nasumce izabrani samo neki primjeri. https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=307683#page=18</ref>
==Culture==
[[File:Cerkev Sv. Petra in Pavla, Miliči 2.jpg|thumb|Saints Peter and Paul Church, Miliči]]
===Language===
The community is bilingual, and in their Serbian speech mix [[Ijekavian]] and [[Ekavian]]. In Marindol, Miliči and Paunoviči, the Serbian idiom is common, while in Bojanci only the oldest generation speak it. The middle generation speak Serbian and Slovenian equally, while the youngest generation do not speak Serbian, while passively knowing it – grandparents speak to their grandchildren in Serbian, while they answer in Slovenian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~sipkadan/TEREN10B3.HTM|title=Strona główna - Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu}}</ref>
===Religion===
Bojanci, Marindol, Miliči and Paunoviči are Orthodox villages, with the population espousing a Serb identity.{{sfn|Subašić|2014}} The [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] gradually loses its integral function in the region; Orthodox churches exist in Bojanci and Miliči, while the parish of Miliči include Marindol and Paunoviči. The churches are for long without priests. Miliči had their priest until 1950, while today the priest comes from Moravice, while the priest in Bojanci comes from Gorimje in Lika (the priest came once a month up until some years ago, today only for the biggest religious holidays.
Serbian Orthodox clergy in White Carniola have traditionally taken monastic vows in the [[Gomirje Monastery]], and still today serve in the villages of [[Bojanci]] and [[Marindol]].
===Folklore===
In old folk poetry of White Carniola, Serbian hero [[Prince Marko]] is often mentioned, sung in "clean [[Shtokavian]]".<ref name=Prosvjeta-1969>{{cite book|title=Prosvjeta: mjesečnik Srpskog kulturnog društva Prosvjeta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWzvAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Društvo|pages=8–10}}</ref>
===Monuments===
Serbian Orthodox churches
*Church of the [[Beheading of St. John the Baptist]] in [[Bojanci]]. It dates to the late 18th century, when it replaced its wooden predecessor.<ref>[http://rkd.situla.org/ Slovenian Ministry of Culture register of national heritage] reference number ešd 12913</ref>
*Church of Peter and Paul, [[Miliči]]
*[[Marindol]] Church{{sfn|Subašić|2014}}
[[Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia|Greek Catholic Churches in Slovenia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zumberacki-vikarijat.com/ |title=Home |website=zumberacki-vikarijat.com}}</ref>
* Greek Catholic Church of Sts. Cyril and Methodius in [[Metlika]]
* Greek Catholic Church  of St. Svetica<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.belakrajina.si/en/bela-krajina/sakralna-umetnost/ |title=Roman Catholic, Orthodox, and Greek Catholic Church… |website=www.belakrajina.si |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228232943/https://www.belakrajina.si/en/bela-krajina/sakralna-umetnost/ |archive-date=2017-12-28}}</ref> in [[Drage, Metlika|Drage]]
==Anthropology==
Based on surnames found in White Carniola, it may be concluded that their ancestors were [[Serbs]] and [[Croats]].<ref name=Prosvjeta-1969/>
*In Bojanci, the Serbs trace their origin to the families of Vrlinići (Sv. Đurđe), Radojčići (Sv. Nikola) and Kordići (Sv. Lazar).
===Surnames===
Surnames have been recorded since 1551.
*Mihaljević
*Vignjević
*Milić
*Vukmanović
*Dejanović
*Dmitrović
*Prijić
*Radosalić
*Stojić
*Vojnica
*Dragičević and Dragićević
*Stipanović
*Vidojević
*Bunjevac
*Mikunović
*Selaković
*Katić
*Jakovac
*Vukčević
*Paunović
*Kordić
*Radojčić
*Račić
*Vrlinić
*Radovitković
*Mirosaljac and Mirosaljić
*Žunić
*Vidnjević
==Notable people==
*[[Radko Polič]], actor<ref>{{cite news|last=Dmitrović|first=Ratko|url=http://www.pecat.co.rs/2011/01/ruzna-proslost-lepog-kraja-zvanog-zumberak/|title=Ružna prošlost lepog kraja zvanog Žumberak|date=2011-01-28|publisher=Pečat|language=sr}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
*{{cite book|author1=Warwick Armstrong|author2=James Anderson|title=Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement: The Fortress Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pmkrY29qkIC|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-33939-1}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ivanović-Barišić|first=Milina|title=Srbi u Beloj Krajini|journal=Traditiones 39/1|year=2010|url=http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-MWS4AXOM/fcfa3376-f5e3-4de4-974f-b54668168bf1/PDF}}
* {{cite book|last=Petrović|first=Tanja|title=Ni tamo, ni 'vamo|year=2008|location=Belgrade|publisher=Balkan Institut}}
* {{cite journal|last=Petrović|first=Tanja|year=2002|title=Ethno linguistic material regarding Christmas rituals among the Serbs in Bela Krajina|journal=Južnoslovenski Filolog|volume=58|issue=58|pages=65–78|doi=10.2298/JFI0258065P|doi-access=free|hdl=21.15107/rcub_dais_2934|hdl-access=free}}
*{{cite book|author1=Tanja Petrović|author2=Dubravko Škiljan|author3=Janez Justin|title=Srbi u Beloj krajini: jezička ideologija i proces zamene jezika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTeeOAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=T. Petrović}}
*{{cite book|author1=Christian Promitzer|author2=Klaus-Jürgen Hermanik|author3=Eduard Staudinger|title=(Hidden) Minorities: Language and Ethnic Identity Between Central Europe and the Balkans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbwXKXeCGPIC&pg=PA157|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-50096-0|pages=157–}}
*{{cite book|last=Stanovčić|first=Vojislav|title=Položaj i identitet srpske manjine u jugoistočnoj i centralnoj Evropi: zbornik radova sa naučnog skupa održanog 26-29. novembra 2003. godine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1usWAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|orig-year=2003|publisher=Srpska Akad. Nauka i Umetnosti|isbn=9788670253889}}
*{{cite news|last=Subašić|first=B.|url=http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/naslovna/reportaze/aktuelno.293.html:475747-Belu-Krajinu-nema-ko-da-cuva|title=Belu Krajinu nema ko da čuva|date=2014-01-29|publisher=Novosti|language=sr}}
*{{cite book|author=Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja |author2=Bešter, Romana |author3=Komac, Miran |author4=Medved, Felicita |author5=Medvešek, Mojca |author6=Pirc, Janez |author7=Roter, Petra |author8=Vrečer, Natalija|title=Srbi v Beli krajini|publisher=Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica|date=2014|isbn=978-961-6159-50-0|url=http://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:doc-1NOCEVMJ|language=sl}}
==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://ava.rtvslo.si/predvajaj/uskoska-dediscina-bele-krajine/ava2.56688081/|title=Uskoška dediščina Bele krajine|publisher=RTV SLO|language=sl}}
[[Category:People from White Carniola]]
[[Category:Serb communities in Slovenia| ]]
[[Category:Serbian Orthodox Church in Slovenia]]