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{{Short description|Indonesian politician, lawyer, and diplomat (1903–1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix   = [[Priyayi#Titles|Raden]]
| name               = Soepomo
| image              = Soepomo.jpg
| image_size         = 220px
| alt                = Official portrait of Soepomo
| caption            = Official portrait, {{circa|1954}}
| order              = 2nd
| office             = List of ambassadors of Indonesia to the United Kingdom{{!}}Ambassador of Indonesia to<br/>the United Kingdom
| term_start         = 1954
| term_end           = 1956
| predecessor        = [[Subandrio]]
| successor          = [[Soenario]]
| order1             = 1st
| office1            = List of ministers of law and human rights of Indonesia{{!}}Minister of Justice
| term_start1        = 20 December 1949
| term_end1          = 6 September 1950
| predecessor1       = [[Susanto Tirtoprodjo]]
| successor1         = [[A. G. Pringgodigdo]]
| term_start2        = 19 August 1945
| term_end2          = 14 November 1945
| predecessor2       = ''Office established''
| successor2         = Raden Soewandi
| order3             = 2nd
| office3            = University of Indonesia{{!}}President of the<br/>University of Indonesia
| term_start3        = 1951
| term_end3          = 1954
| predecessor3       = [[Susanto Tirtoprodjo]]
| successor3         = [[A. G. Pringgodigdo]]
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1903|1|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Sukoharjo Regency|Sukoharjo]], [[Dutch East Indies]]
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1958|9|12|1903|1|22|df=yes}}
| death_place        = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
| party              = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alma_mater         = [[Leiden University]] ([[Master of Laws|Mr.]])
| occupation         = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[lawyer]]|<br/>[[diplomat]]}}
}}
'''Soepomo''' ([[Perfected Spelling System|EYD]]: '''Supomo'''; 22 January 1903&nbsp;– 12 September 1958) was an Indonesian politician and lawyer who served as the country's first [[List of ministers of law and human rights of Indonesia|Minister of Justice]] from August until November 1945 and again from December 1949 until 6 September 1950. Known as the father of [[Constitution of Indonesia|Indonesia's constitution]],{{sfn|Drooglever|1997| p = 69}} he was posthumously declared an [[List of National Heroes of Indonesia|Indonesian National Hero]] by President [[Sukarno]] in 1965.
== Early life and education ==
Soepomo was born on 22 January 1903, in [[Sukoharjo Regency|Sukoharjo]], [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]).{{sfn|Bahari|2011| p = 12}} He came from a noble family; his maternal and paternal grandfathers were both high-ranking government officials. He began his education in 1917 when he was enrolled at a ''[[Europeesche Lagere School]]'' (ELS) in [[Boyolali]]. He graduated in 1920 and continued his studies at ''[[Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs]]'' (MULO) in [[Surakarta]]. In 1923, he moved to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (now [[Jakarta]]) and attended the ''[[University of Indonesia|Rechts Hogeschool]]'' (RHS).{{sfn|Bahari|2011| p = 12}} After graduating from RHS, he took a job at a court in Surakarta,<ref name="Tokoh">{{cite web | title = Salah Satu Perumus UUD 1945 | trans-title = One of the Writers of the 1945 Constitution | work = TokohIndonesia.com | url = https://tokoh.id/biografi/3-pahlawan/salah-satu-perumus-uud-1945/ | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all | access-date = 17 August 2022 | archive-date = 2 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010439/https://tokoh.id/biografi/3-pahlawan/salah-satu-perumus-uud-1945/ }}</ref> before leaving for the [[Netherlands]] to pursue further education. In the Netherlands, he enrolled at [[Leiden University]] and studied law under [[Cornelis van Vollenhoven]].{{sfn|Bahari|2011| pp = 12–13}}
He graduated in 1927, with his thesis, entitled "Agrarian System Reform in the Surakarta Area",{{efn|Original: "''Reorganisatie van het Agrarisch Stelsel in het Gewest Soerakarta''"}} containing both a description of the agrarian system in Surakarta and veiled critiques of [[Dutch Empire|Dutch colonialism]].{{sfn|Bahari|2011| pp = 12–13}} When he returned home, he became a court employee in [[Yogyakarta]], later being transferred to the Justice Department in Batavia. While serving at the Justice Department, he took a side job as a guest lecturer at the RHS.{{sfn|Bahari|2011| p = 13}} He then joined the [[Jong Java]] youth association and wrote a paper entitled "Indonesian Women in Law",{{efn|Original: "''Perempuan Indonesia dalam Hukum''"}} which he presented together with future Prime Minister [[Ali Sastroamidjojo]] at the 1928 Women's Congress.<ref name="Tokoh"/>
== Promulgation of the constitution ==
[[File:Supomo, Pekan Buku Indonesia 1954, p248.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Photograph of Soepomo, {{circa|1954}}]]
On 1 March 1945, the final year of the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies]], the Japanese administration established the [[Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence]] (BPUPK) on 1 March 1945 to work on "preparations for independence in the region of the government of this island of Java". Soepomo became one of the 62 members. In the first session, which lasted from 29 May to 1 June, he expressed support for the future of Indonesia to be a strong unitary state, arguing that it was by Indonesian societal norms. He also spoke out against the idea of an Islamic state. On 1 June 1945, future president [[Sukarno]] made a speech, in which he outlined the future basis of the state, the five-element [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]]. During the BPUPK recess, this was subsequently incorporated into a preamble for the future constitution, the [[Jakarta Charter]] by a Committee of Nine, which did not include Soepomo.{{sfn|Elson|2009| pp = 108–111}}
When the BPUPK reconvened for its second session, which began on 10 July, a 19-member committee was set up to produce a draft constitution, and Soepomo played the dominant role in its deliberations, which took place over three days. He deliberately produced a constitution that had a strong central government with power concentrated with the president, and without a clear system of [[Separation of powers#Checks and balances|checks and balances]], in line with his opinions. Specifically, he supported integralist totalitarianism based on the family ideology and proposed the Indonesian state be modelled on [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bourchier |first1=David |title=Illiberal democracy in indonesia : the ideology of the family state. |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London and New York |isbn=9781138236721 |pages=65–69 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Illiberal-Democracy-in-Indonesia-The-Ideology-of-the-Family-State/Bourchier/p/book/9781138236721 |access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref>
He believed this system would avoid conflicts of interest between the government and the people. In the discussions, he was strongly opposed by [[Mohammad Yamin]], who called for a more Western-style democracy with guarantees for human rights. Future vice-president [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] also wanted a bill of rights to be included, but Sukarno sided with Soepomo. The compromise reached Article 28, which stated that human rights would be regulated by law. After heated discussions, particularly over the role of religion in the news state, the draft constitution and preamble were accepted on 16 July.{{sfn|Anderson|1961|p=18}}{{sfn|Kusuma|Elson|2011|p=196}}{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=114-118}}{{sfn|Butt|Lindsey|2012|pp=39-41,51}}{{sfn|Indrayana|2008|p=98-100}} Following the [[surrender of Japan]], on 17 August 1945, Sukarno and Hatta [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|proclaimed Indonesian independence]]. The following day, the [[Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence|Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI)]], which had been formed on 7 August, met and approved the draft constitution produced by the BPUPK committee.{{sfn|Elson|2009|p=114-118}} The constitution also had an elucidation providing further information about the preamble and body, which was also written by Soepomo. As this was not a product of the BPUPK or the PPKI, its legal status was uncertain.{{sfn|Indrayana|2008| p = 98-100}}
== Post-independence career ==
After his terms as Minister of Justice, Soepomo became a lecturer at [[Gadjah Mada University]],{{sfn|Bahari|2011|p=13}} as well as the Jakarta Police Academy.<ref name="Tokoh"/> He was also President of the [[University of Indonesia]].<ref name="Tokoh"/> From 1954 to 1956, Soepomo was [[List of Indonesian Ambassadors to the United Kingdom|Indonesia's ambassador to the United Kingdom]].<ref name="Tokoh"/>{{sfn|Embassy of Indonesia, Indonesian Ambassadors}} Soepomo died in Surakarta on 12 September 1958.{{sfn|Bahari|2011| p = 12}} On 14 May 1965, Soepomo was posthumously declared an [[List of National Heroes of Indonesia|Indonesian National Hero]] by President [[Sukarno]].<ref name="Tokoh"/>
== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}
== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}
=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book|title=Some Aspects of Indonesian Politics under the Japanese occupation, 1944-1945|last=Anderson|first=Benedict|author-link=Benedict Anderson|publisher=Cornell University|year=1961|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924006545622&view=1up&seq=3|location=Ithaca, N.Y.}}
*{{cite book |last=Bahari |first=Adib |title=Pendekar Hukum Indonesia |trans-title=Indonesian Legal Giants |publisher=Pustaka Yustisis |isbn=978-979-3411-04-0 |language=Indonesian |location=Yogyakarta |year=2011 }}
*{{Cite book|last1 = Butt| first1  = Simon| last2= Lindsey| first2 = Tim |title=The Constitution of Indonesia: A Contextual Analysis|publisher=Hart Publishing|year=2012|isbn = 978-1-84113-018-7}}
* {{Citation  | last = Drooglever  | first = P. J.  | title = The Genesis of the Indonesian Constitution of 1949 | journal = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde | volume = 153  | issue = 1  | pages = 65–84| year = 1997 | issn = 0006-2294 | doi = 10.1163/22134379-90003945| hdl = 2066/29299 | url = https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/29299/1/29299___.PDF| hdl-access = free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Elson |first1=R. E. |date=October 2009 |title=Another Look at the Jakarta Charter Controversy of 1945 |url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/54483/INDO_88_0_1255982649_105_130.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Indonesia |volume= 88|issue=88 |pages=105–130}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.indonesianembassy.org.uk/embassy_ambassador.html |title=Indonesian Ambassadors |publisher=Indonesian Embassy in the United Kingdom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927105628/http://www.indonesianembassy.org.uk/embassy_ambassador.html |ref={{harvid|Embassy of Indonesia, Indonesian Ambassadors}} |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead  }}
* {{Cite book|first=Denny|last=Indrayana |title=Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-Making in Transition|publisher=Kompas Book Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-979-709-394-5|location=Jakarta}}
* {{Citation  | last = Kusuma  | first = A.B.  | last2 = Elson  | first2 = R.E.  | title = A note on the sources for the 1945 constitutional debates in Indonesia  | journal = Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde | volume = 167  | issue = 2–3  | pages = 196–209| year = 2011 | issn = 0006-2294 | doi = 10.1163/22134379-90003589| url = http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:273574/UQ273574_OA.pdf  }}
{{refend}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Subandrio]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Indonesian Ambassadors to the United Kingdom|Ambassador of Indonesia to the United Kingdom]]|years=1954–1956}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Soenario]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Members of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence}}
{{National Heroes of Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Gadjah Mada University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Indonesia to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:BPUPK]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:Ministers of law and human rights of Indonesia]]
[[Category:National Heroes of Indonesia]]
[[Category:People from Sukoharjo Regency]]
[[Category:PPKI]]