View source for Sowa Rigpa (Traditional Tibetan medicine)

{{Short description|Traditional medical system}}
[[File:Illustrations of Tibetan materia medica Wellcome L0038345.jpg|thumb|Illustrations of Tibetan materia medica|280px]]
{{Alternative medical systems | image = [[File:Ancient Tibetan Medicine Poster.jpg|200px]] | caption = Ancient Tibetan Medicine Poster | traditional
}}
'''Sowa Rigpa medicine''', "Science of healing", "Science of awareness or nourishment" also known as '''Traditional Tibetan medicine''' ({{bo|t=བོད་ཀྱི་གསོ་བ་རིག་པ་|w=bod kyi gso ba rig pa|}}), is a centuries-old traditional medical system that employs a complex approach to diagnosis, incorporating techniques such as Venesection, [[Moxibustion]], Compression Therapy, Medicinal Bathing, massage and pharmacology that relies on a complex formulary of multi-ingredient drugs that use herbs, minerals, metals, and animal products.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=National Institute of Showa Rigpa |url=https://www.sowarigpainstitute.in/therapy.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kloos |first1=Stephan |last2=Madhavan |first2=Harilal |last3=Tidwell |first3=Tawni |last4=Blaikie |first4=Calum |last5=Cuomu |first5=Mingji |date=2020 |title=The transnational Sowa Rigpa industry in Asia: New perspectives on an emerging economy |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=245 |pages=112617 |doi= 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112617|issn= |pmc=6983943 |pmid=31739144}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Saxer |first=Martin |title=Manufacturing Tibetan medicine: the creation of an industry and the moral economy of Tibetanness |date=2013 |publisher=Berghahn books |isbn=978-0-85745-772-1 |series=Epistemologies of healing |location=New York}}</ref>
The Tibetan medical system is based upon indigenous health practices{{cn|date=November 2024}} and [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] literature (for example [[Abhidharma]] and [[Vajrayana Buddhism in Southeast Asia|Vajrayāna]] [[Buddhist Tantras|tantras]]). In addition to the Tibetan areas of China, the areas in which Tibetan medicine has spread include the [[Ladakh]] and [[Sikkim]] regions of northern [[India]], the western and northern parts of [[Nepal]] and the entire territory of [[Bhutan]]. China's [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Xinjiang]] and the Mongolian-populated areas in the northeast have historical been greatly influences of Tibetan medicine. The traditional medicine of Mongolia and the [[Buryatia|Buryat]] and [[Tuva]] regions of the Russian Federation, as well as the [[Republic of Kalmykia]], located in the [[Volga River]] basin, is also predominantly Tibetan medicine. It embraces the traditional [[Buddhist]] belief that all illness ultimately results from the [[three poisons]]: delusion, greed and aversion. Tibetan medicine follows the Buddha's [[Four Noble Truths]] which apply medical diagnostic logic to suffering.<ref name=Cards>{{cite book|last=Gyamtso|first=Sangye|title=Tibetan Medicine Cards: Illustrations and Text from the Blue Beryl Treatise of Sangye Gyamtso (1653-1705)|publisher=Pomegranate Communications|isbn=978-0764917615|pages=32|chapter=Intro card|date=April 2005 }}</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. (2005) Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India. Current Science, 89 (8): 1331-1338.</ref>
==History==
As Indian culture flooded Tibet in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, a number of Indian medical texts were also transmitted.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garrett|first=Frances|title=Religion, Medicine and the Human Embryo in Tibet|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|pages=23}}</ref> For example, the Ayurvedic ''Astāngahrdayasamhitā'' (Heart of Medicine Compendium attributed to [[Vagbhata]]) was translated into Tibetan by རིན་ཆེན་བཟང་པོ། ([[Rinchen Zangpo]]) (957–1055).<ref>{{cite book|last=Garrett|first=Frances|title=Religion, Medicine and the Human Embryo in Tibet|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|pages=24}}</ref> Tibet also absorbed the early Indian [[Abhidharma]] literature, for example the fifth-century ''Abhidharmakosasabhasyam'' by [[Vasubandhu]], which expounds upon medical topics, such as fetal development.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garrett|first=Frances|title=Religion, Medicine and the Human Embryo in Tibet|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|pages=26–27}}</ref> A wide range of Indian Vajrayana tantras, containing practices based on medical anatomy, were subsequently absorbed into Tibet.<ref>{{cite book|last=Garrett|first=Frances|title=Religion, Medicine and the Human Embryo in Tibet|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|pages=31}}</ref><ref>Kala, C.P. (2002) Medicinal Plants of Indian Trans-Himalaya: Focus on Tibetan Use of Medicinal Resources. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India. 200 pp.</ref>
It was the aboriginal Tibetan people's accumulative knowledge of their local plants and their various usages for benefiting people's health that were collected by སྟོན་པོ་གཤེན་རབ་མི་བོ་ཆེ། the [[Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche]] and passed down to one of his sons. Later [[Yutog Yontan Gonpo|Yuthok Yontan Gonpo]] perfected it and there was no author for the books, because at the time it was politically incorrect to mention anything related to [[Bon]] nor faith in it.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Phuntsok |first1=Thubten |title=བོད་ཀྱི་ལོ་རྒྱུས་སྤྱི་དོན་པདྨ་རཱ་གའི་ལྡེ་མིག "A General History of Tibet" |url=https://www.himalayabon.com/ebooks/pdf/2013-04-22/7.html |website=HimalayaBon}}</ref>
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-12-08-17, Tibetexpedition, Blick auf Medizinberg.jpg|thumb|Chagpori College of Medicine in 1938]]
གཡུ་ཐོག་ཡོན་ཏན་མགོན་པོ། ([[Yutog Yontan Gonpo|Yuthok Yontan Gonpo]]) adapted and synthesized the Four Tantras in the 12th Century. The Four Tantras are scholarly debated as having Indian origins or, as Remedy Master Buddha Bhaisajyaguru's word or, as authentically Tibetan. It was not formally taught in schools at first but, intertwined with Tibetan Buddhism. Around the turn of the 14th century, the Drangti family of physicians established a curriculum for the Four Tantras (and the supplementary literature from the Yutok school) at ས་སྐྱ་དགོན། ([[Sakya Monastery]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.lib.virginia.edu/catalog/td96k261g|title=Buddhism and Medicine in Tibet: Origins, Ethics, and Tradition|last=William|first=McGrath|date=2017|website=UVA Library {{!}} Virgo|language=en|access-date=2017-08-06}}</ref> The ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་སྐུ་ཕྲེང་ལྔ་བ། ([[5th Dalai Lama]]) supported སྡེ་སྲིད་སངས་རྒྱས་རྒྱ་མཚོ། ([[Desi Sangye Gyatso]]) to found the [[Chagpori|Chagpori College of Medicine]] in 1696. Chagpori taught Gyamtso's Blue Beryl as well as the Four Tantras in a model that spread throughout Tibet along with the oral tradition.<ref name=Cards />
In the 18th century, the missionaries who arrived in Tibet gave a detailed introduction to Tibetan medicine in their travelogues, and in 1789 the British surgeon Robert Saunder published an article on the concocting process of Tibetan medicines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saunders |first1=Robert |title=Some Account of the Vegetable and Mineral Productions of Boutan and Thibet |date=1789 |publisher=Royal Society of London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_64XAAAAYAAJ&dq=Some+Account+of+the+Vegetable+and+Mineral++Productions+of+Boutan+and+Thibet.+By+Mr.+Robert+Saunders%2C+Surgeon++at+Boglepoor+in+Bengal&pg=PA79 |access-date=14 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In the 1850s, the Russian capital, [[Saint Petersburg]], opened a clinic of Tibetan medicine and a specialized school of Tibetan medicine.<ref name="Norris Sunderland 2012 p. 204">{{cite book | last1=Norris | first1=S.M. | last2=Sunderland | first2=W. | title=Russia's People of Empire: Life Stories from Eurasia, 1500 to the Present | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-253-00184-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5dOEpS5HCYC&pg=PA204 | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=204}}</ref><ref name="Frolova-Walker 2018 p. 166">{{cite book | last=Frolova-Walker | first=M. | title=Rimsky-Korsakov and His World | publisher=Princeton University Press | series=The Bard Music Festival | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-691-18271-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XOYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=166}}</ref> In 1898, a part of the Tibetan medical masterpiece ''Four Medical Classics'', was translated into Russian.<ref name="Wang 1994 p. ">{{cite book | last=Wang | first=L. | title=The Medical History of Tibet | publisher=Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press | year=1994 | isbn=978-7-81009-825-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tju5AAAAIAAJ | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=}}</ref> In Poland, Tibetan medicine was practiced in the 1920s, and two presidents, [[Stanisław Wojciechowski]] and [[Ignacy Mościcki]], were both treated with Tibetan medicine.<ref name="Hofer 2018 p. 253">{{cite book | last=Hofer | first=T. | title=Bodies in Balance: The Art of Tibetan Medicine | publisher=University of Washington Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-295-80708-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xK_pDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=253}}</ref> In 1969, the PADMA AG in Zurich, Switzerland, the first Western company specializing in the production and sale of Tibetan medicine was established.<ref name="McGrath 2019 p. 140">{{cite book | last=McGrath | first=W.A. | title=Knowledge and Context in Tibetan Medicine | publisher=Brill | series=Brill's Tibetan Studies Library | year=2019 | isbn=978-90-04-40444-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMuiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=140}}</ref>
In September 1959, the Tibetan People's Government merged "Menzikang" (སྨན་རྩིས་ཁང་) and [[Chagpori|Chagpori College of Medicine]] and established the Lhasa Tibetan Hospital on this basis. In September 1961, at the congress of Tibetan doctors in Lhasa area, Chingpo Lobu was appointed as the director of Lhasa Tibetan Hospital. On September 1, 1980, the Tibet Autonomous Region expanded Lhasa Tibetan Hospital to become [[Tibetan Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region]] (西藏自治区藏医院), laying a solid foundation for the vigorous development of Tibetan medicine.<ref>{{cite news |title=《四部医典》：流传千年的藏医药经典著作 |url=http://www.zgdazxw.com.cn/news/2023-07/03/content_341372.htm |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=www.zgdazxw.com.cn}}</ref> In 1999, Tibet Nordicam Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. became the first high-tech pharmaceutical listed enterprise born in Tibet Autonomous Region.<ref name="[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] 2015 p. 149">{{cite book | title=西藏文化产业发展探析 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | year=2015 | isbn=978-7-5097-5473-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bd4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=149}}</ref> In 2006, the first Tibetan medicine group in Tibet Autonomous Region was established in Lhasa, marking the establishment of a mature modern enterprise system in the Tibetan medicine industry. In 2023, Tibetan Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region became the National Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine incorporating indigenous remedies.<ref>{{cite news |title=西藏自治区藏医院挂牌成为国家中医医学中心(藏医)筹建单位-中新网 |url=https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2023/04-13/9989187.shtml |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=www.chinanews.com.cn}}</ref>
==Four Tantras==
[[File:Illustration (Conception to Birth) from Ornament to the Mind of Medicine Buddha- Blue Beryl Lamp Illuminating Four Tantras written around the year 1720 by Desi Sangye Gyatso (1653–1705), the regent (Desi) of the 5th Dalai Lama.png|thumb|Illustration (Conception to Birth) from Ornament to the Mind of Medicine Buddha- Blue Beryl Lamp Illuminating Four Tantras written around the year 1720 by [[Desi Sangye Gyatso]]]]
The Four Tantras (Gyuzhi, རྒྱུད་བཞི།) is a native Tibetan text incorporating Indian, Greco-Arab, and [[Traditional Chinese medicine]] systems.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bynum|first=W.F|title=Dictionary of Medical Biography|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=London|page=1343}}</ref> The Four Tantras is believed to have been created in the twelfth century and still today is considered the basis of Tibetan medical practise.<ref>{{cite book|last=Alphen|first=Jon Van|title=Oriental Medicine- An illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing|publisher=Serindia Publications|location=London|pages=114}}</ref> The Four Tantras is the common name for the text of the Secret Tantra Instruction on the Eight Branches, the Immortality Elixir essence. It considers a single medical doctrine from four perspectives. Sage Vidyajnana expounded their manifestation.<ref name=Cards /> The basis of the Four Tantras is to keep the three bodily humors in balance (wind [[rlung]], bile [[mkhris pa]], phlegm [[bad kan]]).<ref name="Lama Hopkins 2016 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Lama | first1=T.D. | last2=Hopkins | first2=J. | title=The Great Exposition of Secret Mantra, Volume One: Tantra in Tibet | publisher=Shambhala | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-61180-359-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ2YDQAAQBAJ | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=| edition=Revised }}</ref><ref name="McGrath 2019 p. ">{{cite book | last=McGrath | first=W.A. | title=Knowledge and Context in Tibetan Medicine | publisher=Brill | series=Brill's Tibetan Studies Library | year=2019 | isbn=978-90-04-40444-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMuiDwAAQBAJ | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=}}</ref>
* Root Tantra – A general outline of the principles of Tibetan medicine, it discusses the [[humors]] in the body and their imbalances and their link to illness. The Four Tantra uses visual observation to diagnose predominantly the analysis of the [[pulse]], [[tongue]] and analysis of the urine (in modern terms known as [[urinalysis]] )<ref name="Gonpo 2011 p. ">{{cite book | last=Gonpo | first=Y.Y. | title=The Root Tantra and The Explanatory Tantra from the Secret Quintessential Instructions on the Eight Branches of the Ambrosia Essence Tantra [Men-Tsee-Khang - སྨན་རྩིས་ཁང་།] | publisher=Men-Tsee-Khang | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-86419-62-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ae4EAAAQBAJ | language=la | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=}}</ref>
* Explanatory Tantra – This section discusses in greater detail the theory behind the Four Tantras and gives general theory on subjects such as [[anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[psychopathology]], [[embryology]] and [[Therapy|treatment]].<ref name="Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 1998 p. 9">{{cite book | title=བོད་ཀྱི་སྨན་རྫས་རིག་པའི་ཚིག་མཛོད་གཡུ་ཐོག་སྔོ་འབུམ་དགོངས་རྒྱན། | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | series=Reference Works | year=1998 | isbn=978-81-208-1567-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yp4yAWYb35QC&pg=PR9 | language=dz | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=9}}</ref>
* Oral Instruction Tantra – The longest of the Tantras is mainly a practical application of treatment, it explains in detail illnesses and which humoral imbalance which causes the illness. This section also describes their specific treatments.
* Subsequent Tantra – Diagnosis and therapies, including the preparation of Tibetan medicine and cleansing of the body internally and externally with the use of techniques such as [[moxibustion]], [[massage]] and minor surgeries.<ref name="Hofer 2018 p. 279">{{cite book | last=Hofer | first=T. | title=Bodies in Balance: The Art of Tibetan Medicine | publisher=University of Washington Press | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-295-80708-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xK_pDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=279}}</ref>
==Three principles of function==
{{See also|Dosha}}
Like other systems of traditional Asian medicine, and in contrast to [[biomedicine]], Tibetan medicine first puts forth a specific definition of health in its theoretical texts.  To have good health, Tibetan medical theory states that it is necessary to maintain balance in the body's three principles of function [often translated as ''[[humors]]'']: ''rLung'' (pron. Loong), ''mKhris-pa'' (pron. Tri-pa) [often translated as ''[[bile]]''], and ''Bad-kan'' (pron. Bae-kan) [often translated as ''[[phlegm]]''].<ref name="The Basic Tantra">''The Basic Tantra and the Explanatory Tantra from the Secret Quintessential Instructions on the Eight Branches of the Ambrosia Essence Tantra'' [[Men-Tsee-Khang]]: India 2008 {{ISBN|81-86419-62-4}}</ref>
• '''''rLung'''''<ref name="The Basic Tantra" /> is the source of the body's ability to circulate physical substances (e.g. blood), energy (e.g. nervous system impulses), and the non-physical (e.g. thoughts). In embryological development, the mind's expression of materialism is manifested as the system of ''rLung''. There are five distinct subcategories of ''rLung'' each with specific locations and functions: ''Srog-'Dzin rLüng'', ''Gyen-rGyu rLung'', ''Khyab-Byed rLüng'', ''Me-mNyam rLung'', ''Thur-Sel rLüng''.
• '''''mKhris-pa'''''<ref name="The Basic Tantra" /> is characterized by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of heat, and is the source of many functions such as thermoregulation, metabolism, liver function and discriminating intellect. In embryological development, the mind's expression of aggression is manifested as the system of ''mKhris-pa''. There are five distinct subcategories of ''mKhris-pa'' each with specific locations and functions: '''Ju-Byed mKhris-pa'', ''sGrub-Byed mKhris-pa'', ''mDangs-sGyur mKhris-pa'', ''mThong-Byed mKhris-pa'', ''mDog-Sel mKhris-pa''.
• '''''Bad-kan'''''<ref name="The Basic Tantra" /> is characterized by the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cold, and is the source of many functions such as aspects of digestion, the maintenance of our physical structure, joint health and mental stability. In embryological development, the mind's expression of ignorance is manifested as the system of ''Bad-kan''. There are five distinct subcategories of ''Bad-kan'' each with specific locations and functions: ''rTen-Byed Bad-kan'', ''Myag-byed Bad-kan'', ''Myong-Byed Bad-kan'', ''Tsim-Byed Bad-kan'', '''Byor-Byed Bad-kan''.
==Usage==
[[File:Center for Oriental Medicine. Ulan-Ude, Buryatia, Russia.jpg|thumb|Center for Oriental Medicine. Ulan-Ude, Buryatia, Russia]]
A key objective of the [[People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region]] is to promote traditional Tibetan medicine among the other [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic groups in China]]. The Tibet University of Traditional Tibetan Medicine and the [[Qinghai University]] Medical School offer courses in the practice. In 2000, an international academic conference on Tibetan medicine was held in Lhasa to discuss the current situation and prospects of the development of the Tibetan medicine industry.<ref>{{cite book | title=西藏文化产业发展探析 | publisher=[[Social Sciences Literature Press]] | year=2015 | isbn=978-7-5097-5473-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bd4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 | language=zh | access-date=2024-03-14 | page=148}}</ref> In December 2003, nine bureaus and institutes under the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], such as the Northwest Plateau Institute, the Kunming Institute of Zoology and Animal Science and the [[Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences]], and experts from the relevant departments of the Tibet Autonomous Region, convened in Chengdu to hold a seminar on the cooperation between the academy and the region for the promotion of the modernization of Tibetan medicines. In May 2004, six national projects were approved on the promotion of modernization of Tibetan medicines held in Beijing.<ref>{{cite news |title=藏医藏药：从传统走向现代化 |url=https://news.sina.com.cn/2004-06-03/11463382617.shtml |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=news.sina.com.cn}}</ref>
The Government of India has approved the establishment of the National Institute for Sowa-Rigpa (NISR) in [[Leh]] to provide opportunities for research and development of Sowa Rigpa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Cabinet-approves-establishment-of-National-Institute-for-Sowa-Rigpa-in-Leh&id=374846|title=Cabinet approves establishment of National Institute for Sowa-Rigpa in Leh|website=www.newsonair.com|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref> In addition, [[Tibetologist]]s from Tibet have traveled to European countries such as Spain to lecture on the topic.
==Notable practitioners==
{{div col}}
* [[Akong Rinpoche]]
* [[Tenzin Choedrak]]
* [[Yeshi Dhonden]]
* [[Yuthog Yontan Gonpo]]
* [[Desi Sangye Gyatso]]
* [[Lobsang Dolma Khangkar]]
* [[Tsewang Dolkar Khangkar]]
* [[Thang Tong Gyalpo]]
* [[Eliot Tokar]]
* [[Yuthok Yontan Gonpo the Younger]]
{{div col end}}
==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Lung (Tibetan Buddhism)]]
* [[Music therapy]]
* [[Nagarjuna]]
* [[Naturopathy]]
* [[Pharmacognosy]]
* [[Siddha medicine]]
* [[Trul khor]]
* [[Tsalung]]
* [[Unani]]
* [[Yoga]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
{{unsorted list|reason=MOSLOW|date=March 2024}}
*{{cite news | first = John F. | last = Avedon | title = Exploring the Mysteries of Tibetan Medicine | work = The New York Times | date = 1981-01-11 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C05E3D8173BF932A25752C0A967948260}}
*Analysis of Five Pharmacologically Active Compounds from the Tibetan Medicine Elsholtzia with Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography. Chenxu Ding; Lingyun Wang; Xianen Zhao; Yulin Li; Honglun Wang; Jinmao You; Yourui Suo | Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies | 200730:20, | 3069(15) | {{ISSN|1082-6076}}
*HPLC‐APCI‐MS Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Tibet Folk Medicine Lomatogonium rotatum with Fluorescence Detection and Mass Spectrometric Identification. Yulin Li; Xian'en Zhao; Chenxu Ding; Honglun Wang; Yourui Suo; Guichen Chen; Jinmao You | Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies | 200629:18, | 2741(11) | {{ISSN|1082-6076}}
*Stack, Peter. "The Spiritual Logic Of Tibetan Healing.(Review)."  San Francisco Chronicle. (Feb 20, 1998)
*Dunkenberger, Thomas / "Tibetan Healing Handbook" / Lotus Press - Shangri-La, Twin Lakes, WI / 2000 / {{ISBN|0-914955-66-7}}
==External links==
{{external links|date=March 2024}}
*[https://tibetanmedicineschool.org/ The first Tibetan medicine school established in the West.]
*[http://www.men-tsee-khang.org/ Tibetan Medical & Astro-science Institute]
*[http://www.tibetanmedicine.com/ Tibetanmedicine.com]
*[http://www.tibmedcouncil.org/ Central Council of Tibetan Medicine]
*[http://www.tibetcenter.at Tibet Center Institute - official Cooperation partner of Men-Tsee-Khang for the Education in Traditional Tibetan Medicine]
*[http://www.iattm.net/ Academy for Traditional Tibetan Medicine]
*[http://www.mentsee.org Tibetan medicine and astrology ]
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