View source for SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Short description|Reusable spacecraft under development by SpaceX}}
{{About|the second-stage of the vehicle also named Starship|the entire vehicle|SpaceX Starship}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name = Starship
| image = Starship S20.jpg
| image_caption = Starship prototype SN20 at the [[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site|launch site]]; the distinctive [[stainless steel]] structure is visible as well as the edges of the dark [[Atmospheric entry#Thermal protection systems|thermal protection]] tiles that cover the other side of the vehicle.
| manufacturer = [[SpaceX]]
| country = United States
| operator = SpaceX
| applications = {{ubli
| Crew and cargo [[Interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary]] transport
| [[Orbital propellant depot|Refueling]] operations
| Point-to-point transport on Earth
}}
| website = {{URL|spacex.com/vehicles/starship}}
| spacecraft_type = Crewed, reusable
| launch_mass = ~{{cvt|1300000|kg}}{{efn|Gross mass is the total of the propellant mass (1,200 [[tonnes]]) and approximate empty mass (100 tonnes).}}
| dry_mass = ~{{cvt|100000|kg}}<ref name="Sesnic-2021" />
| payload_capacity = {{cvt|200000|kg}} (planned)
| crew_capacity = Up to 100 (planned)
| volume = {{cvt|1000|m3}} (planned)
| height = {{cvt|50.3|m}}
| diameter = {{cvt|9|m}}
| winged = yes
| span = {{cvt|17|m}}
| status = In development
| launched = {{SpaceX Starship Statistics|totalLaunches}}
| retired = 3
| failed = 1 ([[SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 2|IFT-2]])
| lost = 2 ([[SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 1|IFT-1]], [[SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 3|IFT-3]])
| firstlaunch = 20 April 2023
| derivatives = [[Starship HLS]]
| flown_with = [[SpaceX Super Heavy]]
| stagedata = {{Infobox rocket/stage
|name       = Technical details<!-- The page is already named Starship and the infobox says Starship above -->
|length     = <!-- Listed above -->
|diameter   = <!-- Listed above -->
|empty      = <!-- Listed above -->
|gross      = <!-- Listed above -->
|propmass   = {{cvt|1200000|kg}}
|engines    = 3 × [[SpaceX Raptor|Raptor]] engines<br />3 × [[Raptor vacuum]] engines
|thrust     = {{cvt|12300|kN}}
|SI         = {{Abbr|SL|at sea level}}: {{cvt|327|isp}}<br />{{Abbr|vac|in vacuum}}: {{cvt|380|isp}}<ref name="sx20200524">{{Cite web |title=Starship : Official SpaceX Starship Page |url=https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522145915/https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/ |archive-date=22 May 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=SpaceX}}<!-- SpaceX updated their webpage for Starship circa 22 May 2020 --></ref>
|fuel       = {{chem2|CH4|link=Liquid methane}} / [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]
}}
}}
'''Starship''' is a [[spacecraft]] and [[Upper stage|second stage]]<ref name="StarshipHomepage2">{{Cite web |title=SpaceX – Starship |url=https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703205314/https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=November 29, 2023 |website=[[SpaceX]] |quote=Starship is the fully reusable spacecraft and second stage of the Starship system.}}</ref> under development by American [[aerospace]] company [[SpaceX]]. Stacked atop its booster, the [[SpaceX Super Heavy|Super Heavy]], the pair compose SpaceX's new [[Super heavy-lift launch vehicle|super heavy-lift]] [[space vehicle]], also called [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]]. The spacecraft is designed to transport both crew and cargo to a variety of destinations, including Earth orbit, the [[Moon]], and Mars. It's designed to be [[Reusable spacecraft|reusable]] and capable of [[Propulsive landing|landing propulsively]] by firing its engines to perform a controlled descent<ref name="Foust-20212">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=6 January 2021 |title=SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Dynetics Compete to Build the Next Moon Lander |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/spacex-blue-origin-and-dynetics-compete-to-build-the-next-moon-lander |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129041255/https://spectrum.ieee.org/spacex-blue-origin-and-dynetics-compete-to-build-the-next-moon-lander |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |language=en}}</ref> in the arms of a tower on Earth or with landing legs on other [[planetary bodies]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Ryan |date=2021-10-31 |title=Major elements of Starship Orbital Launch Pad in place as launch readiness draws nearer |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/starship-orbital-launch-pad/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref> It is intended to enable long duration [[Interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary]] flights with a crew of up to 100 people.<ref name="StarshipHomepage2" /> It will also be capable of point-to-point transport on Earth, enabling travel to anywhere in the world in less than an hour. Furthermore, it will be used to [[Orbital propellant depot|refuel]] other Starship spacecraft, enabling them to reach higher orbits and other space destinations. [[Elon Musk]], the CEO of SpaceX, estimated in a tweet that eight launches would be needed to completely refuel a Starship in [[low Earth orbit]], enabling it to travel onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2021 |title=Musk Says That Refueling Starship For Lunar Landings will Take 8 Launches (Maybe 4) |url=https://www.universetoday.com/152220/musk-says-that-refueling-starship-for-lunar-landings-will-take-8-launches-maybe-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826020758/https://www.universetoday.com/152220/musk-says-that-refueling-starship-for-lunar-landings-will-take-8-launches-maybe-4/ |archive-date=August 26, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2023}}</ref>
Development began in 2012, when Musk described a plan to build a reusable rocket system with substantially greater capabilities than the [[Falcon 9]] and the planned [[Falcon Heavy]]. The rocket evolved through many design and name changes. On July 25, 2019, the ''Starhopper'' prototype performed the first successful flight at [[SpaceX Starbase]] near [[Boca Chica, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Tariq |date=July 26, 2019 |title=SpaceX Starship Prototype Takes 1st Free-Flying Test Hop |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starhopper-first-untethered-hop-success.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124225327/https://www.space.com/spacex-starhopper-first-untethered-hop-success.html |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> In May 2021, the SN15 prototype became the first full-size test spacecraft to take off and land successfully.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roulette |first=Joey |date=May 5, 2021 |title=SpaceX successfully landed a Starship prototype for the first time |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/5/22421845/spacex-starship-sn15-successful-landing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507040645/https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/5/22421845/spacex-starship-sn15-successful-landing |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |access-date=2022-01-24 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref> On April 20, 2023, Starship 24 performed the [[Starship flight test 1|first full flight test]] on top of a Super Heavy booster, followed by a [[Starship flight test 2|second test]] on November 18, 2023, when Starship 25 successfully completed [[hot staging|hot-staging]] and passed the [[Kármán line|Kármán Line]], becoming the first Starship to reach space as well as the heaviest object to ever reach space, before exploding at 148&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SpaceX Starship IFT-2 Launch: Ship 25 Reaches Space! / WAI Hub |url=https://www.whataboutit.space/news/article/8d09b0d7-e537-4381-a376-5d7300192780 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003124/https://www.whataboutit.space/news/article/8d09b0d7-e537-4381-a376-5d7300192780 |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.whataboutit.space |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=It Really Happened! Starship Test Flight 2 Debrief {{!}} NSF LIVE |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OX9z8NcRkqA |access-date=2023-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003124/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OX9z8NcRkqA |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SpaceX |url=https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121034547/https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-2 |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=SpaceX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Ryan |date=2023-11-17 |title=After upgrades, Starship achieves numerous successes during second test flight |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/11/ift-2-launch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211004114/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/11/ift-2-launch/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DeSisto |first=Austin |date=2023-11-08 |title=Starship/SuperHeavy {{!}} Integrated Flight Test No. 2 |url=https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-superheavy-flight-test-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215003126/https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-superheavy-flight-test-2/ |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Everyday Astronaut |language=en-US}}</ref> As of November 2024, SpaceX has conducted 4 more flight tests of Starship, successfully achieving orbital velocities and gradually testing the atmospheric reentry and vertical landing capabilities of the vehicle by performing controlled splashdowns into the Indian ocean.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=2024-10-13 |title=SpaceX launches Starship rocket and catches booster in giant metal arms |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/oct/13/spacex-elon-musk-launches-and-lands-starship-rocket-in-first-test-of-giant-robotic-arms |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In April 2024, Elon Musk announced two new versions of Starship, [[SpaceX Starship#Block 2|Block 2]] and [[SpaceX Starship#Block 3|Block 3]]. Both versions will be taller and will have increased thrust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |date=2024-04-13 |title=SpaceX's giant Starship will be 500 feet tall for Mars missions, Elon Musk says (video) |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-500-feet-tall-mars-missions-elon-musk |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Space.com}}</ref>
== History ==
{{Further information|SpaceX Starship#Development}}
In November 2005, before SpaceX had launched its first rocket, the [[Falcon 1]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] [[Elon Musk]] first mentioned a high-capacity rocket concept able to launch 100 tons to [[low Earth orbit]], dubbed the [[Big Falcon Rocket]] (BFR'')''. Later in 2012, Elon Musk first publicly announced plans to develop a rocket surpassing the capabilities of their existing [[Falcon 9]]. SpaceX called it the ''[[Mars Colonial Transporter]]'', as the rocket was to transport humans to Mars and back.
In 2016, Musk changed the name to ''[[Interplanetary Transport System]]'', as he planned for the rocket to travel beyond Mars. Made of [[Carbon fibers|carbon fiber]], this design was to mass over 10,000 tons when fueled and carry 300 tonnes to low Earth orbit, while intending to be fully reusable. By 2017, the rocket was temporarily re-dubbed the ''BFR'' and had multiple variants announced, such as cargo, tanker and crew. In 2019, the current stainless-steel design was adopted.
== Design ==
[[File:Starship_internal_structure.jpg|thumb|upright=2|left|Diagram of a Block 1 Starship's internal structure. Not shown in this diagram are the flaps: the aft flaps are placed at the bottom (or left in this orientation), and the forward flaps are placed at the top (here, right) portion of the spaceship.]]<!-- questionable facts about payload bay configs --><!--Trancluded into article [[SpaceX Starship#Starship spacecraft]]-->The current Block 1 of the Starship spacecraft is {{cvt|50.3|m}} tall, {{cvt|9|m}} in diameter, and has 6 [[SpaceX Raptor|Raptor]] engines, 3 of which are optimized for use in outer space.<ref name="Dvorsky-2021" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrova |first=Magdalena |date=March 13, 2022 |title=Why Starship is the holy grail for SpaceX |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/13/why-starship-is-the-holy-grail-for-spacex.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528232814/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/13/why-starship-is-the-holy-grail-for-spacex.html |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |access-date=June 9, 2022 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> The future [[SpaceX Starship#Block 3|Block 3]] of the Starship spacecraft is planned to have an additional 3 Raptor Vacuum engines for increased payload capacity. Starship Block 1's payload bay, measuring {{cvt|17|m}} tall by {{cvt|8|m}} in diameter, is the largest of any active or planned launch vehicle; its internal volume of {{cvt|1000|m3|}} is slightly larger than the [[International Space Station|International Space Station's]] pressurized volume.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Mark |date=November 5, 2021 |title=International Space Station Facts and Figures |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606234242/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures/ |archive-date=June 6, 2022 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=[[NASA]]}}</ref> SpaceX will also provide a {{cvt|22|m}} tall payload bay configuration for even larger payloads.<ref name="SpaceX-users-guide" />
[[File:Starship SN15 flap and nosecone (51437260707).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Starship's flap]]
Starship has a total propellant capacity of {{cvt|1200|t|lb}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=September 29, 2019 |title=SpaceX's plan for in-orbit Starship refueling: a second Starship |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019-09-28-starship-refueling-spacex.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208013940/https://www.engadget.com/2019/09/28/starship-refueling-spacex/ |archive-date=December 8, 2019 |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=[[Engadget]] |language=en-US}}</ref> across its main tanks and header tanks.<ref name="Sheetz-2021c">{{Cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=March 30, 2021 |title=Watch SpaceX's launch and attempted landing of Starship prototype rocket SN11 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/30/watch-spacex-livestream-of-starship-rocket-sn11-launch-and-landing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330124656/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/30/watch-spacex-livestream-of-starship-rocket-sn11-launch-and-landing.html |archive-date=March 30, 2021 |access-date=December 20, 2021 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> The header tanks are better insulated due to their position and are reserved for use to flip and land the spacecraft following [[reentry]].<ref name="Kooser-2019" /> A set of [[reaction control thruster]]s, which use the pressure in the fuel tank, control attitude while in space.<ref name="20201210cnn-tech" />
The spacecraft has four body flaps to control the spacecraft's orientation and help dissipate energy during [[atmospheric entry]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=March 3, 2021 |title=SpaceX Starship prototype rocket explodes after successful landing in high-altitude flight test |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/03/spacex-lands-starship-sn10-rocket-after-a-high-altitude-flight-test.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220035018/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/03/spacex-lands-starship-sn10-rocket-after-a-high-altitude-flight-test.html |archive-date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=June 11, 2022 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> composed of two forward flaps and two aft flaps. According to SpaceX, the flaps replace the need for wings or [[tailplane]], reduce the fuel needed for landing, and allow landing at destinations in the Solar System where runways do not exist (for example, Mars).<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2023 <!--according to the PDF's metadata--> |title=Starbase Overview |url=https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/assets/media/Starbase%20Overview.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404085552/https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/assets/media/Starbase%20Overview.pdf |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=SpaceX}}</ref>{{Rp|page=1}} Under the forward flaps, hardpoints are used for lifting and catching the spacecraft via mechanical arms.<ref name="Weber-2021" /> The flap's hinges are sealed in [[Aeroshell|aero-covers]] because they would otherwise be easily damaged during reentry.<ref name="Sesnic-2021" />[[File:Starship SN20 getting a tile inspection (close-up) (51432107025).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|S20's heat shield being repaired.]]
=== Heat shield ===
Starship's [[heat shield]] is composed of eighteen thousand<ref>{{Cite web |title=SpaceX |url=http://www.spacex.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307010135/http://www.spacex.com/ |archive-date=7 March 2011 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=SpaceX |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sheetz-2021a2">{{cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=6 August 2021 |title=Musk: 'Dream come true' to see fully stacked SpaceX Starship rocket during prep for orbital launch |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/06/elon-musk-spacex-starship-fully-stacked-is-dream-come-true.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819231115/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/06/elon-musk-spacex-starship-fully-stacked-is-dream-come-true.html |archive-date=19 August 2021 |access-date=17 December 2021 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> hexagonal black tiles that can withstand temperatures of {{cvt|1400|C|F|sigfig=2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torbet |first=Georgina |date=29 March 2019 |title=SpaceX's Hexagon Heat Shield Tiles Take on an Industrial Flamethrower |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/spacex-hexagon-heat-shield-tiles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106085449/https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/spacex-hexagon-heat-shield-tiles/ |archive-date=6 January 2022 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=[[Digital Trends]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reichhardt-2021" /> It is designed to protect the vehicle during [[atmospheric entry]] and to be used multiple times with minimal maintenance between flights.<ref name="Inman-20212">{{Cite conference |last1=Inman |first1=Jennifer Ann |last2=Horvath |first2=Thomas J. |last3=Scott |first3=Carey Fulton |date=24 August 2021 |title=SCIFLI Starship Reentry Observation (SSRO) ACO (SpaceX Starship) |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210020835 |conference=Game Changing Development Annual Program Review 2021 |publisher=[[NASA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011134426/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210020835 |archive-date=11 October 2021 |access-date=12 October 2021 |hdl=2060/20210020835 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Silicon dioxide|silica]]-based tiles<ref name="Bergeron-2021-12">{{Cite web |last=Bergeron |first=Julia |date=6 April 2021 |title=New permits shed light on the activity at SpaceX's Cidco and Roberts Road facilities |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/new-permits-spacex-cidco-roberts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206022611/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/new-permits-spacex-cidco-roberts/ |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=23 June 2022 |website=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref> are attached to Starship with pins<ref name="Reichhardt-2021" /> and have small gaps in between to allow for [[Thermal expansion|heat expansion]].<ref name="Sesnic-2021">{{Cite interview |last=Sesnic |first=Trevor |title=Starbase Tour and Interview with Elon Musk |url=https://everydayastronaut.com/starbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk/ |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812114027/https://everydayastronaut.com/starbase-tour-and-interview-with-elon-musk/ |archive-date=12 August 2021 |url-status=live |work=[[The Everyday Astronaut]] |date=11 August 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> After IFT-4, SpaceX added a secondary ablative layer under the primary heat shield.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Brian |date=15 June 2024 |title=SpaceX Work on New Heat Shield |url=https://nextbigfuture.substack.com/p/spacex-work-on-new-heat-shieldhtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615045101/https://nextbigfuture.substack.com/p/spacex-work-on-new-heat-shieldhtml |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=nextbigfuture.com}}</ref> The total mass of the heat shield and ablative layer is {{cvt|10.5|t|lb}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2024 |title=Starship's Fifth Flight Test |url=https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-5 |access-date=October 14, 2024 |website=SpaceX}}</ref>
=== Variants ===
{{image frame
|content=[[File:Starship stack HLS.jpg|51px]][[File:Starship stack tanker.jpg|57px]][[File:Starship stack storage depot.jpg|51px]]
|caption=Starship stacks with 3 upper stage variants: HLS, propellant tanker and propellant depot. The vented interstage, located between the Starship spacecraft and Super Heavy booster, is not included in this render.
|innerstyle=background:#000;display:flex;align-items:flex-end
|width=159
}}
For [[satellite launch]], Starship is planned to have a large cargo door that opens to release payloads, similar to [[NASA]]'s [[Space Shuttle]], and close upon reentry instead of a [[Jettison (aviation)|jettisonable]] nosecone [[Payload fairing|fairing]]. Instead of a [[cleanroom]], payloads are integrated directly into Starship's [[payload]] bay, which requires purging the payload bay with temperature-controlled [[Cleanroom#ISO 14644-1 and ISO 14698|ISO class&nbsp;8]] clean air.<ref name="SpaceX-users-guide" /> To deploy [[Starlink satellites]], the cargo door is to be replaced with a slot and dispenser rack, whose mechanism has been compared to a [[Pez]] candy dispenser.<ref name="Dvorsky-2022">{{Cite web |last=Dvorsky |first=George |date=6 June 2022 |title=Musk's Megarocket Will Deploy Starlink Satellites Like a Pez Dispenser |url=https://gizmodo.com/spacex-starship-deploy-starlink-satellites-1849023098 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609044819/https://gizmodo.com/spacex-starship-deploy-starlink-satellites-1849023098 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[Gizmodo]] |language=en-us}}</ref>
Crewed Starship vehicles would replace the cargo bay with a pressurized crew section and have a [[life-support system]]. For long-duration missions, such as [[SpaceX Mars program|crewed flights to Mars]], SpaceX describes the interior as potentially including "private cabins, large communal areas, centralized storage, [[solar storm]] shelters, and a viewing gallery".<ref name="SpaceX-users-guide" /> Starship's life support system is expected to recycle resources such as air and water from waste.<ref name="Grush-2019">{{Cite web |last=Grush |first=Loren |date=October 4, 2019 |title=Elon Musk's future Starship updates could use more details on human health and survival |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/4/20895056/elon-musk-starship-spacex-human-health-life-support-radiation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008165907/https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/4/20895056/elon-musk-starship-spacex-human-health-life-support-radiation |archive-date=October 8, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en}}</ref>
Starship will be able to be refueled by docking with separately launched Starship propellant tanker spacecraft in orbit. Doing so increases the spacecraft's mass capacity and allows it to reach higher-energy targets,{{efn|Synonymous with increasing the [[delta-v budget|delta-''v'' budget]] of the spacecraft.}} such as [[geosynchronous orbit]], the Moon, and Mars.<ref name="Scoles-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Scoles |first=Sarah |date=August 12, 2022 |title=Prime mover |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/space-scientists-ready-starship-biggest-rocket-ever |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |language=en |volume=377 |issue=6607 |pages=702–705 |bibcode=2022Sci...377..702S |doi=10.1126/science.ade2873 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=35951703 |s2cid=240464593 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818123709/https://www.science.org/content/article/space-scientists-ready-starship-biggest-rocket-ever |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=August 21, 2022}}</ref> A Starship [[Orbital propellant depot|propellant depot]] could cache methane and oxygen on-orbit and be used by Starship to replenish its fuel tanks.
[[Starship HLS|Starship Human Landing System]] (HLS) is a crewed lunar lander variant of the Starship vehicle that would be modified for landing, operation, and takeoff from the lunar surface.<ref name="Burghardt-2021">{{Cite web |last=Burghardt |first=Thomas |date=20 April 2021 |title=After NASA taps SpaceX's Starship for first Artemis landings, the agency looks to on-ramp future vehicles |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/nasa-starship-first-landings-on-ramp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420213049/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/04/nasa-starship-first-landings-on-ramp/ |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=[[NASASpaceflight]] |language=en-US}}</ref> It features landing legs, a body-mounted [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar array]],<ref name="Kurkowski-2023">{{Cite web |last=Kurkowski |first=Seth |date=2 November 2023 |title=Leaked new SpaceX Starship HLS renders show a much more refined design |url=https://spaceexplored.com/2023/11/02/leaked-new-spacex-starship-hls-renders-show-a-much-more-refined-design/ |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Space Explored |language=en-US |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205081550/https://spaceexplored.com/2023/11/02/leaked-new-spacex-starship-hls-renders-show-a-much-more-refined-design/ |url-status=live}}</ref> a set of thrusters mounted mid-body to assist with final landing and takeoff,<ref name="Kurkowski-2023" /> two [[airlock]]s,<ref name="Burghardt-2021" /> and an elevator to lower crew and cargo onto the lunar surface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=24 August 2022 |title=Starship uncrewed lunar lander test a "skeleton" of crewed lander |url=https://spacenews.com/starship-uncrewed-lunar-lander-test-a-skeleton-of-crewed-lander/ |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223203837/https://spacenews.com/starship-uncrewed-lunar-lander-test-a-skeleton-of-crewed-lander/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
Varying estimates have been given about the number of tanker launches required to fully fuel HLS, ranging from between "four and eight" to a number "in the high teens".<ref name="Foust-2023">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=17 November 2023 |title=Starship lunar lander missions to require nearly 20 launches, NASA says |url=https://spacenews.com/starship-lunar-lander-missions-to-require-nearly-20-launches-nasa-says/ |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223203347/https://spacenews.com/starship-lunar-lander-missions-to-require-nearly-20-launches-nasa-says/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cbs-20240109">{{Cite news |last=Harwood |first=William |date=9 January 2024 |title=NASA delays first Artemis astronaut flight to late 2025, moon landing to 2026 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-delays-first-artemis-astronaut-flight-to-late-2025-moon-landing-to-2026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218121900/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-delays-first-artemis-astronaut-flight-to-late-2025-moon-landing-to-2026/ |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=11 January 2024 |publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> These launches will reportedly have to be in "rapid succession" in order to manage schedule constraints and cryogenic fuel boil-off.<ref name="Foust-2023" /> When fully fueled, Starship HLS is designed to land {{cvt|100|t|lb}} of payload on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/spacex-wins-us-contract-spacecraft-send-astronauts-moon-washington-post-2021-04-16/ |title='NASA rules,' Musk says as SpaceX wins $2.9 billion moon lander contract |last1=Satter |first1=Raphael |last2=Jin |first2=Hyunjoo |last3=Vengattil |first3=Munsif |date=16 April 2021 |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707195519/https://www.reuters.com/technology/spacex-wins-us-contract-spacecraft-send-astronauts-moon-washington-post-2021-04-16/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/05/spacex-engineer-says-nasa-should-plan-for-starships-significant-capability/ |title=SpaceX engineer says NASA should plan for Starship's "significant" capability |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (meteorologist) |date=2 May 2022 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211210532/https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/05/spacex-engineer-says-nasa-should-plan-for-starships-significant-capability/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/04/16/spacex-starship-moon-rocket-launch/ |title=SpaceX's launch of Starship could remake space exploration |last=Davenport |first=Christian |date=16 April 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416193925/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/04/16/spacex-starship-moon-rocket-launch/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
== Development ==
{{hatnote|For a list of test flights of the vehicle, see [[List of Starship upper stage flight tests]]}}
Starship's development is [[Iterative and incremental development|iterative and incremental]], using frequent—and often [[Destructive testing|destructive]]—tests on a series of rocket [[prototype]]s.<ref name="Berger-2020a">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=February 21, 2020 |title=SpaceX pushing iterative design process, accepting failure to go fast |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/02/elon-musk-says-spacex-driving-toward-orbital-starship-flight-in-2020/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225115453/https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/02/elon-musk-says-spacex-driving-toward-orbital-starship-flight-in-2020/ |archive-date=December 25, 2020 |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Reichhardt-2021">{{Cite web |last=Reichhardt |first=Tony |date=December 14, 2021 |title=Marsliner |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/marsliner-180979371/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506104518/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/marsliner-180979371/ |archive-date=May 6, 2022 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=April 21, 2023 |title=What's next for SpaceX's Starship after its historic flight test? |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-flight-test-whats-next |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427073926/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-flight-test-whats-next |archive-date=April 27, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
SpaceX prototypes are subjected to several tests before they can be launched. [[Proof test|Pressure tests]] come first, during which the tanks are filled with a liquid or gas to test their strength and [[factor of safety|safety factor]]. SpaceX tests some tanks beyond the specified limit, to find the point at which they burst. After engine installation, vehicles undergo [[static fire]] testing, during which the engines fire while the vehicle is prevented from lifting off. After passing these tests, a prototype vehicle will launch, either flying within the atmosphere, or attempting to reach orbit.<ref name="nsf-bn3" />{{rp||page=|pages=15–19}}
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em; text-align:center; width: 100%;"
! {{abbr|S/N|Serial number}}
! Type
! Launches
! Launch date
! data-sort-type="text" | [[List of Starship launches|Flight No.]]{{efn-lr|name="reuse2"|Entries with mint colored background {{colorbox|D1F2EB}} denote flights using new ships.}}
! [[Turnaround time]]
! Payload
! Launch<br />(pad)
! Landing<br />(location)
! Status
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Starhopper|''Starhopper'']]
| rowspan="4" {{N/a}}
| rowspan="4" |4
|April 3, 2019
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
| rowspan="4" {{Included|{{abbr|Repurposed|Repurposed as a water tank, radar, and camera installation near the orbital launch site}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2019 |title=SpaceX may 'cannibalize' its first Mars rocket-ship prototype in Elon Musk's race to launch Starship |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starhopper-rocket-ship-final-launch-starship-plans-2019-8?r=US&IR=T |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411223138/https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starhopper-rocket-ship-final-launch-starship-plans-2019-8?r=US&IR=T |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 4, 2020 |title=Application for new or modified radio station under FCC rules |url=https://fcc.report/ELS/Space-Exploration-Technologies-Corp/0459-EX-CN-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411223138/https://fcc.report/ELS/Space-Exploration-Technologies-Corp/0459-EX-CN-2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>}}
|-
|April 5, 2019
|{{N/a}}
|{{time interval|2019-04-03|2019-04-05|sortable=on|show=d}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|-
|July 25, 2019<ref name="space20190827" />
|[[List of Starship upper stage flight tests|Hop 1]]
|{{time interval|2019-04-05|2019-07-25|sortable=on|show=d}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|-
|August 27, 2019<ref name="nsf20190826">{{cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |date=27 August 2019 |title=SpaceX's Starhopper completes 150 meter test hop |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/08/faa-spacexs-starhopper-hop/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202121340/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/08/faa-spacexs-starhopper-hop/ |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |website=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="space20190827">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=27 August 2019 |title=SpaceX Starhopper Rocket Prototype Aces Highest (and Final) Test Flight |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starhopper-aces-final-test-launch-landing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202084748/https://www.space.com/spacex-starhopper-aces-final-test-launch-landing.html |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=29 August 2019 |website=[[Space.com]]}}</ref>
|[[List of Starship upper stage flight tests|Hop 2]]
|{{time interval|2019-07-25|2019-08-27|sortable=on|show=d}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Mk1|{{abbr|Mk1|Mark One}}]]
|{{N/a}}
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Mk2|Mk2]]
|{{N/a}}
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Mk3|Mk3/SN1]]
|Block 0{{efn-lr|name="Block 0"|Block 0 is an unofficial designation for vehicles not capable of supporting orbital flight.}}
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Mk4|Mk4]]
|{{N/a}}
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN3|SN3]]
|Block 0
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN4|SN4]]
|Block 0
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN5|SN5]]
|Block 0
|1
|August 4, 2020<ref name="trati20200803">{{cite web |last=Ralph |first=Eric |date=4 August 2020 |title=SpaceX Starship leaps towards Mars with picture-perfect hop debut |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-sn5-hop-debut-success-mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805210340/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-sn5-hop-debut-success-mars/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=4 August 2020 |publisher=Teslarati}}</ref><ref name="nsf20200803">{{cite news |last1=Baylor |first1=Michael |date=3 August 2020 |title=Starship SN5 conducts successful 150-meter flight test |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/starship-sn5-set-150-meter-flight-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201174033/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/starship-sn5-set-150-meter-flight-test/ |archive-date=1 February 2021 |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref>
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[List of Starship upper stage flight tests|Hop 3]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|Pad-A]])}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN6|SN6]]
|Block 0
|1
|September 3, 2020<ref name="nsf20200903">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=3 September 2020 |title=Starship SN6 maiden hop complete - Super Heavy is coming |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/09/starship-sn6-hop-super-heavy-coming/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904040435/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/09/starship-sn6-hop-super-heavy-coming/ |archive-date=4 September 2020 |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]]}}</ref>
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[List of Starship upper stage flight tests|Hop 4]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|Pad-A]])}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN8|SN8]]
|Block 0
|1
|December 9, 2020<ref name="faa20201208">{{cite web |title=NOTAM |url=https://tfr.faa.gov/save_pages/detail_0_0092.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208232603/https://tfr.faa.gov/save_pages/detail_0_0092.html |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref>
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[List of Starship upper stage flight tests|High-Altitude flight test 1]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|Pad-A]])}}
|{{Failure|Failure ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN9|SN9]]
|Block 0
|1
|February 2, 2021<ref name="eda20210124">{{cite web |last=Cotton |first=Ethan |date=24 January 2021 |title=Starship SN9: 10 kilometer flight |url=https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-sn9-10-km-test-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321151242/https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-sn9-10-km-test-flight/ |archive-date=21 March 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021 |website=[[Everyday Astronaut]]}}</ref>
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[List of Starship upper stage flight tests|High-Altitude flight test 2]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|Pad-B]])}}
|{{Failure|Failure ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN10|SN10]]
|Block 0
|1
|March 3, 2021<ref name="eda20210222">{{cite web |last1=Cotton |first1=Ethan |date=22 February 2021 |title=When will SN10 launch? Live Updates |url=https://everydayastronaut.com/sn10-launch-live-updates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221202939/https://everydayastronaut.com/sn10-launch-live-updates/ |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=[[Everyday Astronaut]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref name="nextSN10">{{cite web |last1=Baylor |first1=Michael |title=Starship SN10 History |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205182810/https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/14 |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=[[Next Spaceflight]]}}</ref>
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[List of Starship upper stage flight tests|High-Altitude flight test 3]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|Pad-A]])}}
|{{Partial failure|Partial failure ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN11|SN11]]
|Block 0
|1
|March 30, 2021<ref name="SN11yt">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjCSJIAKEPM |title=Starship {{!}} SN11 {{!}} High-Altitude Flight Test |date=30 March 2021 |publisher=[[SpaceX]] |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217135639/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjCSJIAKEPM |archive-date=17 December 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[List of Starship upper stage flight tests|High-Altitude flight test 4]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|Pad-B]])}}
|{{Failure|Failure ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN13|SN13]]
|Block 0
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN14|SN14]]
|Block 0
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN15|SN15]]
|Block 0
|1
|May 5, 2021<ref name="space20210506">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=5 May 2021 |title=SpaceX launches Starship SN15 rocket and sticks the landing in high-altitude test flight |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn15-launch-landing-success |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506104615/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn15-launch-landing-success |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=[[Space.com]] |publisher=}}</ref>
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[List of Starship upper stage flight tests|High-Altitude flight test 5]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|Pad-A]])}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|SLS]])}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN16|SN16]]
|Block 0
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN17|SN17]]
|Block 0
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN18|SN18]]
|Block 0
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#SN19|SN19]]
|Block 0
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 20|SN20/Ship 20]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Dropped|Retired}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 21|Ship 21]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 22|Ship 22]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Included|Scrapped, converted into test article}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 23|Ship 23]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 24|Ship 24]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|1
|April 20, 2023
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[Starship flight test 1]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Failure|Failure ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|OLP-A]]){{efn-lr|The booster failed before stage separation}}}}
|{{N/a|Precluded}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 25|Ship 25]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|1
|November 18, 2023
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[Starship flight test 2]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Failure|Failure ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|OLP-A]])}}
|{{N/a|Precluded}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 26|Ship 26]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 27|Ship 27]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Included|Scrapped, converted into test article}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 28|Ship 28]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|1
|March 14, 2024
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[Starship flight test 3]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|OLP-A]])}}
|{{Failure|Failure (Ocean)}}
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 29|Ship 29]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|1
|June 6, 2024
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[Starship flight test 4]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|OLP-A]])}}
|{{Unofficial2|Controlled (Ocean)}}
|{{N/a|Expended}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 30|Ship 30]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|1
|October 13, 2024
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[Starship flight test 5]]
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|OLP-A]])}}
|{{Unofficial2|Controlled (Ocean)}}
|{{N/a|Expended}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 31|Ship 31]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|1
|November 19, 2024
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | [[Starship flight test 6]]
|{{N/a}}
|[[stuffed toy|Stuffed]] [[banana]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yd_cpPP4fE |title=SpaceX Launches Starship Flight 6 (and Catches a Booster) |date=2024-11-16 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|{{Success|Success ([[SpaceX Starbase#Launch site (Orbital Launch Pad A & B)|OLP-A]])}}
|{{Unofficial2|Controlled (Ocean)}}
|{{N/a|Expended}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ship 32|Ship 32]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Dropped|Retired}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ships 33–38|Ship 33]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ships 33–38|Ship 34]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ships 33–38|Ship 35]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ships 33–38|Ship 36]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ships 33–38|Ship 37]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Ships 33–38|Ship 38]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 1|Block 1]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Block 2 launches (Ships 33 and subsequent)|Ship 33]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 2|Block 2]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Operational|Operational (Awaiting Static Fire Testing)}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Block 2 launches (Ships 33 and subsequent)|Ship 34]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 2|Block 2]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{operational|Operational (Awaiting aft flap installation)}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Block 2 launches (Ships 33 and subsequent)|Ship 35]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 2|Block 2]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Planned|Under Construction}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Block 2 launches (Ships 33 and subsequent)|Ship 36]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 2|Block 2]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Planned|Under Construction}}
|-
|[[SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)#Block 2 launches (Ships 33 and subsequent)|Ship 37]]
|[[SpaceX Starship#Block 2|Block 2]]
|0
|{{N/a}}
| style="background:#D1F2EB" | —
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{Planned|Under Construction}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="10" | {{notelist-lr}}
|}
=== ''Starhopper'' ===
{{multiple image
| total_width = 420
| image1 = SpaceX Starhopper.jpg
| caption1 = ''Starhopper'' in March 2019
| image2 = Starhopper.jpg
| caption2 = ''Starhopper'' configuration as flown in August 2019
}}
Construction on the initial steel test article—'''Starship Hopper''',<ref>[https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/licenses_permits/media/Final%20Experimental%20Permit%20and%20Orders%20EP%2019-012%20Starship%20Hopper%20(06-21-2019).pdf Commercial Space Transportation Experimental Permit – Experimental Permit Number: EP19-012], [[FAA]], June 21, 2019, accessed June 29, 2019.</ref> '''Hopper''', '''Hoppy''', or '''Starhopper'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=March 18, 2019 |title=Starhopper first flight as early as this week; Starship/Superheavy updates |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/03/starhopper-first-flight-starship-superheavy-updates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331001358/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/03/starhopper-first-flight-starship-superheavy-updates/ |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=March 22, 2019 |website=[[NASASpaceflight]]}}</ref>—began at Boca Chica in 2018. Starhopper had a single engine and was [[Flight test|test flown]] to develop landing and low-altitude/low-velocity control algorithms.
Starhopper used liquid oxygen ([[Liquid oxygen|LOX]]) and liquid methane fuel. After it completed its testing campaign Starhopper was repurposed as a water tank, weather station and equipment mount for cameras, lights, loudspeakers and a radar system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starhopper / WAI Hub |url=https://www.whataboutit.space/starbase/hardware/Hoppy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215001523/https://www.whataboutit.space/starbase/hardware/Hoppy |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.whataboutit.space |language=en}}</ref>
==== Testing ====
It passed tanking tests, wet dress rehearsals, and [[Preburner|pre-burner]] tests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burghardt |first=Thomas |date=2019-07-25 |title=Starhopper successfully conducts debut Boca Chica Hop |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/spacex-resume-starhopper-tests/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A storm blew over and damaged Starhopper's [[nose cone]]. SpaceX continued testing without one.<ref name="nsf201904032">{{Cite news |last=Gebhardt |first=Chris |date=April 3, 2019 |title=Starhopper conducts Raptor Static Fire test |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/starhopper-first-flight-starship-superheavy-updates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404103545/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/starhopper-first-flight-starship-superheavy-updates/ |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |access-date=April 4, 2019 |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref>
It then passed a static fire test,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grush |first=Loren |date=April 3, 2019 |title=SpaceX just fired up the engine on its test Starship vehicle for the first time |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/3/18271547/spacex-starship-starhopper-raptor-engine-ignition-hop-static-fire-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404031741/https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/3/18271547/spacex-starship-starhopper-raptor-engine-ignition-hop-static-fire-test |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |access-date=April 4, 2019 |publisher=The Verge}}</ref> and in a tethered test reached 1 meter altitude.<ref name="nsf201905172">{{Cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |date=May 17, 2019 |title=SpaceX considering SSTO Starship launches from Pad 39A |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/05/spacex-ssto-starship-launches-pad-39a/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518053754/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/05/spacex-ssto-starship-launches-pad-39a/ |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |access-date=December 16, 2019 |website=[[NASASpaceflight]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1114372086208827392 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=StarHopper enjoys second Raptor Static Fire! |first=Chris |last=Bergin |author-link=NASASpaceFlight.com |date=April 5, 2019 |access-date=May 23, 2019}}</ref><ref name="nsf201904032" /> On July 25, 2019, a ''Starhopper'' test flight reached about {{cvt|20|m|}} altitude,<ref name="ars201907262">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=July 26, 2019 |title=SpaceX's Starship prototype has taken flight for the first time |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/07/spacexs-starship-prototype-has-taken-flight-for-the-first-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804140323/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/07/spacexs-starship-prototype-has-taken-flight-for-the-first-time/ |archive-date=August 4, 2019 |access-date=August 8, 2019 |work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> followed by an August 27 test that rose to {{cvt|150|m|ft}}<ref name="spacenews201908272">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=August 27, 2019 |title=SpaceX's Starhopper completes test flight |url=https://spacenews.com/spacexs-starhopper-completes-test-flight/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211126081405/https://spacenews.com/spacexs-starhopper-completes-test-flight/ |archive-date=November 26, 2021 |access-date=August 28, 2019 |work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref> and landed about {{cvt|100|m|}} from the launchpad, the Raptor's first use in flight.
On September 3, 2024, Starhopper was moved to a parking lot nearby the launch site.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4XDY_vR8B4 |title=Starhopper Relocates At Starbase |date=2024-09-03 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-09-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
=== Mark series (Mk1–Mk4) ===
{{anchor|Mk1|Mk2}}
[[File:Starship Mk1.jpg|thumb|Starship Mk1 in September 2019]]
SpaceX began building the high-altitude prototype, '''Mk1''' in [[Boca Chica, Texas|Texas]] and '''Mk2''' in Florida, using competing teams that shared progress, insights, and build techniques.<ref name="ars201905152">{{Cite news |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=May 15, 2019 |title=SpaceX plans to A/B test its Starship rocketship builds |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/05/spacex-plans-to-ab-test-its-starship-rocketship-builds/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519080155/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/05/spacex-plans-to-ab-test-its-starship-rocketship-builds/ |archive-date=May 19, 2019 |access-date=November 19, 2022 |work=ars Technica}}</ref><ref name="nsf201905172" /> The vehicle featured three Raptor [[methalox]] engines and were meant to reach an altitude {{cvt|5|km}}.<ref name="trati201812242">{{Cite news |last=Ralph |first=Eric |date=December 24, 2018 |title=SpaceX CEO Elon Musk: Starship prototype to have 3 Raptors and "mirror finish" |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-elon-musk-starship-prototype-three-raptors-mirror-finish/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224133103/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-elon-musk-starship-prototype-three-raptors-mirror-finish/ |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date=December 24, 2018 |work=Teslarati}}</ref><ref name="sn201812242">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=December 24, 2018 |title=Musk teases new details about redesigned next-generation launch system |url=https://spacenews.com/musk-teases-new-details-about-redesigned-next-generation-launch-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181225012035/https://spacenews.com/musk-teases-new-details-about-redesigned-next-generation-launch-system/ |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |access-date=December 25, 2018 |work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref>
Mk1 was {{cvt|9|m}} in diameter and about {{cvt|50|m}} tall,<ref name="Wall Sep302">{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=2019-09-30 |title='Totally Nuts'? Elon Musk Aims to Put a Starship in Orbit in 6 Months. Here's SpaceX's Plan. |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-reach-orbit-six-months.html |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> with an empty mass of {{cvt|200|t|lb}}. It was intended for testing flight and reentry profiles, in pursuit of a suborbital flight. When announced, it had three sea-level Raptor engines, two fins each at the front and back, and a nose cone containing cold-gas reaction control thrusters, with all but the aft fins being removed afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=October 30, 2019 |title=Starship Mk1 arrives at launch site ahead of flight test |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/10/starship-mk1-launch-site-flight-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417020053/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/10/starship-mk1-launch-site-flight-test/ |archive-date=April 17, 2023 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=October 5, 2019 |title=SpaceX's Starship is a new kind of rocket, in every sense |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2019/10/05/spacexs-starship-is-a-new-kind-of-rocket-in-every-sense |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111225747/https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2019/10/05/spacexs-starship-is-a-new-kind-of-rocket-in-every-sense |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |access-date=November 23, 2019 |work=[[The Economist]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=September 30, 2019 |title='Totally Nuts'? Elon Musk Aims to Put a Starship in Orbit in 6 Months. Here's SpaceX's Plan. |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-reach-orbit-six-months.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001170638/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-reach-orbit-six-months.html |archive-date=October 1, 2019 |access-date=November 23, 2019 |work=[[Space.com]]}}</ref>
On November 20, 2019, Mk1 blew apart during a pressure test.<ref name="verge-201911202">{{Cite web |last=Grush |first=Loren |date=November 20, 2019 |title=SpaceX's prototype Starship rocket partially bursts during testing in Texas |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/20/20974884/spacex-starship-rocket-prototype-failure-test-texas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121085720/https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/20/20974884/spacex-starship-rocket-prototype-failure-test-texas |archive-date=November 21, 2019 |access-date=March 10, 2020 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=November 20, 2019 |title=SpaceX's 1st Full-Size Starship Prototype Suffers Anomaly in Pressure Test |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-prototype-anomaly-pressure-test.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121070633/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-prototype-anomaly-pressure-test.html |archive-date=November 21, 2019 |access-date=November 21, 2019 |website=[[Space.com]]}}</ref>
SpaceX began Mk2 in Florida, sharing progress, insights, and build techniques with the Mk1 team in [[Boca Chica (Texas)|Texas]].<ref name="ars201905152" /><ref name="nsf201905172" /> It was never completed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marley |first=Ronnie |date=November 20, 2019 |title=SpaceX moving to MK3 vehicle following incident at Boca Chica Facility |url=https://valleycentral.com/news/local/spacex-starship-mk1-explodes-at-boca-chica-facility |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217150935/https://valleycentral.com/news/local/spacex-starship-mk1-explodes-at-boca-chica-facility |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |access-date=March 10, 2020 |website=[[CBS News]]}}</ref>
{{anchor|Mk3|SN1}} The '''Mk3''' prototype began construction in late 2019.<ref name="Wall Sep302" /> In December 2019, Musk redesignated Mk3 as Starship '''SN1''', and predicted that minor design improvements would continue through SN20.<ref name="musk-12107560577917296652">{{Cite tweet |number=1210756057791729665 |user=elonmusk |title=We're now building flight design of Starship SN1, but each SN will have at least minor improvements, at least through SN20 or so of Starship V1.0 |first=Elon |last=Musk}}</ref> SpaceX began stacking SN1 in February 2020 after successful pressurization tests on propellant tank prototypes. SN1 was destroyed during a cryogenic pressurization test on February 28, 2020, due to a design flaw in the lower tank thrust structure.<ref name="space-202003102" /><ref name="sn2" />
{{anchor|Mk4}} '''Mk4''' began construction in Florida in October 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=October 17, 2019 |title=Aerial video shows SpaceX beginning construction of another Starship rocket in Florida |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/17/spacex-starts-construction-of-another-starship-rocket-in-florida.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018023803/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/17/spacex-starts-construction-of-another-starship-rocket-in-florida.html |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |access-date=October 18, 2019 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> but was scrapped after a few weeks.
=== Hops (SN3–SN6) ===
==== SN3 and SN4 ====
{{anchor|SN3}}'''SN3''' was destroyed during testing on April 3, 2020<ref name="nsf-bn3">{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2020 |title=Starship SN3 failure due to bad commanding. SN4 already under construction |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/04/spacex-starship-sn3-ground-flight-testing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422214616/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/04/spacex-starship-sn3-ground-flight-testing/ |archive-date=April 22, 2020 |access-date=April 19, 2020 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="berger0304">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=April 3, 2020 |title=SpaceX loses its third Starship prototype during a cryogenic test |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-destroyed-cryo-test-next-ship/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701003456/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-destroyed-cryo-test-next-ship/amp/ |archive-date=July 1, 2021 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=[[arstechnica]]}}</ref> due to a failure in the testing configuration.<ref name="nsf-bn3"/>
{{anchor|SN4}}
[[File:Boca_Fuego!_The_Raptor_Engine_Test_on_the_SpaceX_Starship_SN4_(49861436766).jpg|thumb|Static fire of SN4]]
'''SN4''' passed cryogenic pressure testing on April 26<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |date=April 26, 2020 |title=SN4 becomes first full-scale Starship prototype to pass cryogenic proof test |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/04/starship-sn4-set-for-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427083653/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/04/starship-sn4-set-for-test/ |archive-date=April 27, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=[[NASASpaceflight]]}}</ref> and two static fires on May 5 and May 7: one tested the main tanks, while the other tested the fuel header tank.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arevalo |first=Evelyn |date=May 9, 2020 |title=SpaceX completes another round of Starship tests at Boca Chica |url=https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/starship-sn4-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811101656/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/starship-sn4-test |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2020 |website=Tesmanian}}</ref> After uninstalling the engine, a new cryogenic pressure test was conducted on May 19. A leak in the methane fuel piping ignited, causing significant damage to the rocket's base, destroying the control wiring.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ralph |first=Eric |date=May 22, 2020 |title=SpaceX Starship prototype charred but intact after catching fire [photos] |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-charred-intact-after-fire-photos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417034433/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-charred-intact-after-fire-photos/ |archive-date=April 17, 2023 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> SN4 was destroyed on May 29, due to a failure with the Ground Support Equipment's quick-disconnect function.<ref name="sn20200529">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=May 29, 2020 |title=SpaceX Starship prototype destroyed after static-fire test |url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-starship-prototype-destroyed-after-static-fire-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918121721/https://spacenews.com/spacex-starship-prototype-destroyed-after-static-fire-test/ |archive-date=September 18, 2021 |access-date=May 30, 2020 |work=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref>
==== SN5 and SN6 ====
{{anchor|SN5}}After a static fire test on July 30,<ref name="nasa_Star">{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=July 27, 2020 |title=Starship SN5 completes successful Static Fire test |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/07/starship-sn5-waits-for-sf/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802003801/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/07/starship-sn5-waits-for-sf/ |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |access-date=August 4, 2020 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref> '''SN5''' completed a 150-meter flight (August 4) with engine SN27.<ref name="nsf20200803" /><ref name="techcrunch-20200804">{{Cite web |last=Etherington |first=Darrell |date=August 5, 2020 |title=SpaceX Successfully Flies its Starship Prototype to a Height of Around 500 Feet |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/04/spacex-successfully-flies-its-starship-prototype-to-a-height-of-around-500-feet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519235715/https://techcrunch.com/2020/08/04/spacex-successfully-flies-its-starship-prototype-to-a-height-of-around-500-feet/ |archive-date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=[[techcrunch]]}}</ref> SN5 was scrapped in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1357335994941526016 |user=bocachicagal |title=The crew are currently cutting around the upper portion of Starship SN5. |date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref>
{{anchor|SN6}}'''SN6''' completed a static fire on August 24, and a 150-meter hop test flight with engine SN29 on September 3. In January 2021, SN6 was scrapped.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HP6ZKKgjAic&t=637s |title=SpaceX Boca Chica: New 3mm Thick Test Tank Stacked – Starship SN6 Scrapped |date=January 12, 2021 |type=YouTube |publisher=[[NASASpaceflight]] |access-date=May 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123081028/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HP6ZKKgjAic&t=637s |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
=== High-altitude test flights (SN8–S23) ===
[[File:SpaceX Starship SN8 launch as viewed from South Padre Island (cropped).jpg|thumb|SN8 shortly after taking off during its test flight]]
[[File:Elon_&_The_Starship_(50710186528).jpg|alt=Photograph of Elon Musk alongside the remains of Starship|right|thumb|Starship SN8 remains after it crashed to the ground]]
[[File:Starship SN9 Evening Rays.jpg|thumb|SN9 on Suborbital Pad B, with the production facility in the background]]{{See also|List of Starship upper stage flight tests}}
==== SN8 and SN9 ====
{{anchor|SN8}}'''SN8''' was planned to be built out of 304L stainless steel,<ref name="nsf20200715">{{Cite news |last=Baylor |first=Michael |date=July 15, 2020 |title=Starship SN5 set for a static fire followed shortly by a 150-meter hop attempt |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/07/starship-sn5-static-fire-150-meter-hop/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716224607/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/07/starship-sn5-static-fire-150-meter-hop/ |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=July 17, 2020 |work=[[NASASpaceflight]] |quote=''The most recent test tank, designated SN7, achieved a record pressure before it failed. SN7 was the pathfinder vehicle for the switch to 304L stainless steel. The next test tank – designated SN7.1 – will feature further build-quality improvements, as it attempts to break the record set by SN7.''}}</ref> although some parts may have used 301L steel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2020 |title=As Starships line up, Musk calibrates expectations for SN8 test |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/11/starships-line-up-musk-expectations-sn8-test/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102222914/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/11/starships-line-up-musk-expectations-sn8-test/ |archive-date=November 2, 2020 |access-date=November 3, 2020}}</ref> In late October and November, SN8 underwent four static fires. During the third test, on November 12, 2020, debris from the pad caused the vehicle to lose pneumatics.<ref name="nextSN8">{{Cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |title=Starship SN8 History |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208114709/https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/11 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}</ref> Launch took place on December 9. Launch, ascent, reorientation, and controlled descent were successful, but low pressure in the methane header tank<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1336809767574982658 |user=elonmusk |title=Fuel header tank pressure was low during landing burn, causing touchdown velocity to be high & RUD, but we got all the data we needed! Congrats SpaceX team hell yeah!! |first=Elon |last=Musk |author-link=Elon Musk |date=December 9, 2020 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628224624/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1336809767574982658 |archive-date=June 28, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> kept the engines from producing enough thrust for the landing burn, destroying SN8 on impact.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=December 10, 2020 |title=SpaceX's Starship SN8 Prototype Soars on Epic Test Launch, with Explosive Landing |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/spacexs-starship-sn8-prototype-soars-on-epic-test-launch-with-explosive-landing/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123020133/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/spacexs-starship-sn8-prototype-soars-on-epic-test-launch-with-explosive-landing/ |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |access-date=March 3, 2021 |website=Scientific American}}</ref>
{{anchor|SN9}}On December 11, 2020, the stand beneath '''SN9''' failed, causing the vehicle to tip and contact the walls inside the High Bay.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ralph |first=Eric |date=December 14, 2020 |title=SpaceX almost drops finished Starship prototype – but it might be salvageable |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-prototype-sn9-damaged/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218080628/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-prototype-sn9-damaged/ |archive-date=February 18, 2021 |access-date=February 13, 2021 |work=TESLARATI}}</ref> SN9 then required a replacement forward flap.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wozJsZR6kZE&t=52s |title=SpaceX Boca Chica – Starship SN9 Gets a New Forward Flap – Tankzilla Prepared for move |date=December 20, 2020 |type=YouTube |publisher=NASASpaceflight |access-date=May 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123081034/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wozJsZR6kZE&t=52s |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> SN9 conducted 6 static fires in January 2021,<ref name="nextSN9">{{Cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |title=Starship SN9 History |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201023256/https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/12 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}</ref> including three static fires in one day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=January 13, 2021 |title=SpaceX's Starship SN9 prototype fires up rocket engines three times in one day |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn9-two-static-fire-tests |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113221247/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn9-two-static-fire-tests |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> After these tests, two engines had to be replaced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=January 15, 2021 |title=SpaceX swapping out two engines on Starship SN9 prototype ahead of test flight |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn9-engine-swap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122180400/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn9-engine-swap |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> After struggling to gain U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ([[Federal Aviation Administration|FAA]]) permission,<ref name="SN9_FAA">{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=January 29, 2021 |title=FAA reviews delay SpaceX Starship test |url=https://spacenews.com/faa-reviews-delay-spacex-starship-test/ |access-date=January 30, 2021 |work=SpaceNews}}</ref> SN9 conducted a {{cvt|10|km}} flight test on February 2. Ascent, engine cutoffs, reorientation and controlled descent were stable, but one engine's oxygen pre-burner failed, sending SN9 crashing into the landing pad.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1356702359901138946 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=Nice try, SN9! But didn't hit SN10 or the Tank Farm. You're next, SN10! |author=Chris Bergin – NSF |date=February 2, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210160850/https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/1356702359901138946 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> The landing pad was then reinforced with an additional layer of concrete.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dF2X2Bl9fps |title=SpaceX Boca Chica – Starship Landing Pad Work ahead of SN10 Launch – SN11/SN16 Prepare |date=February 11, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceflight |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520011349/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dF2X2Bl9fps |archive-date=May 20, 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> After the SN9 failure, all three engines were used to perform the belly flop landing sequence. This offered a failsafe should one fail to ignite.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1357422799330107393 |user=elonmusk |title=It was foolish of us not to start 3 engines & immediately shut down 1, as 2 are needed to land. ''Will these changes be able to be implemented into the SN10 test flight?'' Yes. |date=February 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NSF7Feb21">{{Cite news |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=February 7, 2021 |title=Starship SN10's Raptors installed ahead of testing and refined landing attempt |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/02/starship-sn10s-raptors-installed-refined-attempt/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008004641/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/02/starship-sn10s-raptors-installed-refined-attempt/ |archive-date=October 8, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2021 |work=[[NASASpaceflight]]}}</ref>
==== SN10–SN14 ====
{{anchor|SN10}}'''SN10''' underwent a cryogenic proof test on February 8, 2021, followed by a static fire on February 23.<ref name="ralph230221">{{Cite web |last=Ralph |first=Eric |date=February 23, 2021 |title=SpaceX Starship static fire bodes well for a launch later this week |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-sn10-static-fire-launch-prep/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421072036/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-sn10-static-fire-launch-prep/amp/ |archive-date=April 21, 2023 |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=www.teslarati.com}}</ref> After an engine swap, another static fire was conducted on February 25.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=February 25, 2021 |title=SpaceX fires up SN10 Starship prototype for 2nd time |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn10-second-engine-static-fire-test |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227124416/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn10-second-engine-static-fire-test |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=[[space.com]]}}</ref>
Two launch attempts were conducted on March 3. The first attempt was automatically aborted after one engine produced too much thrust while throttling up. After a 3-hour delay to increase the tolerance,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1367213114228318209 |user=elonmusk |title=Launch abort on slightly conservative high thrust limit. Increasing thrust limit & recycling propellant for another flight attempt today.}}</ref> the second attempt launched and landed successfully. The test ended with a hard landing-at 10&nbsp;m/s – most likely due to partial helium ingestion from the fuel header tank. Three landing legs were not locked in place, producing a slight lean after landing. Although the vehicle initially remained intact, the impact crushed the legs and part of the leg skirt. Eight minutes later the prototype exploded.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 4, 2021 |title=SpaceX's Starship rocket lands but then explodes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56274183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818094740/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56274183 |archive-date=August 18, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2021 |title=Elon Musk reveals why the SN10 Starship exploded |url=https://www.engadget.com/sn-10-starship-explosion-elon-musk-070217155.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505233908/https://www.engadget.com/sn-10-starship-explosion-elon-musk-070217155.html |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=Engadget}}</ref>
{{anchor|SN11}}'''SN11''' accomplished a cryogenic proof test on March 12 that included a test of the [[Reaction control system]] (RCS),<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1370210125923950597 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=Road open and workers heading back to the pad, led by the SpaceX Security Tesla with its disco lights flashing. That concludes Cryo proof testing for Starship SN11. |author=Chris Bergin – NSF |date=March 11, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312030858/https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/1370210125923950597 |archive-date=March 12, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1370194847873822725 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=Starship SN11 RCS (Reaction Control System) testing. |date=March 12, 2021 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> followed by a [[static fire]] test on March 15, 2021. Immediately after ignition, the test was aborted.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1371513512078499854 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=Starship SN11. Aborted Static Fire. |date=March 15, 2021 |access-date=March 15, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Another static fire attempt<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1373997275593248769 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=STATIC FIRE! Starship SN11 has fired up her three engines ahead of a test flight (as early as Tuesday), pending good test data (looked/sounded good!) |author=Chris Bergin – NSF |date=March 22, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410093506/https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/1373997275593248769 |archive-date=April 10, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> led to reports that one of the three engines had been removed for repairs.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1374930415568347139 |user=nextspaceflight |title=SpaceX will conduct a second static fire test after one of three Raptor engines on Starship SN11 had to be removed for repairs. The static fire could occur as soon as Friday, pending Raptor readiness and road closures. |first=Michael |last=Baylor |date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331073712/https://twitter.com/nextspaceflight/status/1374930415568347139 |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A replacement engine was installed<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1374965876357742594 |user=TrevorMahlmann |title=It's up and it's good! SpaceX Raptor 46 has risen up into the engine bay to be installed |first=Trevor |last=Mahlmann |date=March 25, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331023710/https://twitter.com/TrevorMahlmann/status/1374965876357742594 |archive-date=March 31, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a third static fire was attempted on March 26.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1375434893207994372 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=STATIC FIRE! Starship SN11 fires up (at least) Raptor SN46. Providing the data review is good, a launch will be attempted later today. |author=Chris Bergin – NSF |date=March 26, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329132905/https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/1375434893207994372 |archive-date=March 29, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A 10&nbsp;km flight test was conducted in heavy fog on March 30. The test included engine cutoffs, flip maneuver, flap control and descent, along with a visible fire on engine 2<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1376891464333017090 |user=elonmusk |title=@SpaceX Looks like engine 2 had issues on ascent & didn't reach operating chamber pressure during landing burn, but, in theory, it wasn't needed. Something significant happened shortly after landing burn start. Should know what it was once we can examine the bits later today. |first=Elon |last=Musk |author-link=Elon Musk |date=March 30, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531040101/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1376891464333017090 |archive-date=May 31, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> during the ascent. Just after the defective engine was re-ignited for the landing burn, SN11 lost telemetry at T+ 5:49 and disintegrated.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1376884533841170432 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=Ended in a RUD. Remember, it's a test program and they've gained a lot of wins from the four flights. Stable controlled descent is one, but long-duration Raptor performance deserves a shoutout. |author=Chris Bergin – NSF |date=March 30, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424160130/https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/1376884533841170432 |archive-date=April 24, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{anchor|SN12|SN13|SN14}}'''SN12''' through '''SN14''' never launched.<ref name="SN12scrapped">{{Cite tweet |number=1353047715270205440 |user=bocachicagal |title=Meanwhile, at SpaceX Boca Chica Starship SN10 took a peek out of the high bay as Starship SN12's aft section was being scrapped. |date=January 23, 2021}}</ref>
==== SN15–SN19 ====
{{anchor|SN15}}'''SN15''' introduced improved [[avionics software]], an updated aft skirt propellant architecture, and a new Raptor design and configuration.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1331391132367015937 |user=elonmusk |title=Major upgrades are slated for SN15 |date=November 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2021 |title=Starship SN15 Flight Test |url=https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505220306/https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/starship/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2021 |website=[[SpaceX]]}}</ref> A [[Starlink]] antenna on the side of the vehicle was another new feature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2021 |title=SpaceX installs Starlink dish on upgraded Starship prototype |url=http://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-sn15-starlink-dish-installed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330205806/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-sn15-starlink-dish-installed/ |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> SN15 underwent an ambient temperature pressure test on April 9, 2021,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1380639834792984579 |user=op_boca |title=Today, SpaceX teams conducted an ambient pressure test of Starship SN15. |date=April 9, 2021}}</ref> followed by a cryogenic proof test on April 12, and a header tank cryogenic proof test on April 13.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2021 |title=SpaceX's upgraded Starship gets frosty during cryogenic proof test |url=http://www.teslarati.com/spacex-upgraded-starship-sn15-first-big-tests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419201548/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-upgraded-starship-sn15-first-big-tests/ |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref><ref name="EASN152">{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2021 |title=When will SN15 launch? Live Updates |url=https://everydayastronaut.com/when-will-sn15-launch-live-updates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414221104/https://everydayastronaut.com/when-will-sn15-launch-live-updates/ |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=April 14, 2021}}</ref> A static fire was conducted on April 26,<ref name="auto22">{{Cite tweet |number=1386801847504154624 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=STATIC FIRE! |date=April 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{Cite tweet |number=1386836238771105793 |user=elonmusk |title=Starship SN15 static fire completed, preparing for flight later this week |date=April 27, 2021}}</ref> and a header tank static fire on April 27 followed.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1387292998644473857 |user=TheFavoritist |title=Starship SN15 static fires its Raptors again, though this time we believe only a single was engine fired. |date=April 28, 2021}}</ref> A {{cvt|10|km|ft}} high-altitude flight test was conducted in overcast weather on May 5, achieving a soft touchdown. A small fire near the base started shortly after landing, though this was extinguished.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Timmer |first=John |date=May 5, 2021 |title=SpaceX successfully lands a Starship test flight |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/05/spacex-successfully-lands-a-starship-test-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505235817/https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/05/spacex-successfully-lands-a-starship-test-flight/ |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |access-date=May 6, 2023 |website=[[arstechnica.com]] |language=en-US}}</ref> After its engines were removed, it was moved to the Rocket Garden on May 31, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SN15 |url=https://starshipcampaign.com/starship/sn15/#:~:text=Retirement,prototype%20to%20have%20that%20honour |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207192927/https://starshipcampaign.com/starship/sn15/#:~:text=Retirement,prototype%20to%20have%20that%20honour |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=2021-11-19 |publisher=The Starship Campaign}}</ref> On July 26, 2023, SN15 was scrapped.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1684617264476176384 |user=thejackbeyer |title=RIP SN15 |first=Jack |last=Beyer |date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=September 11, 2024}}</ref>
{{anchor|SN16|SN17|SN18|SN19}}
'''SN16''' was scrapped, while '''SN17''', '''SN18''', and '''SN19''' were never completed.[[File:Starship SN20 getting a tile inspection.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|SN20 getting its heat shield inspected]]
==== SN20/Ship 20–Ship 23 ====
{{anchor|SN20|Ship 20}}
[[File:SN20 Static Fire test on 10-21-2021 at 19-16-00 From SPI by Mars Embassy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Static fire test of SN20 on October 21, 2021]]
'''SN20''' was the first vehicle with a complete [[thermal protection system]] (TPS). SN20 rolled out to the launch mount on August 5, 2021, and was stacked onto Booster 4 for a fit test.<ref name="SN20spotted">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7i3tTjGJkw |title=SpaceX Boca Chica – SN20 Leg Skirt Spotted – BN1 Booster Double Section Lifted Onto New Stand |date=March 8, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceflight |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509164540/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R7i3tTjGJkw |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1379904500744527877 |user=NASASpaceflight |title=As Starship SN15 prepares to roll to the launch site, the Forward Dome of SN20 has been spotted, with this vehicle set to be an Orbital Class Starship. |date=April 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite tweet |number=1380646421410377728 |user=_brendan_lewis |title=The current status of SpaceX's Starship & Superheavy prototypes. |date=April 9, 2021}}</ref> U.S. Federal Communications Commission ([[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]) filings in May 2021 by SpaceX stated that the orbital flight would launch from Boca Chica, Texas. After separation, Starship would enter orbit and around 90 minutes later attempt a soft ocean landing around 100&nbsp;km off the coast of [[Kauai]], Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |title=SpaceX outlines plans for Starship orbital test flight – Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/05/13/spacex-outlines-plans-for-around-the-world-starship-test-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514183803/https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/05/13/spacex-outlines-plans-for-around-the-world-starship-test-flight/ |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |access-date=2021-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> However, S20 was retired in March 2022. As of April 2024, SN20 (Ship 20) remains in the Rocket Garden.
{{anchor|Ship 21}}'''Ship 21''' was scrapped before being completed.<ref name="rw-v2">{{Cite web |last=Jax |date=2024-04-14 |title=Something New: What's the Hardware Status of Starship Version 2? |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/v2-ship-apr-2024 |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref>
{{anchor|Ship 22}}'''Ship 22''' moved to the Rocket Garden in late February 2022. It was later scrapped, in favor of using S24 for integrated flight test 1 ([[SpaceX Starship integrated flight test 1|IFT-1)]].<ref name=rw-v2/> Its nosecone was converted into a HLS interior mockup. 3d Artist TheSpaceEngineer has claimed that this mockup features two decks, the first containing the life support systems ([[Life-support system|ECLSS]]), and the second serving as habitation for the crew.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1852757671268487340 |user=mcrs987 |last=TheSpaceEngineer |first= |date=November 2, 2024 |title=SpaceX's first true Human Landing System prototype. |access-date=November 2, 2024}}</ref>
{{anchor|Ship 23}}'''Ship 23''' was scrapped and partially recycled in Ship 24.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=August 10, 2022 |title=SpaceX fires up Starship and Super Heavy Booster 7 ahead of test flight |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-super-heavy-first-static-fire |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810212457/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-super-heavy-first-static-fire |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |access-date=August 11, 2022}}</ref>
=== Block 1 launches (S24–S38) ===
==== Ship 24 and Ship 25 ====
{{anchor|Ship 24}}
{{See also|Starship flight test 1}}
'''Ship 24''' was first spotted in November 2021, and conducted cryogenic proof tests on June 2, 2022, June 6, and June 7.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 24 Undergoes Third Cryo Proof Test {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmUCGe0dZBg |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715225423/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmUCGe0dZBg |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 24 Completes Cryogenic Proof Testing {{!}} Starship Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1PNZCq0At4 |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025130/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1PNZCq0At4 |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> On June 9, Ship 24 was rolled back to the production site for engine installation,<ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 24 Rolled Back for Raptor Installation {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1f_JpZYwsDk |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025152/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1f_JpZYwsDk |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> and was rolled to Suborbital Pad B on July 5.<ref>{{Citation |title=Starship 24 Rolled To The Launch Site {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEW2hzHGISQ |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025140/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEW2hzHGISQ |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 24 Lifted Onto Pad B for Testing {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dr6BwBHT9cw |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025151/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dr6BwBHT9cw |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> Ship 24 conducted a series of spin prime tests in mid-late July.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 24 Spin Prime Testing {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9CZny6qs8M |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501155014/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9CZny6qs8M |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Fresh Raptor Engines Arrive (while others depart) {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCJ--k78KxA |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025154/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCJ--k78KxA |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 24 Raptor Engines Tested with Two Spin Primes {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jo9ZlIDdlN8 |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812170237/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jo9ZlIDdlN8 |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Starship and Booster Engine Testing Double Header {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwaKTHS5SQw |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025133/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwaKTHS5SQw |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> It completed a two engine static fire test on August 9,<ref>{{Citation |title=Starship 24 Static Fire Testing {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5y2_76T0Af8 |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025144/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5y2_76T0Af8 |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> followed by an additional spin prime test on August 25.<ref>{{Citation |title=Booster and Ship Spin Prime Testing {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OLAx3hQ-DA |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025141/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OLAx3hQ-DA |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> On September 8, 2022, Ship 24 underwent a six engine static fire test.<ref>{{Citation |title=Starship 24 Six Engine Static Fire Test {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2EIeGWtjYQ |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025129/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2EIeGWtjYQ |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> The ship was subsequently stacked on top of Booster 7 in mid-October, followed by two destacks in October and early November.<ref>{{Citation |title=Starship 24 Destacked Amid Potential Problems {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpydSsTgnfA |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025146/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpydSsTgnfA |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Starship 25 Rolled out and Starship 24 Re-Stacked {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7UpQ7vO8OM |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025150/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7UpQ7vO8OM |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 24 Destacked from Booster 7 for Static Fire {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2qtuKLTBmM |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811082701/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q2qtuKLTBmM |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> On December 15, Ship 24 conducted a single engine static test fire.<ref>{{Citation |title=Starship 24 Single Engine Static Fire {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRmhHsAhrSQ |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025138/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRmhHsAhrSQ |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Booster 9 Rolls Out With All New Design {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sri2Y2sToPY |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217025153/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sri2Y2sToPY |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> In January 2023, Booster 7 and Ship 24 conducted a Wet Dress Rehearsal.<ref name="WDR-Jan">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=2023-01-24 |title=SpaceX completes Starship wet dress rehearsal |url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-completes-starship-wet-dress-rehearsal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415032641/https://spacenews.com/spacex-completes-starship-wet-dress-rehearsal/ |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=SpaceNews |language=en-US}}</ref> On April 20, 2023, Ship 24 [[Starship flight test 1|was destroyed in flight]] along with Booster 7 after spinning out of control.<ref>{{Citation |title=Starship 24 Destacked and Rolled Back for Final Launch Preparations {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YqgwBN0_SQ |access-date=2023-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407071532/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YqgwBN0_SQ |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 24 Prepared for Flight {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZZ3VbEKgs4 |access-date=2023-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407071514/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZZ3VbEKgs4 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref>
{{anchor|Ship 25}}
{{See also|Starship flight test 2}}
'''Ship 25''' was a Starship prototype similar to Ship 24, equipped with a [[heat shield]] and a payload bay, though this was permanently welded shut.<ref name="S25B9history">{{Cite web |last=Jax |date=2023-11-18 |title=Preparing for Flight 2: The Chronological History of S25 & B9 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s25-b9-history |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> It was used to test the cryogenic test stand at [[SpaceX_Starbase#Massey's_Test_Site|Massey's test site]].<ref name="S25B9history" /> During the third week of May 2023, Ship 25 was moved to the launch site and lifted onto suborbital pad B for engine testing.<ref name="S25B9history" /> On June 21, 2023, Ship 25 performed a successful spin prime test,<ref name="S25B9history" /> On June 26, 2023, Ship 25 underwent its first static fire test, igniting all six engines.<ref name="S25B9history" /> On August 5, 2023, it was moved to the Rocket Garden for final TPS work.<ref name="S25B9history" /> It was lifted onto B9 for the first time on September 5, and was destacked several times throughout the rest of the month and mid October.<ref name="S25B9history" /> On October 22, B9 underwent two partial cryogenic tests, while S25 was not tested,<ref name="S25B9history" /> followed by a full [[Launch vehicle system tests|wet dress rehearsal]] (WDR) two days later.<ref name="S25B9history" /> On November 18, 2023, Ship 25 was launched atop Booster 9 on the second Integrated Flight Test, with Ship 25 successfully separating from Booster 9.<ref name="S25B9history" /> Near the end of its burn, a LOX dump started a fire in the engine bay, causing an explosion.<ref name="S25B9history" /> The [[autonomous flight termination system]] activated, destroying the vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jax |date=2023-11-18 |title=Preparing for Flight 2: The Chronological History of S25 & B9 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s25-b9-history |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref>
==== Ship 26 and 27 ====
{{anchor|Ship 26}}'''Ship 26''' was an [[Expendable launch system|expendable]] Starship prototype, lacking heat shield tiles and flaps. Ship 26 also lacked a payload bay door. On September 9, 2023, S26 was moved to Suborbital Pad B for static fire testing.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 26 Rolled Out for Static Fire {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSVzS0hSUEA |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217010458/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSVzS0hSUEA |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> S26 then underwent a cryogenic test on October 9, 2023, followed by a preburner test with a single engine nine days later,<ref>{{Citation |title=Ship 26 Tested, Hot Stage Ring Removed Again {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTxv4D_ADj8 |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217010457/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTxv4D_ADj8 |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> and a single engine static fire test on October 20, 2023, simulating a deorbit burn. On December 16, 2023, SpaceX crews began welding large steel pieces onto S26's payload bay, although it is unclear what was the reason behind this reinforcement.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1735766244278575468 |user=Ringwatchers |title=Weird Events Today with Ship 26 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216023509/https://twitter.com/Ringwatchers/status/1735766244278575468 |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Additional supports were added on December 20, 2023.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1737522753605980527 |user=Ringwatchers |title=Lots of external stringers have been added to the bottom of Ship 26's Payload Bay section, now that's a weird one. |access-date=December 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220173602/https://twitter.com/ringwatchers/status/1737522753605980527 |archive-date=December 20, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> S26 was rolled to the Massey's site on May 8 for static fire stand testing.<ref name="ReferenceD2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBHEIEEv1pA |title=End of an Era! SpaceX's FINAL Starship Static Fire at Historic Pad! |language=en |access-date=2024-05-11 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vryxbHvkmkM |title=Booster 11 Lifted Onto the OLM for Pre-Launch Testing {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |language=en |access-date=2024-05-12 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> S26 conducted a cryogenic test on May 24,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYhRB4r7l2w |title=Starbase Weekly, Ep.117: Second Launch Tower Construction Begins! |date=2024-05-25 |last=RGV Aerial Photography |access-date=2024-05-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref> followed by a six engine static fire on June 3.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzxBTI3ursM |title=It's Launch Week!  (BONUS: Testing At Masseys) – Countdown to Launch |date=2024-06-03 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-06-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> S26's engines were removed on August 14.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1823640155887996988 |user=nasaspaceflight |title=Old test vehicle Ship 26 is having its engines removed |first=Chris |last=Bergin |date=August 14, 2024 |access-date=August 14, 2024}}</ref> It was moved into the High Bay on November 20,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Golden |first=Zack |date=November 20, 2024 |title=After allowing it to live long enough to see the last of its V1 Counterparts fly |url=https://twitter.com/CSI_Starbase/status/1859184833991213485 |access-date=November 20, 2024 |website=X (Formerly Twitter)}}</ref> where it was scrapped.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCrea |first=Aaron |date=2024-11-27 |title=Starbase continues its rapid pace of advancement after Starship Flight 6 |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/11/starship-roundup-11-27-24/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{anchor|Ship 27}}Like S26, '''S27''' was an expendable prototype, lacking heat shield tiles. It was the first Ship to have a reinforced payload dispenser. Ship 27 was scrapped on July 20, 2023, after the common dome failed.<ref>{{Citation |title=Booster 9 Rolled Out and Lifted onto the Launch Mount {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYSArJ38Snc |access-date=2023-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217010505/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYSArJ38Snc |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> S27's aft section was then converted into a test article, presumably to test the engine shielding design present on S25.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Jax |date=2023-09-28 |title=A Critical Test: Ship 27 Makes a Confusing Comeback |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s27-aft-returns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128225807/https://ringwatchers.com/article/s27-aft-returns |archive-date=November 28, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> On September 27, 2023, S27 was rolled to the Massey's test site.<ref name=":03" />
==== Ships 28–32 ====
{{anchor|Ship 28}}
{{See also|Starship flight test 3}}
'''Ship 28''', along with subsequent Block 1 models, features heat shield tiles as well as reinforced [[Starlink]] satellite dispensers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jax |date=2024-01-13 |title=Time for Round 3: What's New on Starship 28 & Booster 10? |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s28-b10-updates |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> In July 2023, S28 underwent cryogenic testing, before receiving engines on August 18.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |last=memereview |date=2024-03-13 |title=Onward to Flight 3: The Complete History of S28 & B10 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s28-b10-full-history |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> On December 14, S28 was moved to the launch site and lifted onto Suborbital Pad B,<ref name=":92">{{Citation |title=Make Way! Starbase Demolitions Clear Room for Starfactory {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aroSgXUfY7o |access-date=2023-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607225443/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aroSgXUfY7o |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> where it completed a spin prime test on December 16,<ref name=":122" /> followed by a six engine static fire test on December 20,<ref name=":122" /> and a deorbit burn test on December 29.<ref name=":92" /> S28 was moved to the Orbital Launch Site for IFT-3 on February 10,<ref name=":122" /> and was stacked onto the B10 rocket.<ref name=":122" /> The combined vehicle conducted two aborted wet dress rehearsal attempts on February 14 and February 16.<ref name=":122" /><ref>{{Citation |title=SpaceX Performs Second Attempt of B10/S28 Wet Dress Rehearsal |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkLxH2lSJnM |access-date=2024-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216175638/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkLxH2lSJnM |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> It was returned to Suborbital Pad B on February 19,<ref name=":122" /> where underwent a spin prime test on February 26,<ref name=":122" /> On March 3, 2024, B10 and S28 completed a wet dress rehearsal,<ref name=":122" /> followed by a final destack on March 5 for FTS installation.<ref name=":122" /> The FTS was armed on March 8, 2024,<ref name=":122" /> followed by S28 being restacked on March 10, 2024.<ref name=":122" /> S28 flew with B10 on March 14, and reached orbit. It conducted tests of the Payload Dispenser and fuel transfer system, before being destroyed during reentry.<ref>{{Citation |title=SpaceX Launches Third Starship Flight Test |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrxCYzixV3s |access-date=2024-03-14 |language=en}}.</ref>
{{anchor|Ship 29}}
{{See also|Starship flight test 4}}
On September 22, 2023, '''S29''' was moved to Massey's for cryogenic testing, where it was cryogenically tested on September 26,.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web |last=memereview |date=2024-06-06 |title=Speeding on to Flight 4: The Chronology of S29 & B11 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s29-b11-chronology |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> On November 21, 2023, S29 was moved into the High Bay,<ref name=":112" /> and on February 29, S29 was moved to the launch site,<ref name=":112" /> where it underwent a cryogenic test on March 7,<ref>{{Citation |title=SpaceX Tests Ship 29 in Preparation for the Fourth Starship Flight |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XyyjtAfBNLA |access-date=2024-03-07 |language=en}}.</ref> followed by a spin prime test on March 11.<ref>{{Citation |title=SpaceX Tests Ship 29 Again in Preparation for the Fourth Starship Flight |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZD3nI2IJHY |access-date=2024-03-11 |language=en}}.</ref> On March 12, 2024, S29 was briefly removed from the launch site to prevent damage from IFT-3, before returning ahead of two static fire tests on March 25 and March 27.<ref>{{Citation |title=SpaceX Static Fires Ship 29 in Preparation for the Fourth Starship Flight |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wne1VRhgSoc |access-date=2024-03-25 |language=en}}.</ref><ref name=":112" /> On May 15, S29 was lifted onto B11, with the combined vehicle completing a partial cryogenic test on May 16,<ref name=":17">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECXs1y7tkHs |title=SpaceX Tests the Full Stack of the Fourth Starship Flight Test |date=2024-05-16 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-05-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and a full wet dress rehearsal on May 20.<ref name=":19">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_fIEFixUBw |title=SpaceX Performs Wet Dress Rehearsal of Fourth Starship Flight Stack |date=2024-05-20 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-05-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> A second wet dress rehearsal was conducted on May 28.<ref name=":20">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lt2X_568sxc |title=SpaceX Performs Second Wet Dress Rehearsal of Fourth Starship Flight Stack |date=2024-05-28 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-05-28 |via=YouTube}}</ref> On May 29, S29 was destacked for final tile work and Flight Termination System (FTS) Installation,<ref name=":112" /> with FTS installation occurring on May 30.<ref name=":112" /> S29 was stacked onto B11 for the final time on June 5.<ref name=":112" /> On June 6, S29 was launched with B11 on IFT-4, with S29 completing a full ascent burn with no engine failures.<ref name=":72">{{Citation |title=Full Replay: SpaceX Launches Second Starship Flight Test |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOI35G7cP7o |access-date=2023-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122021359/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOI35G7cP7o |archive-date=November 22, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> It retained attitude control into reentry, despite the near-complete loss of a forward flap,<ref name=":72" /> and achieved a successful landing burn.<ref name=":72" />
{{anchor|Ship 30}}
{{See also|Starship flight test 5}}
'''S30''' was moved to Massey's test site for cryogenic testing on December 30, 2023.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=memereview |date=2024-10-13 |title=Flight 5, Super Heavy's Return Home: The Complete History of S30 & B12 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s30-b12-timeline |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> On January 3, 2024, S30 underwent its first cryogenic test.<ref>{{Cite web |last=memereview |date=2024-10-13 |title=Flight 5, Super Heavy's Return Home: The Complete History of S30 & B12 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s30-b12-timeline |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> On May 1, it was rolled to the Suborbital Launch Site,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMbM0f0E-aA |title=SpaceX Rolls Ship 30 for Testing |language=en |access-date=2024-05-01 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> where it was lifted onto Suborbital Pad B for static fire testing.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l0KtSq1Pk8 |title=Flight 5 Starship Rolled Out and Ready to Test {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |language=en |access-date=2024-05-04 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> It conducted a cryogenic test on May 7,<ref name="ReferenceC2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gyggn5haIQY |title=OLM Tested Ahead of Starship Flight 4 {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |language=en |access-date=2024-05-10 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> followed by an aborted static fire test,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7Ialipbgw4 |title=SpaceX Static Fires Ship 30 in Preparation for the Fifth Starship Flight |language=en |access-date=2024-05-07 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> and a 6 engine static fire test on May 8. On June 11, SpaceX began removing and replacing S30s thermal protection system, adding a backup ablative layer.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=memereview |date=2024-10-13 |title=Flight 5, Super Heavy's Return Home: The Complete History of S30 & B12 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s30-b12-timeline |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> S30 was rolled to Masseys on July 20,<ref name=":32" /> ahead of a 6 engine static fire on July 26,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=it-OcNpRW8s |title=Falcon 9 No Longer Grounded - SLS Core Stage Arrives at KSC - The Flame Trench |date=2024-07-26 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-07-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and rolled back to the production site on July 27.<ref name=":32" /> One of S30's Raptor Vacuum engines was replaced on August 3,<ref name=":32" /> and it was rolled back to Massey's on August 6,<ref name=":32" /> where it conducted a spin prime test on August 7.<ref name="nsf24892">{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Ryan |date=2024-08-09 |title=Flight 5 and 6 Preparations Underway as SpaceX reveals Raptor 3 |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/08/flight-5-6-preparations-raptor-3/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref> SpaceX claimed that [[Super Heavy Booster 12|B12]] and S30 were ready to fly on August 8.<ref name="nsf24892" /> S30 was then rolled back to the production site.<ref name=":32" /> On September 21, S30 was lifted onto B12.<ref name=":21">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QU43FwDKgA |title=SpaceX Stacks Ship 30 on Booster 12 {{!}} Starbase |date=2024-09-21 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-09-21 |via=YouTube}}</ref> A partial wet dress rehearsal was conducted on September 23.<ref name=":22">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjghasfkFbs |title=SpaceX Tests the Stack for the Fifth Flight of Starship - Booster 12 and Ship 30 |date=2024-09-23 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-09-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref> followed by a second partial wet dress rehearsal on October 7,<ref name=":24">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xv2lzAPsTlw |title=SpaceX Tests the Stack for the Fifth Flight of Starship - Booster 12 and Ship 30 |date=2024-10-07 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-10-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref> followed by S30 being destacked for FTS installation.<ref name=":25">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySAnKmAIAKE |title=FTS Installed Before Launch & Potential Catch {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |date=2024-10-11 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-10-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref> FTS was installed on both vehicles on October 9,<ref name=":26">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFNjtGeUuHo |title=Countdown to Launch - FTS Installed, and TFR Posted! |date=2024-10-09 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-10-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and S30 was stacked onto B12 for Flight 5 on October 11.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=memereview |date=2024-10-13 |title=Flight 5, Super Heavy's Return Home: The Complete History of S30 & B12 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s30-b12-timeline |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> On October 13, S30 launched on B12, and reached the desired trajectory after a nominal ascent burn with no engine failures. Like S29, S30 retained attitude control through reentry, and successfully reignited its engines for a splashdown in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YC87WmFN_As |title=SpaceX Launches Starship for the Fifth Time (and Tries to Catch a Booster) |date=2024-10-11 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-10-13 |via=YouTube}}</ref> As of October 13, 2024, S30 is the largest artificial object to reenter Earth's atmosphere.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |date=Mar 13, 2024 |title=Tiered Environmental Assessment for SpaceX Starship Indian Ocean Landings |url=https://www.faa.gov/media/76836 |access-date=Mar 17, 2024 |website=FAA |page=101}}</ref>
{{anchor|Ship 31}}
{{See also|Starship flight test 6}}
On December 14, 2023, '''S31''' was moved to the Rocket Garden,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRMqaKVpyQY |title=Building Starbase MEGA BAY 2 (9 months in 10 minutes) |language=en |access-date=2024-04-11 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> before being moved back into the High Bay on January 4.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1742935640499761391 |user=nasaspaceflight |title=Ship 31 going for a wander at the Production Site and heading into the High Bay. |first=Chris |last=Bergin |access-date=Jan 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104182008/https://twitter.com/nasaspaceflight/status/1742935640499761391 |archive-date=January 4, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was rolled to Massey's test site for cryogenic testing on May 11,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1789159230995345769 |user=nasaspaceflight |title=With Booster 11 (Flight 4) now at the launch site. Ship 31 (Flight 6) is preparing to roll to Masseys. |first=Chris |last=Bergin |access-date=May 11, 2024}}</ref> with the first test ending prematurely due to an electrical anomaly.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dh2JweC3ETE |title=Ship 29 Rolled Out for Full Starship Stack Testing {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |language=en |access-date=2024-05-14 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> After being repaired, it returned to Massey's,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pqzmu1TDWRo |title=Starship Launch Tower Sections Outfitted for Installation |date=2024-07-03 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-07-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> where it was cryogenically tested on July 2 and July 3.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1808928224438583766 |user=enneps |title=Compilation time-lapse of the two cryo-proof tests SpaceX teams performed this week on Starship S31 |first=Elisar |last=Priel |access-date=July 4, 2024}}</ref> On July 5, S31 was moved to Mega Bay 2 for engine installation.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oS0bM-EGY9w |title=Starbase Prepares for Tropical Storm Beryl {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |date=2024-07-07 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-07-07 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The process of replacing S31's thermal protection system began in early August.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtnaJqNy-d0 |title=Tower Module 6 Stacked, S30 Raptor Swapped {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |date=2024-08-06 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-08-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref> On September 6, S31 was rolled to Massey's for static fire testing.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AG3eNnzhkpw |title=Starliner Leaves the ISS - The Flame Trench |date=2024-09-06 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-09-06 |via=YouTube}}</ref> It attempted to static fire on September 8, with the test being aborted due to the weather.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWTW8wSRrAU |title=Starbase Weekly, Ep.132: Starhopper Moved and Ship Testing Continues! |date=2024-09-08 |last=RGV Aerial Photography |access-date=2024-09-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref> S31 conducted a static fire on September 18,<ref name=":123">{{Cite web |last=memereview |date=2024-03-13 |title=Onward to Flight 3: The Complete History of S28 & B10 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s28-b10-full-history |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> and it was rolled back to the production site on September 20.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwNOPPWs9fM |title=SpaceX Rolls Booster 12 to the Launch Site (& Ship 31 Roll) {{!}} Starbase |date=2024-09-20 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-09-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> S31 was moved to the launch site for IFT-6 on November 11,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/QxphA7uzKTA |title=🔴 LIVE: SpaceX Rolls Ship 31 to the Launch Site {{!}} Starbase |language=en |access-date=2024-11-12 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> where its Flight Termination System was installed on November 12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Ryan |date=2024-11-18 |title=SpaceX prepare for Starship Flight 6, another Booster catch and a daylight Ship splashdown |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/11/starship-flight-6-launch/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |language=en-US}}</ref> It was stacked onto [[SpaceX Super Heavy#B13|Booster 13 (B13)]] on November 14,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unrfafDj3xc |title=SpaceX Stacks Ship 31 on Booster 13 {{!}} Starbase Starship |date=2024-11-14 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-11-15 |via=YouTube}}</ref> with the combined vehicle conducted a partial wet dress rehearsal on November 17.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/V1Rns3PLkfU |title=SpaceX Tests the Stack for the Sixth Flight of Starship - Booster 13 and Ship 31 |language=en |access-date=2024-11-17 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> On November 19, S31 launched on B13, and reached the desired trajectory.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yd_cpPP4fE |title=SpaceX Launches Starship Flight 6 (and Catches a Booster) |date=2024-11-16 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref> After conducting a relight of a raptor engine, S31 reenetered the atmosphere, and successfully completed the landing burn for a splashdown in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yd_cpPP4fE |title=SpaceX Launches Starship Flight 6 (and Catches a Booster) |date=2024-11-16 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-11-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Several components of S31, including multiple tiles and COPVs, were recovered for analysis in Australia.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu5aIMC7NSk |title=Starship 31 Debris Return! Project Fallen Star 1 |date=2024-11-27 |last=Interstellar Gateway |access-date=2024-11-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{anchor|Ship 32}}On November 24, Elon Musk implied that '''S32''' would be the last Block 1 starship.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1727967723806761343 |user=elonmusk |title=Four more Starships, the last of V1 |access-date=2023-11-25 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125103448/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1727967723806761343 |archive-date=November 25, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> On January 10, 2024, S32 was moved to the Rocket Garden.<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last=memereview |date=2024-10-13 |title=Flight 5, Super Heavy's Return Home: The Complete History of S30 & B12 |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/s30-b12-timeline |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> SpaceX confirmed that Flight 7 and subsequent launches would use Block 2 vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Starship's Third Flight Test |url=https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306183144/https://www.spacex.com/launches/mission/?missionId=starship-flight-3 |archive-date=March 6, 2024 |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=[[SpaceX]]}}</ref>
==== Ships 33–38 ====
In late November, 2023, the original S33's components were scrapped,<ref name=":1">{{Cite tweet |number=1730412928145240353 |user=csi_starbase |title=Ship 33 aft section was scrapped a few days ago.  With S28-32 being the last of version 1 we should expect all components of S33+ to be deleted. |access-date=2023-12-12 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212122157/https://twitter.com/csi_starbase/status/1730412928145240353 |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> alongside the components of the original S34 through S38.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jax |date=2024-04-14 |title=Something New: What's the Hardware Status of Starship Version 2? |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/v2-ship-apr-2024 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref>
=== Block 2 launches (Ships 33 and subsequent) ===
Block 2 ships will feature a new forward flap design, increased propellant capacity, and an increase in thrust.<ref name=":5">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umdkFlNO1os |title=Starbase Weekly, Ep.112: Booster 11 Back On The Pad! |language=en |access-date=2024-04-07 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Additionally, the leeward side of the vehicle has some external stringers.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdTkwB1VLXA |title=Starship 2.0: New Hardware Spotted {{!}} Starbase Update |date=2024-07-29 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-08-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref> These vehicles will be a total of {{cvt|1.8|m}} meters taller than the previous Block 1 ships.<ref name=":5" />{{See also|Starship flight test 7}}{{anchor|Ship 33}}
On July 24, 2024, '''S33''''s nosecone and payload bay were rolled into Mega Bay 2.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1816363045653758307 |user=thejackbeyer |last=Beyer |first=Jack |date=July 25, 2024 |title=The combined nosecone and payload bay for Ship 33 |access-date=July 25, 2024}}</ref> Stacking of the vehicle was completed on August 23.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9agcYfnWlA |title=Starship Version 2 Aft Section Rolled Out for Stacking {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |date=2024-08-25 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-08-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref> On October 26, S33 rolled to the Massey's test site,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxsFodjVbs4 |title=SpaceX's Next-Gen Starship Rolls Out {{!}} Starbase Update |date=2024-10-28 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-10-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref> where it conducted a series of cryogenic tests.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=taHrcahMX4w |title=New Starship Block 2 Cryo Proof Tested {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |date=2024-10-31 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-10-31 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{See also|Starship flight test 8}}
{{anchor|Ship 34}}
On September 19, 2024, '''S34''''s nosecone was rolled into the High bay ahead of integration with the payload bay.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1836850062934085939 |user=StarshipGazer |date=19 September 2024 |title=Starship 34 nose cone rolled into the high bay today |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> The combined assembly was then rolled into the Starfactory,<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1838326311376355455 |user=nasaspaceflight |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=September 23, 2024 |title=Ship 34 (Flight 8), currently two sections tall |access-date=September 23, 2024}}</ref> and from there into Mega Bay 2.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1843600140545949946 |user=labpadre |date=October 8, 2024 |title=The Ship 34 nosecone and payload section |access-date=October 8, 2024}}</ref>
== Test articles ==
=== Starship-based test articles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em; text-align:center; width: 100%;"
! {{abbr|S/N|Serial number}}
! Tests
! Decommission Date
! Status
|-
|{{abbr|LOX HT|Liquid Oxygen Header Tank}}
|2
|January 25, 2020<ref name="loxDestroyed2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiNIxBotyhc |title=SpaceX Boca Chica – Header Tank tested to failure. Test Tank preps for transport |date=January 26, 2020 |publisher=NASASpaceflight |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123080957/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiNIxBotyhc&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|SN2
|1
|March 2020<ref name="SN2retired2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxfVT6S6VNY |title=SpaceX Boca Chica – Starship SN2 Test Tank transported from Launch Site |date=March 16, 2020 |publisher=NASASpaceflight |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208125112/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxfVT6S6VNY |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|{{Dropped|Retired}}
|-
|SN7
|2
|June 23, 2020<ref name="sp_2006232">{{Cite web |last=Mali |first=Tariq |date=June 23, 2020 |title=Boom! SpaceX pops huge Starship SN7 test tank on purpose in pressure test |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn7-test-tank-destroyed-videos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719130934/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn7-test-tank-destroyed-videos.html |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |access-date=January 30, 2021 |website=Space.com |quote=SpaceX pushed a massive tank for its latest Starship prototype beyond its limits Tuesday (June 23) in an intentionally explosive test in South Texas. The Starship SN7 prototype tank ruptured during a pressure test at SpaceX's Boca Chica proving grounds, the second in just over a week for the spacecraft component.}}</ref>
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|SN7.1
|2
|September 22, 2020<ref name="SN7.1destroyed2">{{Cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=September 24, 2020 |title=SpaceX pops Starship tank on purpose in explosive pressure test |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-destroys-starship-prototype-tank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121183229/https://www.space.com/spacex-destroys-starship-prototype-tank |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=February 13, 2021 |work=Space.com |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|SN7.2
|2
|May 22, 2021
|{{Dropped|Retired}}
|-
|S24.1
|3
|2023
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|S26.1
|3
|September 2023
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|S24.2
|2
|2024
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|-
|TT16
|2
|October 2024
|{{Dropped|Retired}}
|}
'''Liquid Oxygen Header Test Tank''' (LOX HTT) was based on the LOX Header tank, as well as surrounding parts of the nosecone. On January 24, 2020, the tank underwent a pressurization test which lasted several hours.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8z-VwbhiZOk |title=SpaceX Boca Chica – Starship Header Tank Pressurization Test |date=January 25, 2020 |publisher=NASASpaceflight |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524065257/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8z-VwbhiZOk |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> The following day it was tested to destruction.<ref name="loxDestroyed2" />
'''SN2''' was a test tank used to test welding quality and thrust puck design. The thrust puck is found on the bottom of the vehicle where in later Starship tests up to three sea-level Raptor engines would be mounted. SN2 passed a pressure test on March 8, 2020.<ref name="sn2">{{Cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |date=March 1, 2020 |title=Second Starship prototype damaged in pressurization test |url=https://spacenews.com/second-starship-prototype-damaged-in-pressurization-test/ |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=[[SpaceNews]]}}</ref><ref name="space-202003102">{{Cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=March 10, 2020 |title=SpaceX's latest Starship prototype passes big tank pressure test |url=https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn2-prototype-pressure-test.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311202449/https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn2-prototype-pressure-test.html |archive-date=March 11, 2020 |access-date=March 10, 2020 |website=[[Space.com]]}}</ref>
'''SN7''' was a pathfinder test article for the switch to type [[SAE 304L stainless steel|304L stainless steel]].<ref name="nsf20200715" /> A cryogenic proof test was performed on June 15, 2020, achieving a pressure of {{cvt|7.6|bar|psi}} before a leak occurred. During a pressurize to failure test on June 23, 2020, the tank burst at an unknown pressure.<ref name="NextSN7">{{Cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |title=Starship SN7 History |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/3 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sp_2006232" />
'''SN7.1''' was the second 304L test tank, with the goal of reaching a higher failure pressure.<ref name="nsf20200715" /> The tank was repeatedly tested in September, and tested to destruction on September 23.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YpRzf6_0wg |title=Starship's SN7.1 Pushed To Failure (Time Lapse) |date=September 23, 2020 |publisher=LabPadre |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223094114/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YpRzf6_0wg |archive-date=February 23, 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> The bulkhead came apart at a pressure of {{cvt|8|bar|psi|round=5}} in ullage and {{Cvt|9|bar|psi|round=5|comma=}} at base.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1309915379041402881 |user=elonmusk |title=8 bar differential in ullage, 9 bar at base due to propellant head. It's enough. Improvements in work. |date=September 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name="SN7.1destroyed2" />
'''SN7.2''' was created to test thinner walls, and therefore, lower mass. It is believed to be constructed from 3&nbsp;mm steel sheets rather than the 4&nbsp;mm thickness of its predecessors.<ref name="t_210127">{{Cite web |last=Ralph |first=Eric |date=January 27, 2021 |title=SpaceX's thin-skinned Starship 'test tank' passes first trial |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-test-tank-thin-skin-first-trial/ |access-date=January 30, 2021 |website=Teslarati |quote=Known as Starship SN7.2, SpaceX’s latest ‘test tank’ is the third to carry the SN7 moniker and appears to have been built primarily to test refinements to the rocket’s structural design...the tank’s most important task is determining if future Starships (and perhaps Super Heavy boosters) can be built out of thinner, lighter steel rings. Its domes appear to be identical to past ships but writing on the exterior of the tank strongly implied that its three rings were built out of 3mm steel rather than the 4mm sheets that have made up every Starship built in the last 12 months.}}</ref> On January 26, 2021, SN7.2 passed a cryogenic proof test. On February 4, during a pressurize to failure test, the tank developed a leak.<ref name="NextSN7.2">{{Cite web |last=Baylor |first=Michael |title=Starship SN7.2 History |url=https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/13 |access-date=February 6, 2021 |website=nextspaceflight.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NSF7Feb212">{{Cite news |last=Bergin |first=Chris |date=February 7, 2021 |title=Starship SN10's Raptors installed ahead of testing and refined landing attempt |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/02/starship-sn10s-raptors-installed-refined-attempt/ |access-date=February 8, 2021 |work=[[NASASpaceflight]]}}</ref> On March 15, SN7.2 was retired.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1371464710072250368 |user=BocaChicaGal |title=Starship SN7.2 is headed back to the production site at SpaceX Boca Chica. |author=Mary |date=March 15, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411073706/https://twitter.com/BocaChicaGal/status/1371464710072250368 |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nsfyt16321">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOiiDOuSXsM |title=SpaceX Boca Chica: Starship SN11 Abort Static Fire – SN7.2 Moved to the Production Site |date=March 15, 2021 |publisher=NASASpaceflight |access-date=August 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508012205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOiiDOuSXsM |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
'''S24.1''' was a test article design to test the redesigned aft section present on Block 1 ships after S24. It conducted a single test on the can-crusher on October 7, 2022. After this test failed, it received modifications before completing two tests on December 5 and December 6.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jax |date=2022-12-31 |title=Remembering 2022: What Happened to Starship This Year? |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/2022-in-review |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref>
'''S26.1''' was a test tank designed to test the aft section of Block 1 ships after S24.1's failure. It conducted two tests on the can-crusher, before being moved off in July 2023.<ref>{{Citation |title=Starbase Weekly, Episode 81 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAmSExl1sGU |access-date=2023-07-12 |language=en}}.</ref> On September 21, 2023, it was tested to destruction.<ref>{{Citation |title=Starbase Isn't Slowing Down! {{!}} SpaceX Starbase Update |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PrkySbrJbG4 |access-date=2023-09-25 |language=en}}.</ref>
'''S24.2''' was a test article designed to test the payload bay of Starlink dispenser vehicles.<ref>{{Citation |title=Massive Plumbing Installed for the OLM Deluge Plate {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kE1ZB9ZsVBQ |access-date=2023-07-12 |language=en}}.</ref> On September 28, 2023, it was moved to the Massey's test site. It performed two tests before subsequently being scrapped.
'''TT16''' is a test tank designed for testing the Block 2 ship aft section,<ref name=":2">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7jn6d9VarI |title=New Launch Tower is Rising Quickly {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |date=2024-07-20 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-07-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHpEH2ul6Go |title=Major Progress and Deliveries for Tower 2! {{!}} Starbase Flyover Update Episode 51 |date=2024-07-25 |last=RGV Aerial Photography |access-date=2024-07-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref> consisting of an aft section and a small common dome section. Its official designation is not yet known.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdTkwB1VLXA |title=Starship 2.0: New Hardware Spotted {{!}} Starbase Update |date=2024-07-29 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-07-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref> On July 18, it was rolled to the Massey's test site for structural testing.<ref name=":2" /> It conducted two cryogenic tests on July 25,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-AN4srtnKQ |title=Starbase Weekly, Ep.126: Ship 30 Static Fire Test Completed! |date=2024-07-27 |last=RGV Aerial Photography |access-date=2024-07-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> followed by another test on September 6, 2024.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvePyK1dhxk |title=Chopsticks Perform Catch Simulation {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |date=2024-09-08 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-09-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref> It was returned to the production site in early October for scrapping.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-unsIknyABY |title=Flight 6 Preps Underway {{!}} Starbase Update |date=2024-10-21 |last=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2024-10-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
=== General test articles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="font-size:1.00em; line-height:1.5em; text-align:center; width: 100%;"
! {{abbr|S/N|Serial number}}
! Tests
! Decommission Date
! Status
|-
|{{abbr|TT1|Test Tank 1}}
|1
|January 10, 2020<ref name="TT1destroyed">{{cite web |last=Aravelo |first=Evelyn |date=2020-01-10 |title=SpaceX conducted a pressure test on a Starship dome tank at Boca Chica today |url=https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/spacex-conducted-a-pressure-test-on-a-starship-tank-at-boca-chica |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111165516/https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/spacex-conducted-a-pressure-test-on-a-starship-tank-at-boca-chica |archive-date=2020-01-11 |access-date=2021-02-01 |website=Tesmaian |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|{{abbr|TT2|Test Tank 2}}
|2
|January 29, 2020<ref name="TT2destroyed">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TDaMCMEc8Q |title=SpaceX Boca Chica – Starship Test Tank 2 Destructive Cryo Test |date=2020-01-29 |medium=YouTube |publisher=NASASpaceflight |access-date=2021-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218055327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TDaMCMEc8Q |archive-date=2021-02-18 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|GSE 4.1
|2
|January 18, 2022
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|EDOME
|2
|Late October 2022
|{{Lost|Destroyed}}
|-
|EDOME2
|1
|December 2023
|{{Terminated|Scrapped}}
|}
'''Test Tank 1''' (TT1) was a subscale test tank consisting of two forward bulkheads connected by a small barrel section. TT1 was used to test new materials and construction methods. On January 10, 2020, TT1 was tested to failure as part of an ambient temperature test, reaching a pressure of {{cvt|7.1|bar|psi|lk=on}}.<ref name="TT1destroyed"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Ralph |first=Eric |date=January 12, 2020 |title=SpaceX just blew up a Starship tank on purpose and Elon Musk says the results are in |url=https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-blew-up-starship-tank-on-purpose-elon-musk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415215328/https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-blew-up-starship-tank-on-purpose-elon-musk/ |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
'''Test Tank 2''' (TT2) was another subscale test tank similar to TT1. On January 27, 2020, TT2 underwent an ambient temperature pressure test where it reached a pressure of {{cvt|7.5|bar|psi}} before a leak occurred.<ref name="elon7.5bar">{{cite tweet |number=1221938474233868288 |user=elonmusk |title=Starship 9m test tank made 7.5 bar at room temp! Small leak at a weld double. Will be repaired & retested at cryo. https://t.co/Bz3lrwkYRU |first=Elon |last=Musk |author-link=Elon Musk |date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2021-08-22 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603022254/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1221938474233868288 |archive-date=2021-06-03 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two days later, it underwent a cryogenic proof test to destruction, bursting at {{Cvt|8.5|bar|psi}}.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Chris Bergin – NSF |user=NASASpaceflight |number=1222367293197488129 |date=28 January 2020 |title=Farewell Test Tank 2, and we thank you. https://t.co/Je69rLmr28 https://t.co/AUpIb7kv24 |language=en |access-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123064620/https://twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/1222367293197488129 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TT2destroyed"/><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1222367193293213696 |user=elonmusk |title=8.5 bar |first=Elon |last=Musk}}</ref>
'''GSE 4.1''' was first spotted in August 2021 and was the first ground support equipment (GSE) test tank built, made from parts of GSE 4.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jax |date=2022-12-31 |title=Remembering 2022: What Happened to Starship This Year? |url=https://ringwatchers.com/article/2022-in-review |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Ringwatchers}}</ref> It underwent a cryogenic proof test in August 2021 before it was rolled to the Sanchez site.<ref>{{Citation |title=GSE Test Tank Undergoes Cryogenic Proof Testing {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGlsuTrvnp4&t=837s |access-date=2022-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427001453/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGlsuTrvnp4&t=837s |archive-date=April 27, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> It was rolled back to the launch site in November 2021, where it underwent an apparent cryogenic proof test to failure on January 18, 2022, where it burst at an unknown pressure.<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{Citation |title=GSE-4 Tank Fails During Testing {{!}} SpaceX Boca Chica |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx_Ae1MDTH4&t=244s |access-date=2022-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811082609/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx_Ae1MDTH4&t=244s |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>
'''EDOME''' was a test tank created to test flatter domes, possibly used on future Starship prototypes. It was moved to the launch site in July 2022, and then back to the production site the next month, after undergoing no tests.<ref name=":6">{{Citation |title=Why SpaceX Could Be Forced To Abandon Starship Payloads Until 2024! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0lPF-O7B7U |access-date=2023-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213003040/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0lPF-O7B7U |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref> It was later moved from the production site to the Massey's test site in late September 2022, where it was damaged during a cryogenic pressure test to failure.<ref name=":6"/> After repairs, it was tested to destruction in late October 2022.<ref name=":6"/>
'''EDOME 2''' was a test tank which is likely designed to continue testing a flatter dome design. As of October 4, 2023, its official designation is unknown. It was tested once, before being scrapped for unknown reasons.<ref>{{Citation |title=The SpaceX Military Starship Is Real! How's This Going To End? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unyhowuOd_w |access-date=2023-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212203845/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=unyhowuOd_w |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |url-status=live |language=en}}.</ref>
== See also ==
* [[SpaceX Super Heavy]]
* [[Artemis program|Artemis Program]]
* [[New Glenn]]
* [[Falcon Heavy]]
* [[Private spaceflight]]
* [[Space Shuttle orbiter]]
* [[Timeline of space exploration]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Dvorsky-2021">{{Cite web |last=Dvorsky |first=George |date=August 6, 2021 |title=SpaceX Starship Stacking Produces the Tallest Rocket Ever Built |url=https://gizmodo.com/spacex-starship-stacking-produces-the-tallest-rocket-ev-1847438954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111084331/https://gizmodo.com/spacex-starship-stacking-produces-the-tallest-rocket-ev-1847438954 |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |access-date=January 11, 2022 |website=[[Gizmodo]] |language=en-us}}</ref>
<ref name="Weber-2021">{{Cite web |last=Weber |first=Ryan |date=October 31, 2021 |title=Major elements of Starship Orbital Launch Pad in place as launch readiness draws nearer |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/starship-orbital-launch-pad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205163459/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/starship-orbital-launch-pad/ |archive-date=December 5, 2021 |access-date=December 19, 2021 |website=[[NASASpaceflight]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
<ref name="Kooser-2019">{{Cite web |last=Kooser |first=Amanda |date=October 1, 2019 |title=Elon Musk video lets us peep inside SpaceX Starship |url=https://www.cnet.com/science/elon-musk-video-lets-us-peep-inside-spacex-starship-innards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610030123/https://www.cnet.com/science/elon-musk-video-lets-us-peep-inside-spacex-starship-innards/ |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |publisher=[[CNET]] |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="20201210cnn-tech">{{Cite web |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=December 10, 2020 |title=Space X's Mars prototype rocket exploded yesterday. Here's what happened on the flight |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/10/tech/spacex-starship-sn8-test-flight-recap-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210223909/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/10/tech/spacex-starship-sn8-test-flight-recap-scn/index.html |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |access-date=December 10, 2020 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
<ref name="SpaceX-users-guide">{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Starship Users Guide |url=https://www.spacex.com/media/starship_users_guide_v1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806173133/https://www.spacex.com/media/starship_users_guide_v1.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |access-date=October 6, 2021 |website=[[SpaceX]]}}</ref>
}}
{{SpaceX}}
[[Category:Proposed reusable launch systems]]
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