View source for Sparidae

{{Short description|Family of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|55|0|[[Early Eocene]] to present}}
| image = Goldbrasse - 9379.jpg
| image_caption = [[Gilt-head bream]] (''Sparus auratus'')
| taxon = Sparidae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1810<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = see text
| synonyms = * Centracanthidae <small>Gill, 1893</small>
* Denticidae
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=502–506 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref><ref name = VDLEF/>
}}
'''Sparidae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[ray-finned fish]]es belonging to the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Spariformes]], the '''seabreams''' and '''porgies''', although they were traditionally classified in the order [[Perciformes]]. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters around the world and are [[Demersal fish|demersal]] carnivores.
==Taxonomy==
Sparidae was first proposed as a family in 1818 by the French [[polymath]] and [[naturalist]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]].<ref name = VDLEF/> Traditionally the taxa within the Spariformes were classified within the [[Perciformes]], with some authorities using the term "Sparoid lineage" for the families Centracanthidae, Nemipteridae, Lethrinidae and Sparidae.<ref name = C&J>{{cite journal |author=[[Kent E. Carpenter]] |author2=[[G. David Johnson]] |name-list-style=and |year=2002 |title=A phylogeny of sparoid fishes (Perciformes, Percoidei) based on morphology |journal=Ichthyological Research |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=114–127 |doi=10.1007/s102280200015 }}</ref> Since then the use of [[molecular phylogenetics]] in more modern classifications has meant that the Spariformes is recognised as a valid order within the [[Percomorpha]] containing six families, with Callanthidae, Sillaginidae and Lobotidae included.<ref name = Nelson5/> Other workers have found that the Centracanthidae is [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with Sparidae and that the Spariformes contains only the remaining three families of the "Sparoid lineage".<ref name = Deepfin>{{cite journal | author1 = Ricardo Betancur-R | author2 = Edward O. Wiley | author3 = Gloria Arratia | author4 = Arturo Acero | author5 = Nicolas Bailly | author6 = Masaki Miya | author7 = Guillaume Lecointre | author8 = Guillermo Ortí | display-authors = 3 | title =Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 162 | year = 2017 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3| doi-access = free | pmid = 28683774 | pmc = 5501477 }}</ref>
In the past workers recognised six [[subfamilies]] within the Sparidae. These were Boopsinae, Denticinae, Diplodinae, Pagellinae, Pagrinae, and Sparinae. However, these taxa did not resolve as monophyletic in all the analyses undertaken. These analyses  support Sparidae as a monophyletic family if ''[[Spicara]]'', a genus formerly in the family Centracanthidae, was included. This meant that ''Spicara'' and ''[[Centracanthus]]'' were both now classified within Sparidae, so that Centracanthidae is a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|junior synonym]] of Sparidae.<ref name = Nelson5/>
==Etymology==
Sparidae takes its name from its [[type genus]], ''Sparus'', that name coming from the Greek for its only species the [[gilt-head bream]] (''Sparus aurata'').<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web |url=https://etyfish.org/spariformes/ |title=Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |access-date=18 December 2023 |date=17 October 2022 |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>
==Genera==
[[File:Red sea bream.jpg|thumb|''[[Pagrus major]]'', or ''madai'', is an important food fish in [[Japan]]]]
[[File:Dentex fourmanoiri.jpg|thumb|''[[Dentex fourmanoiri]]'']]
[[File:Snapper03 melb aquarium.jpg|thumb|''[[Pagrus auratus]]'']]
The family Sparidae contains about 155 species in 38 genera:
{{Linked genus list
| Acanthopagrus | [[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1855
| Amamiichthys | [[Fumiya Tanaka (zoologist)|F. Tanaka]] & [[Yukio Iwatsuki|Iwatsuki]], 2015 <ref name=Tanaka2015>{{cite journal | last1 = Tanaka | first1 = F. | last2 = Iwatsuki | first2 = Y. | year = 2015 | title = ''Amamiichthys'', a new genus for the sparid fish ''Cheimerius matsubarai'' Akazaki 1962, and redescription of the species, with designation of a neotype | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 4007 | issue = 2| pages = 195–206 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4007.2.3| pmid = 26623801 }}</ref>
| Archosargus | [[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1865
| Argyrops |[[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1839
| Argyrozona | [[J. L. B. Smith]], 1938
| Boops | [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1814
| Boopsoidea | [[François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1861
| ''[[Calamus (fish)|Calamus]]'' | Swainson, 1839
| Centracanthus | Rafinesque, 1810
| Cheimerius | J. L. B. Smith, 1938
| Chrysoblephus | Swainson, 1839
| Crenidens | [[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830
| Cymatoceps |  J. L. B. Smith, 1938
| Dentex | Cuvier, 1814
| Diplodus | Rafinesque, 1810
| Evynnis | [[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]] & [[William Francis Thompson (biologist)|W. F. Thompson]], 1912
| Gymnocrotaphus | [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1859
| Lagodon | [[John Edwards Holbrook|Holbrook]], 1855
| Lithognathus | Swainson, 1839
| Oblada | Cuvier, 1829
| Pachymetopon | Günther, 1859
| Pagellus | Valenciennes, 1830
| Pagrus | Cuvier, 1816
| Parargyrops | [[Shigeho Tanaka|S. Tanaka]], 1916
| [[Petrus (fish)|''Petrus'']] | J. L. B. Smith, 1938
| Polyamblyodon | [[John Roxborough Norman|Norman]], 1935
| Polysteganus | [[Carl Benjamin Klunzinger|Klunzinger]], 1870
| Porcostoma | J. L. B. Smith, 1938
| Pterogymnus |  J. L. B. Smith, 1938
| Rhabdosargus | [[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1933
| [[Sarpa (fish)|''Sarpa'']] | [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1831
| Sparidentex | [[Ian Stafford Ross Munro|Munro]], 1948
| Sparodon |  J. L. B. Smith, 1938
| Sparus | [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| Spicara | Rafinesque, 1810
| Spondyliosoma | [[Theodore Cantor|Cantor]], 1849
| Stenotomus | Gill, 1865
| Virididentex | [[Max Poll|Poll]], 1971
}}
[[File:Sparnodus vulgaris 4533.JPG|thumb|''[[Sparnodus]]'', a fossil seabream from the early [[Eocene]] of Italy]]
[[File:Ctenodentex.png|thumb|''[[Ctenodentex]]'', a fossil seabream from the middle Eocene of Belgium]]
Fossil genera include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBDB Taxon |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=361369 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Carnevale |first1=G. |last2=Bannikov |first2=Alexandre F. |last3=Marramà |first3=G. |last4=Tyler |first4=James C. |last5=Zorzin. |first5=R. |date=2014 |title=The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide |url=https://iris.unito.it/bitstream/2318/149338/1/Carnevale%20et%20al%202014%20The%20Pesciara%20F-L.%20Fishes%20and%20other%20vertebrates2.pdf |journal=Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=i–xxvii |hdl=10088/25678}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Day |first=Julia J. |date=2002 |title=Evolutionary relationships of the Sparidae (Teleostei: Percoidei): integrating fossil and Recent data |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/evolutionary-relationships-of-the-sparidae-teleostei-percoidei-integrating-fossil-and-recent-data/6DCC5E669647CC5DE9A36860CDE24D18 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=333–353 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300000468 |issn=1473-7116}}</ref>
* †''[[Abromasta]]'' <small>Day, 2003</small>
* †''[[Burtinia]]'' <small>[[Pierre-Joseph van Beneden|van Beneden]], 1873</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dobbels |first=Leon |date=1994 |title=Soortenlijst van fossiele vissen uit het Eoceen van België |url=https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/566640/AFZ1994015004010.pdf |journal=Afzettingen WTKG |volume=15 |issue=4}}</ref>
* †''[[Crommyodus]]'' <small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1875</small>
* †''[[Ctenodentex]]'' <small>Storms, 1896</small>
* †''[[Ellaserrata]]'' <small>Day, 2003</small>
* †''[[Kreyenhagenius]]'' <small>David, 1946</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=David |first=Lorre R. |date=1946 |title=Some Typical Upper Eogene Fish Scales from California |url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/v03cm-86s21 |journal=Contributions to Paleontology |volume=IV}}</ref>
* †''[[Paracalamus]]'' <small>[[Camille Arambourg|Arambourg]], 1927</small>
* †''[[Plectrites]]'' <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1920</small>
* †''[[Pseudosparnodus]]'' <small>Day, 2003</small>
* †''[[Pshekharus]]'' <small>Bannikov & Kotylar, 2015</small>
* †''[[Rhythmias]]'' <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1920</small>
* †''[[Sciaenurus]]'' <small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1845</small>
* †''[[Sparnodus]]'' <small>Agassiz, 1838</small>
== Characteristics ==
Sparidae breams have oblong, moderately deep and compressed bodies. The head is large, with a characteristic steep dorsal slant. There are no scales on the snout but there are scales on the cheeks. The [[preoperculum]] may or may not have scales and has no spines or serrations on its margin. The [[Operculum (fish)|operculum]] is scaled and also has no spines. The mouth is slightly oblique and can be protruded a little. The upper jaw never extends back past a vertical line through the centre of the eye. There are teeth in the jaws which vary from conical or flattened but there are no teeth on the roof of the mouth. There is one [[dorsal fin]] which is supported by between 10 and 13 spines and 9 and 17 soft rays, with the ultimate ray being split into 2, and no incision separated the spines from the soft rays. The rearmost spines in the dorsal fin may be elongated or filamentous. The [[anal fin]] is supported by 3 robust spines and between 7 and 15 soft rays. The [[caudal fin]] varies from moderately deeply emarginate to forked. The [[pectoral fin]]s are typically long and pointed and the [[pelvic fin]]s are under or immediately to the rear of the bases of the pectoral fins, supported a single spine and 5 soft rays, with a scale in the [[axilla]], referred to as the axillary pelvic process. The scales are typically smooth, [[cycloid]], or slightly rough to the touch, weakly [[ctenoid]], The lateral line is single and continuous and reached the base of the caudal fin. They are very variable in colour and may be pinkish or reddish to yellowish or greyish, frequently with tints of silver or gold and dark or coloured spots, stripes or bars.<ref name = FAO>{{cite book | editor1 = Carpenter, K.E. | editor2 =  Niem, V.H. | name-list-style = and | title =FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae) | publisher = FAO Rome | year = 2001 | chapter = Sparidae | author = K.E. Carpenter | page = 2990 | url = https://www.fao.org/3/y0770e/y0770e23.pdf}}</ref> The two largest species of Sparid are the [[white steenbras]] (''Lithognathus lithognathus'') and the red steenbras (''[[Petrus rupestris]]''), both of which have a maximum published [[total length]] of {{cvt|200|cm}}, while the smallest species is the cherry seabream (''[[Polysteganus cerasinus]]'').<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase family|family=Sparidae|month=October|year=2023}}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
Sparidae breams are found in tropical and temperate coastal waters around the world.<ref name = Nelson5/> They are [[demersal fish]]es on the [[continental shelf]] and [[Continental margin|slope]].<ref name = FAO/> A few species are found in [[brackish water]], and a few of these will enter fresh water.<ref name = Nelson5/>
==Biology==
Sparidae breams are predatory with most feeding on benthic invertebrates.<ref name = Fishbase/> Smaller species in the family usually gather in schools, as do the juveniles of the larger species. The larger adult fishes are normally solitary or, at least, are less sociable and prefer deeper waters. The juveniles and subadults are often markedly different in shape and colour patterns, and may be much more colourful. Many sparids are [[Hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]] and some have both male and female sex organs at the same time. Others change sex as the grow, either changing from male to female, i.e. [[protandrous]]. or from female to male, [[protogynous]].<ref name = Heemstra>{{cite book |author=Yukio Iwatsuki |author2=Phillip C Heemstra |name-list-style=and |chapter=Family Sparidae |pages=284–315 |title=Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean |volume=3 |editor1=[[Phil Heemstra|Phillip C Heemstra]] |editor2=Elaine Heemstra |editor3=David A Ebert |editor4=Wouter Holleman |editor5=[[John Ernest Randall|John E Randall]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-990951-32-9 |publisher=South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |url=https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf}}</ref>
==Fisheries==
Sparids are highly regarded as food fish and are important target species for commercial fisheries wherever they occur. Between 1990 and 1995, the FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics reported that the annual weight of landings was between {{cvt|2,170|and|4,020|t}} of sparids in the Western Central Pacific.<ref name = FAO/>
==Cookery==
The most celebrated of the breams in cookery are the [[gilt-head bream]] and the [[common dentex]].<ref>[[Alan Davidson (food writer)|Davidson, A.]] ''Mediterranean Seafood'', Penguin, 1972. {{ISBN|0-14-046174-4}}, pp. 86–108.</ref>
==See also==
* [[Porgie fishing]]
==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|porgy}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q239590}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Sparidae| ]]
[[Category:Acanthuriformes families]]
[[Category:Game fish]]
[[Category:Marine fish families]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]
[[Category:Extant Ypresian first appearances]]