View source for Spontoon

{{short description|Type of polearm}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
[[Image:Sponton.png|Spontoon|thumb|right|80px]]
A '''spontoon,''' sometimes known by the variant spelling '''espontoon'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/espontoon|title=Definition of ESPONTOON|work=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> or as a '''half-pike''', is a type of European [[polearm]] that came into being alongside the [[pike (weapon)|pike]]. The spontoon was in common use from the mid-17th century to the early 19th century, but it was used to a much lesser extent as a military weapon and ceremonial implement until the late 19th century.
==Description==
Unlike the pike, which was a very long weapon that was typically {{convert|4.3-4.9|m|abbr=on}} long, the spontoon on the other hand was much shorter and only measured around {{convert|1.8-2.4|m|abbr=on}} in overall length. Generally, this weapon featured a more elaborate head than the typical pike. The head of a spontoon often had a pair of blades or lugs on each side, giving the weapon the look of a [[military fork]] or a [[trident]]. There were also spontoon-style axes which used the same shaped blades mounted on the side of the weapon with a shorter haft.
Italians might have been the first to use the spontoon,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://therionarms.com/sold/ttoy296.html|title=TherionArms - Italian spontoon|work=therionarms.com|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> and, in its early days, the weapon was used for combat, before it became more of a symbolic item.
After the [[bayonet]] and [[musket]] replaced the [[pike (weapon)|pike]] and [[arquebus]] as the primary weapons of the common [[foot soldier]], the spontoon remained in use as a signalling weapon. In the British army commissioned officers carried the spontoon until 1786<ref name="ffoulkes">Charles ffoulkes, E.C. Hopkinson, 'Swords, Lance and Bayonet: A Record of The Arms of The British Army and Navy'. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Original publication 1938. {{ISBN|9781107670150}}, Page. 115</ref> as a symbol of their [[Military rank|rank]] and used it like a [[mace (bludgeon)|mace]], in order to issue battlefield commands to their men, whilst [[sergeant]]s generally carried the halberd until 1792 when it was replaced by the ''sergeant's pike'', a spontoon.<ref>George C. Neumann, 'Swords and Blades of The American Revolution'. Stackpole Books, 1973. {{ISBN|9780811717205}}</ref><ref>Charles ffoulkes, E.C. Hopkinson, 'Swords, Lance and Bayonet: A Record of The Arms of The British Army and Navy'. Cambridge University Press, 2013. Original publication 1938. {{ISBN|9781107670150}}. Page. 116</ref> British Army officers used spontoons at the [[Battle of Culloden]].<ref>[[Fitzroy MacLean (author)|Fitzroy MacLean]], ''Bonnie Prince Charlie'', New York: Atheneum, 1989, p. 208</ref>
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the spontoon was used by sergeants to defend the colours of a [[battalion]] or [[regiment]] from a [[cavalry]] attack. The spontoon was one of few polearms that stayed in use long enough to make it into American history. As late as the 1890s, the spontoon accompanied marching soldiers.
The American [[Militia Acts of 1792]] specified that commissioned officers were to be armed with an espontoon. [[Lewis and Clark]] brought spontoons on their expedition with the [[Corps of Discovery]].<ref>Moore & Hanes, Tailor Made, Trail Worn:  Army Life, Clothing & Weapons of the Corps of Discovery (Farcountry Press 2003)</ref>  The weapons came in handy as backup arms when the Corps travelled through areas populated by large bears.<ref>Paul Schullery, Lewis & Clark Among the [[Grizzly bear|Grizzlies]] (TwoDot 2002)</ref> Today, a spontoon (or espontoon, as it is referred to in the manual of arms)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hotelsofnorway.com/drummajornet/|title=Regimental Drum Major Association Home Page|work=www.hotelsofnorway.com|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> is carried by the [[Drum major (military)|drum major]] of the [[U.S. Army]]'s [[Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps|Fife and Drum Corps]], a ceremonial unit of the [[3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)]].
==See also==
* [[Espantoon]]
* [[Halberd]]
* [[Partisan (weapon)]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Spontoons}}
{{Polearms}}
[[Category:Medieval polearms]]