View source for St. Wenceslas Church (Zderaz)

{{For|other churches with similar names|St. Wenceslas Church (disambiguation){{!}}St. Wenceslas Church}}{{No footnotes|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Church of St Wenceslas in Zderaz
| native_name = {{langx|cs|Kostel svatého Václava na Zderaze}}
| native_name_lang = Czech
| image = Kostel sv.Václava na Zderaze.JPG
| caption = St. Wenceslas' Church at Zderaz as seen from Resslova Street.
| country = {{flag|Czechia}}
| location = Zderaz, [[New Town, Prague|New Town]], [[Prague]]
| denomination = [[Hussite Church]]
| previous denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| dedication = [[Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Wenceslaus]]
| consecrated date = 26 November 1181
| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation = [[Czech cultural monument]]
| architectural type = [[Hall church]]
| style = [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]
| years built = 12th century
| embedded = {{Infobox designation list
|embed=yes
|designation1=Czech National Cultural Monument
|designation1_offname=Kostel sv. Václava Na Zderaze
|designation1_number=1000152154
}}
}}
'''St. Wenceslas Church at Zderaz''' ({{langx|cs|Kostel svatého Václava na Zderaze}}) is a Gothic single-nave church in [[New Town, Prague|Prague – New Town]]. It is located at the crossroad of Resslova Street and Dittrichova Street.
== History ==
=== Origins ===
The Zderaz settlement has ancient origin and is named after the owner, Zderaz. In 1115, the village was first mentioned with a church, which was probably dedicated to [[Saint Peter]] and [[Saint Paul, the Apostle|Paul]].
In the years 1180 to 1190, the settlement belonged to two Czech noblemen, Kojat and Všebor (Svébor), members of the aristocratic [[Hrabischitz|House of Hrabischitz]], who gave their land to found a monastery of the Order of the Cross – the Guardians of the [[Holy Sepulchre]]. However, due to this, the villagers lost their parish church, therefore the brothers founded a new Romanesque church dedicated to [[St. Wenceslas]]. The new church took over the parish duties of the Church of [[St. Peter]] and [[St Paul the Apostle|Paul]]. St. Wenceslas’ Church at Zderaz was consecrated 26 November 1181 by the Bishop Valentine of Prague.[[File:St. Wenceslas' Church 14.JPG|thumb|St. Wenceslas' Church at Zderaz from Dittrichova Street.|left|211x211px]]
Archeological research made by archeologist Karel Guth (1883-1943) in the years 1927 – 1929, showed that it was a simple one-nave construction with a semi rounded apse on the east and a large square tower on the west. A part of this tower was later included into the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] reconstruction and it became a part of the western frontage of the church from 14th century. The church was surrounded by a cemetery. Three gravestones were preserved and are now placed in the City of Prague Museum.
=== 14th century ===
In 1324, the monastery bought a house with a spa near the church and established a hospital in this new building. After the founding of [[New Town, Prague|New Town]] in 1348 by king [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]], St. Wenceslas’ Church became one of the [[New Town, Prague|New Town´s]] parish churches.
The visitation protocols of the Archdeacon of Prague Paul of Janovice from 1379-1382 state that the church had four altars. There was already a vaulted choir with a two bays of cross vault and a pentagonal ending. The sacristy was built on the south side of choir. The nave remained without a [[Vault (architecture)|vault]], it probably had a wooden ceiling, supported by two pillars. As stated before, the tower of the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] church was included as a part of the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] nave.
=== The Hussite Wars ===
On 5 August 1420, the monastery was burned down by the [[Hussites]] and [[St. Wenceslas]]’church was given to [[Hussite]] priests, together with the parsonage. After the [[Hussite Wars]], the church was restored. Two altars were added next to the pillars, which supported the ceiling, one was dedicated to [[St. Nicolas]] and [[Procopius of Sázava|St. Procopius]], the other to [[St. John the Baptist]]. Around 1500, a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[arch]] was added as a decoration to the main altar. The arch was transferred to the parish Church of [[Adalbert of Prague|St. Adalbert]] in Jílové near [[Prague]] in 1760.
=== 16th–17th centuries ===
[[File:St. Wenceslas' Church 15.JPG|left|thumb|The Gothic vault over the nave.|229x229px]]
Until 1586, the church remained without a change, afterwards the emperor [[Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolph II]] (1552-1612) donated 300 threescopes to the church. The wooden ceiling was replaced with a new Gothic vault with terracotta ribs supported by Tuscan semi columns. Due to this change, the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] windows had to be lowered down and their traceries had to be replaced, even the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque tower]] was demolished. The reconstruction was led by master builder Karel Mělnický.
In 1641, a cloister was built for the newcomer community of [[Augustinians]]. Before that, in 1623, the church was given to the Augustinians by emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]]. Three years later, with the support of the emperor and nobility, the Augustinians started to build a monastery on the west side of the church. Around 1645, the church was paved with white marble and green serpentine, brought from the [[Prague Castle]], together with four marble pillars. The construction was finished a year later.
During the Swedish occupation of Prague, the church was heavily damaged. In 17th century, a new sacristy was built on the place of the old one.
The most famous Czech Baroque painter [[Karel Škréta]] (1610-1674) painted 32 paintings depicting the Legend of [[St. Wenceslas]] for the cloister of the church. The monastery and the church became a gallery of Škréta’s paintings for the [[Augustinians]]. There were often held funerals of important people.
=== 18th–19th centuries ===
In the year 1785, the monastery was abolished and deconsecrated. This was due to the emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]], who abolished many monasteries during his reign. From 1809, the building became a prison. In 1827, the church was consecrated again, however it still remained a prison until 1884, when the jail was moved to Pankrác and the complex of buildings was bought by the city.
=== Reconstruction in the 20th century ===
[[File:St. Wenceslas' Church 1.JPG|thumb|The choir.]]
Around 1904, the whole monastery was demolished and the terrain was lowered to the level of the street and rent houses were built instead of the monastery. The church was not restored and was in danger of demolition.
However, in 1904, the Association for restoration of [[St. Wenceslas]]‘ church ordered a plan for restoration, which was made by acknowledged [[Art Nouveau]] architects [[Antonín Wiehl]] (1846-1910) and [[Josef Fanta]] (1872-1941). The cemetery was abolished but the church was still not restored. In 1909, the city council appointed architects Eduard Sochor (1862-1947) and Ferdinand Čapka (1905-1987) with the restoration. A terrace was created around the church, the tracery was restored, nevertheless the renovation works stopped one year later. They were not finished till the church was bought by The Czechoslovak [[Hussite Church]]. In 1926 the reconstruction was finally completed. The temple was consecrated again in 1929. In 1936, a [[columbarium]] was added under the choir loft.
== Architecture ==
=== Exterior ===
[[St. Wenceslas]]’ Church is located on a rock terrace above the level of street. The construction is made of rubble stone with remains of [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] walls.
The building includes a polyhedral chancel, a rectangular nave, a fléche and a [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] [[sacristy]] in the south. The main nave is 14 meters high, the smaller presbytery is 13 meters high with the ending shaped as five sides of an octagon.
The pointed windows have new simple [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] traceries, made from the remains of old ones.
The main nave is supported by four simple columns in the south and three on the north. The oldest part of the construction are the remains of the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] tower in the nord-west. There is a gallery located under the church.
=== Interior ===
==== Vault ====
The chancel has two bays of cross vault and a spokewise vaulting at the ending. The ribs, which have a pear-like profile, are placed on pentagonal dosserets ending on the same level as the window cornice.  [[File:St. Wenceslas' Church 4.JPG|thumbnail|The presbytery.|left|243x243px]]The presbytery and the main nave are separated by a pointed triumphal arc. The nave is vaulted with a late Gothic vault with terracotta ribs, supported by Renaissance Tuscan semi columns. The vault is decorated with late Baroque [[murals]].
==== Murals ====
[[Murals|The murals]] are tightly connected to book [[Illuminated manuscript|illumination]] – they capture richly draped figures in rigid groups or epic scenes. There is a symbolic depiction of the maternity of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] on the northern wall of the presbytery. It was represented by a number of small depictions in a geometric composition. The [[Tree of Life]] with medallions depicting the miracles of Jesus is displayed on the southern wall above the entrance to the [[sacristy]].
==== Choir ====
The [[choir]] with wooden balustrade stands on Tuscan stone pillars with capitals. There is a painted wooden ceiling under the choir. The western wall under the choir is painted with 4 Latin inscriptions, which were added in the reconstruction from 19th century.
There is a [[columbarium]] under the choir.
==== Sedilia ====
The [[sedilia]] is divided into two parts and it is located on the southern wall of the [[Presbytery (architecture)|presbytery]].
==== The sacristy ====
The entrance to the sacristy is in the south wall of the chancel. The pointed portal is profiled in the same way as sedilia. There are remains of original mural above the entrance. The painting depicts the genealogy of [[Jesus Christ]].
[[File:St. Wenceslas' Church 11.JPG|left|thumb|The sacristy.]]
The [[Baroque]] [[sacristy]] was built in 17th century. It is square shaped, it has two window axis and a low barrel [[Vault (architecture)|vault]]. The vault is covered with rich stuke decorations of leaves and heads of angels.
==== Furnishings ====
A large [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Statue of the Crucifixion]] stands in the presbytery. It was carved in 1930 by Czech artist [[František Bílek]] (1872-1941), who also made the altar table. It is made from larch wood.
[[File:St. Wenceslas' Church 8.JPG|thumbnail|The altar.]]The front side of the altar is decorated with carvings of six figures from the Czech history -  [[Forefather Čech]], princess [[Ludmila of Bohemia|Ludmila]] with prince [[Wenceslas I, King of Bohemia|Wenceslas]], [[John Hus]], [[Žižka|John Žižka]] and [[John Amos Comenius]]. Worth noticing is the candelabrum shaped as human hands.
The benches were designed by [[František Bílek]] and made by František Kotyza. Each bench has its own animal motif.
The organ is placed in the western part of the church on the organ loft.
==== Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre ====
The inspiration for the Chapel of the [[Holy Sepulchre]] in St. Wenceslas’ Church was the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem. The construction began 8 November 1643. The finished chapel was consecrated 11 May 1645.
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Kostel sv.Václava na Zderaze 1.JPG|The benches designed by František Bílek and made by František Kotyza.
Kostel sv.Václava na Zderaze 3.JPG|The cross vault above the presbytery.
Kostel sv.Václava na Zderaze 4.JPG|The interior of the church.
Půdorys kostela sv.Václava na Zderaze..pdf|The plan of the church.
St. Wenceslas' Church 7.JPG|The sedilia.
St. Wenceslas Church 5.JPG|The entrance to the sacristy.
St. Wenceslas' Church 6.JPG|The remains of the murals above the entrance to the sacristy.
St. Wenceslas' Church 1.JPG|The choir.
St. Wenceslas' Church 15.JPG|The vault over the nave.
St. Wenceslas' Church 2.JPG|The space under the choir.
St. Wenceslas' Church 3.JPG|The view from the space under the choir.
St. Wenceslas' Church 9.JPG|The candelabrum shaped as hands.
St. Wenceslas' Church 10.JPG|The candelabrum shaped as hands.
St. Wenceslas' Church 11.JPG|The sacristy.
St. Wenceslas' Church 13.JPG|St. Wenceslas' Church at Zderaz from Resslova Street.
St. Wenceslas' Church 14.JPG|St. Wenceslas' Church at Zderaz from Dittrichova Street.
</gallery>
== Bibliography ==
* BAŤKOVÁ, Růžena a kol. Umělecké památky Prahy Nové Město - Vyšehrad - Vinohrady. Praha : Academia, 1998. 839 s. {{ISBN|8020005382}}.
* BUTTA, Tomáš a kol. Kostel svatého Václava na Zderaze. Praha : Náboženská obec Církve československé husitské v Praze 2, 2004. 70 s. {{ISBN|8086788172}}.
* CHADRABA, Rudolf a kol. Dějiny českého výtvarného umění I/1. Praha : Academia.
* NEUMANN, Eduard. Kostel sv. Václava na Zderaze. Praha : Rada starších CČS v Praze II, 1929. 46 s.
* PLATOVSKÁ, Marie (ed.). Slavné stavby Prahy 2. Praha : Foibos Books, 2011. 280 s. {{ISBN|8087073355}}.
* SEDLÁČKOVÁ, Ema. Kostel svatého Václava na Zderaze. Praha : Výtvarný Odbor Umělecké Besedy, 1946. 24 s.
* SOMMER, Jan. Loď kostela sv. Václava na Zderaz v Praze II. Památky a příroda. 1991, roč. 16, čís. 7, s. 403-407. ISSN 0139-9853.
* LÍBAL, Dobroslav. Katalog gotické architektury v České republice do husitských válek. 1. vyd. Praha: Unicornis, 2001, 607 s. {{ISBN|80-901587-8-1}}.
* KALINA, Pavel. Praha 1310-1419: kapitoly o vrcholné gotice. 1. vyd. Praha: Libri, 2004, 237 s. {{ISBN|80-7277-161-2}}.
== External links ==
*http://www.pragueticketoffice.com/prostoradetail.aspx?id=stwenceslas-church-na-zderaze
* http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMKKGX_Church_of_St_Wenceslas_at_Zderaz_Kostel_Sv_Vclava_na_Zderaze_Prague
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[[Category:Churches in Prague]]
[[Category:Gothic architecture in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia]]