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{{Short description|Construction that bridges a large vertical distance with steps}}
{{Redirect|Stair||Stair (disambiguation)|and|Stairs (disambiguation)}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=November 2022|reason=Entire article is poorly categorized, does not have contents.|article}}
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| image1 = Opera Garnier Stairway 2008.JPG|width1=|height1=
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'''Stairs''' are a structure designed to bridge a large [[vertical direction|vertical]] distance between lower and higher levels by dividing it into smaller vertical distances. This is achieved as a diagonal series of horizontal platforms called '''steps''' which enable passage to the other level by [[Walking|stepping]] from one to another step in turn. Steps are very typically rectangular. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.
Types of stairs include [[staircase]]s (also called stairways) and [[escalator]]s. Some alternatives to stairs are [[elevator]]s (also called lifts), [[stairlift]]s, inclined [[moving walkway]]s, [[ladder]]s, and ramps. A stairwell is a vertical shaft or opening that contains a staircase. A flight (of stairs) is an inclined part of a staircase consisting of steps (and their lateral supports if supports are separate from steps).<ref>{{cite web|title= U.S. Access Board Guide to ADA Standards Chapter 4: Ramps and Curb Ramps |url= https://access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/buildings-and-sites/about-the-ada-standards/guide-to-the-ada-standards/chapter-4-ramps-and-curb-ramps |website=United States Access Board}}</ref>
==History==
''This is an excerpt from [[Staircase]].''
The concept of stairs is believed to be 8000 years old, and are one of the oldest structures in architectural history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Stairs, Ancient Stairs |url=https://www.elevestairs.com/stairs-history.php |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.elevestairs.com}}</ref> The oldest example of spiral stairs dates back to the [[5th century BC|400s BC]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stannah.com/en-us |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.stannah.com}}</ref> [[Medieval]] architecture saw experimentation with many different shapes, and the [[Renaissance]] even more so with varied designs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.stannah.com/en-us |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.stannah.com}}</ref>
==Components and terms==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2018}}
A ''stair'', or a ''stairstep'', is one step in a flight of stairs. A ''staircase'' or ''stairway'' is one or more flights of stairs leading from one floor to another, and includes landings, newel posts, handrails, [[balustrade]]s, and additional parts.<ref name="ABTD">R.E. Putnam and G.E. Carlson, ''Architectural and Building Trades Dictionary, Third Edition'', American Technical Publishers, Inc., 1974, {{ISBN|0-8269-0402-5}}</ref>
In buildings, ''stairs'' is a term applied to a complete flight of steps between two floors.  A ''stair flight'' is a run of stairs or steps between landings. A ''stairwell'' is a compartment extending vertically through a building in which stairs are placed. A ''stair hall'' is the stairs, landings, hallways, or other portions of the public hall through which it is necessary to pass when going from the entrance floor to the other floors of a building. ''Box stairs'' are stairs built between walls, usually with no support except the wall strings.<ref name="ABTD"/>
Stairs may be in a "straight run", leading from one floor to another without a turn or change in direction. Stairs may change direction, commonly by two straight flights connected at a 90° angle landing. Stairs may also return onto themselves with 180° angle landings at each end of straight flights forming a vertical stairway commonly used in multistory and highrise buildings. Many variations of geometrical stairs may be formed of circular, elliptical and irregular constructions.<ref name="ABTD"/>
Ascending a set of stairs to a higher floor is often referred to as going "upstairs",<ref name =up>{{cite web |title=Definition of Upstairs |website=Merriam-Webster |date=5 August 2024 |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/upstairs |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref> the opposite being "downstairs".<ref name =ds >{{cite web |title=Definition of Downstairs |website=Merriam-Webster |date=5 August 2024 |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/downstairs |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref> The same words can also be used to mean the upper or lower floors of a building, respectively.<ref name =up/><ref name =ds/>
===Steps===
[[File:Age-friendly stairs with 2 anti-slip rubber lines.jpeg|thumb|Steps with two anti-slip rubber strips and small nosings]]
Each step is composed of a [[Stair tread|tread]] and a [[Stair riser|riser]]. Some treads may include a [[Stair nosing|nosing]].
* Tread: The part of the stairway that is stepped on. It is constructed to the same [[specification]]s (thickness) as any other flooring. The tread "depth" is measured from the back of one tread to the back of the next. The "width" is measured from one side to the other.
* Riser: The near-vertical element in a set of stairs, forming the space between one step and the next. It is sometimes slightly inclined from the vertical so that its top is closer than its base to the person climbing the stairs. If a physical riser is not present, the design is described as "open riser". This is often the case in [[unfinished basement]]s.
* Nosing: An edge part of the tread that protrudes over the riser beneath. If it is present, this means that, measured horizontally, the total "run" length of the stairs is not simply the sum of the tread lengths, as the treads overlap each other. Many building codes require stair nosings for commercial, industrial, or municipal stairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IBC2021P1/chapter-10-means-of-egress|title=Stair Nosing 1011.5.5|website=codes.iccsafe.org}}</ref> They provide additional length to the tread without changing the pitch of the stairs.
* Starting or feature tread: Where stairs are open on one or both sides, the first step above the lower floor or landing may be wider than the other steps and rounded. When the starting step is rounded, the balusters typically are arranged in a true [[spiral]] around the circumference of the rounded portion, and the handrail has a flat spiral called a "volute" that connects the tops of the balusters. Besides the cosmetic appeal, starting steps allow the balusters to form a wider, more stable base for the end of the handrail. Handrails that simply end at a post at the foot of the stairs can be less sturdy, even with a thick post. A double-ended feature tread can be used when both sides of the stairs are open. There are a number of different styles and uses of feature tread.
* {{Anchor|Stringer board}}Stringer board, stringer, or sometimes just string: The structural member that supports the treads and risers in standard staircases. There are typically three stringers, one on either side and one in the center, with more added as necessary for wider spans. Side stringers are sometimes [[dado (joinery)|dado]]ed to receive risers and treads for increased support. Stringers on open-sided stairs are called "cut stringers".
* Tread rise: The distance from the top of one tread to the top of the next tread.
* Total rise: The distance the flight of stairs raises vertically between two finished floor levels.
* {{Anchor|Winder}} Winders: Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are used to change the direction of the stairs without landings. A series of winders form a circular or helical stairway. When three steps are used to turn a 90° corner, the middle step is called a ''kite winder'' as a [[Kite (geometry)|kite-shaped]] quadrilateral.
* Trim: Various [[molding (decorative)|moldings]] are used to decorate and in some instances support stairway elements. [[Molding (decorative)#Scotia|Scotia]] or [[quarter-round]] are typically placed beneath the nosing to support its overhang.
* Curtail step: A decorative step at the bottom of a staircase that usually houses the volute and volute newel turning for a continuous handrail. The curtail tread will follow the flow of the volute.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blueprintjoinery.com/blog/stair-part-terminology-2-useful-words-to-know/|title=Stair Part Terminology 2 - Useful Words To Know|work=Blueprint Joinery|access-date=2018-11-02|language=en}}</ref>
===Handrails===
{{multiple image
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|image1 = Kasyno Szlacheckie we Lwowie1.jpg
|caption1 = [[Baroque Revival architecture|Neo-Baroque]] stairs with intricate wooden [[balustrade]]
|image2 = Stairway in ford plant in LA from HABS.jpg
|caption2 = Staircase with double bullnose and two volutes. An intermediate landing is part of this [[U-shaped]] stair.
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[[File:Dülmen, Kreuzkapelle, Treppe zur Empore -- 2021 -- 7409.jpg|thumb|Handrail and carved balusters|right]]
The [[balustrade]] is the system of [[handrail|railing]]s and balusters that prevents people from falling over the edge.
* Banister, railing, or handrail: The angled member for handholding, as distinguished from the vertical balusters which hold it up for stairs that are open on one side. Railings are often present on both sides of stairs, but can sometimes be only on one side or absent altogether. On wide staircases, there can be one or more railings between the two sides. The term "banister" is sometimes used to mean just the handrail, sometimes the handrail and the balusters, or sometimes just the balusters.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=banister |title=Banister |publisher=Merriam Webster dictionary |access-date=2 November 2010}}</ref>
* [[Volute]]: A handrail end element for the bullnose step that curves inward like a spiral. A volute is said to be right or left-handed depending on which side of the stairs the handrail is as one faces up the stairs.
* Turnout: Instead of a complete spiral volute, a turnout deviates from the normal handrail center line away from the flight to give a wider opening as one enters the staircase, The turnout is usually set over a newel post to give added stability to the handrail.
* Gooseneck: The vertical handrail that joins a sloped handrail to a higher handrail on the balcony or landing is a gooseneck.
* Rosette: Where the handrail ends in the wall and a half-newel is not used, it may be trimmed by a rosette.
* Easings: Wall handrails are mounted directly onto the wall with ''wall brackets''. At the bottom of the stairs, such railings flare to a horizontal railing and this horizontal portion is called a "starting easing". At the top of the stairs, the horizontal portion of the railing is called an "over easing".
* Core rail: Wood handrails often have a metal core to provide extra strength and stiffness, especially when the rail has to curve against the grain of the wood. The archaic term for the metal core is "core rail".
* [[Baluster]]: A term for the vertical posts that hold up the handrail. Sometimes simply called ''guards'' or ''spindles''. Treads often require two balusters. The second baluster is closer to the riser and is taller than the first. The extra height in the second baluster is typically in the middle between decorative elements on the baluster. That way the bottom decorative elements are aligned with the tread and the top elements are aligned with the railing angle.
[[File:WinderStairs.png|thumb|Winder stairs with a simple handrail supported by three [[newel]] posts|upright]]
* [[Newel]]: A large baluster or post used to anchor the handrail. Since it is a structural element, it extends below the floor and subfloor to the bottom of the floor [[joist]]s and is bolted right to the floor joist. A ''half-newel'' may be used where a railing ends in the wall. Visually, it looks like half the newel is embedded in the wall. For open landings, a newel may extend below the landing for a decorative ''newel drop''.
* [[Finial]]: A decorative cap to the top of a newel post, particularly at the end of the balustrade.
*Baserail, or shoerail: For systems where the baluster does not start at the treads, they go to a baserail. This allows for identical balusters, avoiding the second baluster problem.
* Fillet: A decorative filler piece on the floor between balusters on a balcony railing.
Handrails may be ''continuous'' (sometimes called ''over-the-post'') or ''post-to-post'' (or more accurately ''newel-to-newel''). For continuous handrails on long balconies, there may be multiple newels and ''tandem caps'' to cover the newels. At corners, there are ''quarter-turn caps''. For post-to-post systems, the newels project above the handrails.
Another, more classical, form of handrailing that is still in use is the tangent method. A variant of the cylindric method of layout, it allows for continuous climbing and twisting rails and easings. It was defined from principles set down by architect Peter Nicholson in the 18th century.
=== Other terms ===
[[File:Gorohovaya Street 64 4A7A3585 Saint Petersburg (35769615751).jpg|Two flights of stairs joined by a landing|thumb|upright]]
* Flight: Any uninterrupted series of steps between floors or levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lexico.com/definition/flight|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229145718/https://lexico.com/definition/flight|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 29, 2019|title=flight|website=www.lexico.com}}</ref>
* Landing, or platform: A landing is the area of a floor near the top or bottom step of a stair. An intermediate landing is a small platform that is built as part of stairs between main floor levels and is typically used to allow the stairs to change directions, or to allow the user a rest. A half landing, or half-pace, is where a 180° change in direction is made, and a quarter landing is where a 90° change in direction is made (on an intermediate landing).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080403110638/https://stairplace.co.uk/terminology.html Terminology]. Stairplace.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-11-11.</ref> As intermediate landings consume floor space, they can be expensive to build. However, changing the direction of the stairs allows stairs to fit where they would not otherwise, or provides privacy to the upper level as visitors downstairs cannot simply look up the stairs to the upper level due to the change in direction. The word 'landing' is also commonly used for a general corridor in any of the floors above the ground floor of a building, even if that corridor is located well away from a staircase.
* Apron: This is a wooden fascia board used to cover up trimmers and joists exposed by stairwell openings. The apron may be moulded or plain, and is intended to give the staircase a cleaner look by cloaking the side view.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wonkeedonkeerichardburbidge.co.uk/staircase-glossary/|title=Staircase glossary|website=www.wonkeedonkeerichardburbidge.co.uk}}</ref>
* [[Balcony]]: For stairs with an [[open concept]] upper floor or landing, the upper floor is functionally a balcony. For a straight flight of stairs, the balcony may be long enough to require multiple newels to support the length of railing.
[[File:MPL staircase-20070430.jpg|thumb|Floating staircase]]
* [[Floating stairs]]: A flight of stairs is said to be "floating" if there is nothing underneath. The risers are typically missing as well to emphasize the open effect, and create a functional feature suspended in midair.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://latimes.com/business/realestate/hot-property/la-fi-hp-floating-staircases-20161029-snap-story.html|title=Floating staircases make their work look light and easy|last=Hsu|first=Tiffany|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=28 October 2016 |access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref> There may be only one stringer or the stringers otherwise minimized. Where building codes allow, there may not even be handrails.
* [[Mobile safety steps]]: Can be used as temporary, safe replacements for many types of stairs
* Runner: Carpeting that runs down the middle of the stairs. Runners may be directly stapled or nailed to the stairs, or may be secured by a specialized bar, known as a [[stair rod]], that holds the carpet in place where the tread meets the riser.
* [[Spandrel]]: If there is not another flight of stairs immediately underneath, the triangular space underneath the stairs is called a "spandrel". It is frequently used as a [[closet]].
* Stairwell: The spatial opening, usually a vertical shaft, containing an indoor stairway; by extension, it is often used to include the stairs it contains.
*[[Staircase tower]]: A tower attached to, or incorporated into, a building that contains stairs linking the various floors.
===Dimensions===
[[File:Stairway Measurements.svg|right|thumb|A diagram showing the measurements that can be taken from a staircase]]
[[File:The variable rise stairway in front of The Duomo or Cathedral, next to The Ducal Palace in Urbino, region Marche in Italy.jpg|right|thumb|A quite unusual "variable rise" stairway, which also distorts visual perspective (at The Duomo in Urbino, Italy)]]
The dimensions of a stair, in particular the rise height and going of the steps, should remain the same along the stairs.<ref name="Neufert">{{cite book |title=[[Architects' Data]] |first1=Ernst |last1=Neufert |author-link=Ernst Neufert |first2=Peter |last2=Neufert |publisher=Blackwell Science |year=2000 |edition=3rd |isbn=0-632-05771-8 |page=191}}</ref>
The following stair dimensions are important:
* The ''rise height'' or ''rise'' of each step is measured from the top of one tread to the next. It is not the physical height of the riser; the latter excludes the thickness of the tread. A person using the stairs would move this distance vertically for each step taken.
* The ''tread depth'' of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the vertical riser; if the steps have no nosing, it is the same as the going; otherwise it is the going plus the extent of one nosing.
* The ''going'' of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the edge of nosing in plan view. A person using the stairs would move this distance forward with each step they take.
* To avoid confusion, the ''number of steps'' in a set of stairs is always the number of risers, not the number of treads.
* The ''total run'' or ''total going'' of the stairs is the horizontal distance from the first riser to the last riser. It is often not simply the sum of the individual tread lengths due to the nosing overlapping between treads. If there are ''N'' steps, the total run equals ''N''-1 times the going: the tread of the first step is part of a landing.
* The ''total rise'' of the stairs is the height between floors (or landings) that the flight of stairs is spanning. If there are ''N'' steps, the total rise equals ''N'' times the rise of each step.
* The ''slope'' or ''pitch'' of the stairs is the ratio between the rise and the going (not the tread depth, due to the nosing). It is sometimes called the ''rake'' of the stairs. The ''pitch line'' is the imaginary line along the tip of the nosing of the treads. In the UK, stair pitch is the angle the pitch line makes with the horizontal, measured in degrees. The value of the slope, as a ratio, is then the [[tangent (trigonometry)|tangent]] of the pitch angle.
* ''Headroom'' is the height above the nosing of a tread to the ceiling above it.
* ''Walkline'' – for curved stairs, the inner radius of the curve may result in very narrow treads. The "walkline" is the imaginary line some distance away from the inner edge on which people are expected to walk. The building code will specify the distance. Building codes will then specify the minimum tread size at the walkline.
==Forms==
[[File:Inside the Red Pyramid - The 61m. long passage leading to the master chamber (14820042323).jpg|thumb|Stairs inside the [[Red Pyramid]] in Egypt, {{circa}} 2575–2551 BCE]]
[[File:Cascade of Yerevan.JPG|thumb|The [[Yerevan Cascade|Cascade of Yerevan]], a giant stairway made of limestone in [[Armenia]]]]
[[File:Iso-Melkutin portaat. Kuva on otettu heinäkuussa 2011.jpg|thumb|Wooden stairs at the shores of Lake Iso-Melkutin in [[Loppi]], Finland]]
Stairs can take a large number of forms, combining straight runs, winders, and landings.
The simplest form is the straight flight of stairs, with neither winders nor landings. These types of stairs were commonly used in traditional homes, as they are relatively easy to build and only need to be connected at the top and bottom. However, many modern architects may not choose straight flights of stairs because:
* the upstairs is directly visible from the bottom of a straight flight of stairs
* it is potentially more dangerous in that a fall is not interrupted until the bottom of the stairs
* a straight flight requires enough straight length for the entire run of the stairs{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
Another form of a straight staircase is the "space saver staircase", also known as "paddle stairs" or "alternating tread staircases". These designs can be used for a steeper rise, but they can only be used in certain circumstances, and must comply with regulations.
However, a basic straight flight of stairs is easier to design and construct than one with landings or winders. The rhythm of stepping is not interrupted in a straight run, which may offset an increased fall risk by helping to prevent a misstep in the first place. However, many long straight runs of stairs will require landings or winders to comply with safety standards in building regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/2214/pdfs/uksi_20102214_en.pdf |title=Info |date=2010 |website=www.legislation.gov.uk }}</ref>
Straight stairs can have a mid-landing incorporated, but it is probably more common to see stairs that use a landing or winder to produce a bend in the stairs. A straight flight with a mid-landing will require a lot of straight length, and may be more commonly found in large commercial buildings. L-shaped stairways have one landing and usually a change in direction by 90°. U-shaped stairs may employ a single wider landing for a change in direction of 180°, or two landings for two changes in direction of 90° each. A Z-shaped staircase incorporates two opposite 90° turns, creating a shape similar to that of the letter "Z" if seen from above. The use of landings and a possible change of direction have the following effects:
* The upstairs is not directly visible from the bottom of the stairs, which can provide more privacy for the upper floor
* A fall can be halted at the landing point, reducing the total distance and potential injury
* Though the landings consume more total floor space, there is no requirement for a single lengthy run, allowing more flexible floorplan designs
* For larger stairs, particularly in exterior applications, a landing can provide a place for pedestrians to rest their legs
Other forms include stairs with winders that curve or bend at an acute angle, three flights of stairs that join at a landing to form a T-shape, and stairs with balconies and complex designs.
A "mono string" staircase is a term used for a staircase with treads arranged along a single steel beam. A "double string" staircase has two steel beams, one on either side, and treads spanning between.
==Helical ("spiral") stairs==
{{anchor|Spiral and helical stairs}}
{{See also|List of ancient spiral stairs}}
{{Redirect|Spiral staircase}}
{{redirect|Circular staircase|the novel|The Circular Staircase}}
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="165">
File:Aussichtsturm Bistumshöhe, 1901201452, ako-2.jpg|This stair tower displays the classic helical shape (Austria)
File:Jyvaskyla tower stairs.jpg|This multi-flight "squared helix" stairway has landings where people can pause to rest ([[Jyväskylä, Finland]])
File:Georgian stairs.jpg|Georgian helical stairs in [[Dublin]], Ireland
File:City Hall, London, Spiral Staircase - 1.jpg|Hybrid helical spiral staircase in a former [[City Hall, London (Southwark)|London City Hall]]
</gallery>
<!-- This section is linked from [[Spiral]] -->
===Terminology===
{{anchor}}
[[File:Comparison of archimedean spiral, helix and conical helix.svg|thumb|Comparison of spiral (blue), helix (green), and a conical helix (red) derived from both curves]]
[[File:Brahmskontor (Hamburg-Neustadt).Johannes-Brahms-Platz 1.Treppenhaus.8.29190.ajb.jpg|thumb|Perspective [[foreshortening]] flattens this upward view of an open-well [[helix|helical]] stairway into the appearance of a [[hyperbolic spiral]] (Hamburg, Germany)]]
The term "helical stair" has many synonyms:<ref name="TemplerHT">{{cite book |last1=Templer |first1=John |title=Staircase / Vol. 1, History and theories. |date=1995 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, US |isbn=978-0-262-70055-9 |edition=New}}</ref>{{rp|53}}
{{blockquote|author=John Templer|source=''The Staircase: History and Theories'' (1992)
|text=The helical stair is also called the spiral stair, winding stair, circular stair, elliptical stair, oval stair, geometric stair, vis, vice, vis de Saint Gilles, St. Gilles screw, belfry stair, turret stair, caracole, turnpike, cochlea, cockle, corkscrew, and ascensorium. Helical is possibly the least poetic but also the most accurate generic title.
}}
The term "[[spiral]]" has a more narrow definition in a mathematical context, as a curve which lies in a single plane and moves towards or away from a central point, with a continuously changing radius. The mathematical term for the 3-dimensional curve traced where the locus progresses at a fixed radius from a fixed line while moving in a circular motion around it is a "[[helix]]". Since the very purpose of a stairway is to change elevation, it is inherently a 3-dimensional path.
Loose everyday usage conflates the terms ''helical'' and ''spiral'', but the vast majority of circular stairs are actually helical.<ref name="TemplerHTHelical">{{cite book |last1=Templer |first1=John |title=The Staircase |chapter=The Helical Stair |chapter-url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5113/chapter/3073003/The-Helical-Stair |website=MIT Press Direct |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en |doi=10.7551/mitpress/6433.003.0005 |date=27 March 1995|isbn=9780262367813 }}</ref><ref name="Rybczynski">{{cite book |last1=Rybczynski |first1=Witold |title=One good turn: a natural history of the screwdriver and the screw |date=2000 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-684-86729-X |pages=111–112}}</ref> True spiral staircases would be nonfunctional flat structures, although functional hybrid helical spiral staircases can be constructed. This article attempts to preferentially use the terms "helix" and "helical" to describe circular stairways more clearly and precisely, while reserving the term "spiral" for a curve restricted to a flat plane.
Helical stairs, sometimes referred to in architectural descriptions as ''[[wiktionary:vice#Etymology 2|vice]]'', wind around a [[newel]] (also called the "central pole"). The presence or absence of a central pole or newel does not affect the overall terminology applied to the design of the structure. In Scottish architecture, helical stairs are commonly known as a ''[[wiktionary:turnpike|turnpike stair]]''.
Helical stairs typically have a handrail along the outer periphery only, and on the inner side may have just a central pole. A "squared helical" stair fills a square stairwell and expands the steps and railing to a square, resulting in unequal steps (wider and longer where they extend into a corner of the square). A "pure helix" fills a circular stairwell, and has multiple steps and handrail elements which are identical and positioned [[Helical symmetry|screw-symmetrically]].
Helical stairs have a handedness or [[chirality]], analogous to the [[screw thread|handedness of screw threads]], either right-handed or left-handed helical shapes. Ascending a right-handed helix rises counter-clockwise, while ascending a left-handed helix rises clockwise (both as viewed from above).
===Geometry===
[[File:Industrial spiral staircase.png|thumb|upright|Industrial helical staircase winding around a central [[newel]]]]
[[File:Looking up from the basement pf an Art Nouveau staircase.jpg|thumb|Upwards view of an [[Art Nouveau]] helical staircase with a [[pentagonal]] core]]
[[File:ŽigmundovaVeža.jpg|upright|thumb|Gothic helical staircase rises clockwise in [[St. Elisabeth Cathedral]] in [[Košice]], Slovakia]]
A fundamental advantage of helical stairs is that they can be very compact, fitting into very narrow spaces and occupying a small footprint.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|54}} For this reason, they can often be found in ships and [[submarine]]s, industrial installations, small [[loft apartment]]s, and other locations where floorspace is scarce.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|81}} However, this compactness can come at the expense of requiring great craftsmanship and care to produce a safe and effective structure.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|54}}  By contrast, grand helical stairs occupying wide sweeps of space can also be built, to showcase luxurious funding and elegant taste.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|56}} Architects have used the twisting curvilinear shape as an embellishment, either within or outside of their buildings.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|58-59}}
Helical stairs have the disadvantage of being very steep if they are tight (small radius) or are otherwise not supported by a center column. The cylindrical spaces they occupy can have a narrow or wide diameter:
* The wider the helix, the more steps can be accommodated per revolution around the central axis. Therefore, if the helix is large in diameter, due to having a central support column that is strong (and large in diameter) with a special handrail that helps to distribute the load, each step may be longer and therefore the rise between each step may be smaller (equal to that of regular steps). Otherwise, the circumference of the circle at the walk line will be so small that it will be impossible to maintain a normal tread depth and a normal rise height without compromising headroom before reaching the upper floor.
*A small-diameter helix can still have wider treads near the central axis, by making the treads "dance". The narrow end of each tapering wedge-shaped tread is widened, and installed to overlap the adjacent treads above and below.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|64}}
* To maintain headroom, some helical stairs with a very short diameter must also have a very high rise for each step. These are typically cases where the stairwell must be a small diameter to fit a narrow space, or must not have any center support by design, or may not have any perimeter support. A tight helical stair with a central pole is very space efficient in the use of floor footprint. However, this type of stairway must be used carefully, to avoid an injurious fall.
"Open well" helical or circular stairs designed by architects often do not have a central pole, but there usually is a handrail at both sides of the treads. These designs have the advantage of a more uniform tread depth when compared to a narrow helical staircase. Such stairs may also be built around an [[Ellipse|elliptical]] or oval footprint,<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|68-72}} or even a triangular or [[pentagonal]] core. Lacking a central pole, an open well staircase is supported at its outer periphery, or in some cases may be a completely self-supporting and free-standing structure.
An example of perimeter support is the Vatican stairwell or the Gothic stairwell. The latter stairwell is tight because of its location where the diameter must be small. Many helices, however, have sufficient width for normal-size treads ({{convert|8|in}}) by being supported by any combination of a center pole, perimeter supports attaching to or beneath the treads, and a helical handrail.  In this manner, the treads may be wide enough to accommodate low rises. In self-supporting stairs, the helix needs to be steep to allow the weight to distribute safely down the structure in the most vertical manner possible. Helical steps with center columns or perimeter support do not have this limitation. Building codes may limit the use of helical stairs to small areas or secondary usage, if their treads are not sufficiently wide or have risers taller than {{convert|9.5|in}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IRC2018/chapter-3-building-planning#IRC2018_Pt03_Ch03_SecR311/ |title=2018 International Residential Code Section R311 Means of Egress |publisher=International Code Council (ICC) |year=2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
Double helix staircases are possible, with two independent helical stairs in the same vertical space, allowing one person to ascend and another to descend without ever meeting, if they choose different helices.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|74}} For examples, the [[Pozzo di San Patrizio]] allows one-way traffic so that laden and unladen [[mule]]s can ascend and descend without obstruction, while [[Château de Chambord]], [[Château de Blois]], and the [[Crédit Lyonnais headquarters]] ensure separation for social purposes.
[[Emergency exit]] stairways, though built with landings and straight runs of stairs, are often functionally double helices, with two separate stairs intertwined and occupying the same floor footprint. This is often in compliance with legal safety requirements to have two independent fire escape paths.
Helical stairs can be characterized by the number of [[Turn (geometry)|turns]] that are made. A "quarter-turn" stair deposits the person facing 90° from the starting orientation. Likewise, there are half-turn, three-quarters-turn and full-turn stairs. A continuous helix may make many turns depending on the height. Very tall multi-turn helical staircases are usually found in old stone towers within [[fortifications]], [[church (building)|churches]], and in [[lighthouse]]s. Winders may be used in combination with straight stairs to turn the direction of the stairs. This allows for a large number of permutations in designs.
===Historic uses===
[[File:cmglee_spiral_staircase_fight.jpg|thumb|upright|Myth that medieval helical staircase turn clockwise to disadvantage right-handed invaders]]
The earliest known helical staircases appear in Temple A in the [[Greece|Greek]] colony [[Selinunte]], [[Sicily]], to both sides of the [[cella]]. The temple was constructed around 480–470 BCE.<ref>Ruggeri, Stefania (2006) ''Selinunt'', Affinità Elettive, Messina, {{ISBN|88-8405-079-0}}, p.&nbsp;77</ref>
When used in [[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman architecture]], helical stairs were generally restricted to elite luxury structures. They were then adopted into Christian [[Church architecture|ecclesiastic architecture]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ryder |first=Charles |title=The spiral stair or vice: its origins, role and meaning in medieval stone castles |type=PhD |publisher=University of Liverpool |year=2011 |page=120 |url=https://chesterrep.openrepository.com/handle/10034/239772}} {{open access}}</ref> During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, increasingly spectacular helical stairways were devised, first deleting walled enclosures, and then deleting a central post to leave an open well.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|60-74}} Modern designs have trended towards minimalism, culminating in helical stairs made largely of transparent glass, or consisting only of stair treads with minimal visible support.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|67}}
There is a common misconception that helical staircases in castles rose in a clockwise direction, to hinder right-handed attackers.<ref name=Guy>{{citation |last=Guy |first=Neil |title=The Rise of the Anticlockwise Newel Stair |journal=The Castle Studies Group Journal |volume=25 |year=2011–2012 |pages=114, 163 |url=https://castlestudiesgroup.org.uk/CSGJournal2011-12X5stairs.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://historytheinterestingbits.com/2019/10/09/guest-post-busting-mediaeval-building-myths-part-one/ |title=Guest Post: Busting Mediaeval Building Myths: Part One |publisher=History... the interesting bits! |first=James |last=Wright |date=9 October 2019 |access-date=24 February 2020}}</ref> While clockwise helical staircases are more common in castles than anti-clockwise, they were even more common in medieval structures without a military role, such as religious buildings.<ref name=Ryder>{{cite thesis |last=Ryder |first=Charles |title=The spiral stair or vice: its origins, role and meaning in medieval stone castles |type=PhD |publisher=University of Liverpool |year=2011 |page= |pages=293–294 |url=https://chesterrep.openrepository.com/handle/10034/239772}} {{open access}}</ref> Studies of helical stairs in castles have concluded that "the role and position of spirals in castles&nbsp;... had a much stronger domestic and status role than a military function"<ref name=Ryder/> and that "there are sufficient examples of anticlockwise stairs in Britain and France in [the 11th and 12th centuries] to indicate that the choice must have depended both on physical convenience and architectural practicalities and there was no military ideology that demanded clockwise staircases in the cause of fighting efficiency or advantage".<ref name=Guy/>
Developments in manufacturing and design have also led to the introduction of kit form helical stairs. Modular, standardized steps and handrails can be bolted together to form a complete unit. These stairs can be made out of steel, timber, concrete, or a combination of materials.
==Alternating tread stairs==
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="180">
File:alternating_tread_stairs.svg|Comparison of shallow stairs (1), steep stairs (2), and alternating-tread stairs (3)
File:Treppe Leipziger.png|Diagram of tapered triangle variant alternating tread stairs
File:Step by Step.jpg|Alternating tread stair climbing a steep prominence in [[Pinnacles National Park]]
File:Lunéville (M-et-M) escalier d'une maison à marches alternantes g-dr.jpg|Steep rise alternating tread stairs
File:Sambatreppe-Stufen.JPG|Minimalist alternating tread stairs (Germany)
<!-- Model of an Alternating Tread Stair.jpg|An alternating tread stair (center) between a half-width stair (left) and full-width stair (right), built with [[Lego Duplo|Duplo]] blocks -->
</gallery>
Where there is insufficient space for the full run length of normal stairs, "alternating tread stairs" may be used (other names are "paddle stairs", "zig-zag stairs", or "double-riser stairs").<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|19}} Alternating tread stairs can be designed to allow for a safe forward-facing descent of very steep stairs (however, designs with recessed treads or footholds do not have this feature). The treads are designed such that they alternate between treads for each foot: one step is wide on the left side; the next step is wide on the right side. There is insufficient space on the narrow portion of the step for the other foot to stand, hence the person must always use the correct foot on the correct step. The slope of alternating tread stairs can be as high as 65° as opposed to standard stairs, which are almost always less than 45°.
An advantage of alternating tread stairs is that people can descend while facing forward, in the direction of travel. The only other alternative in such short spaces would be a [[ladder]], which requires a backward-facing descent. Alternating tread stairs may not be safe for small children, the elderly, or the physically challenged. Building codes typically classify them as ladders, and will only allow them where ladders are allowed, usually basement or attic utility or storage areas infrequently accessed.
The block model in the image illustrates the space efficiency gained by an alternating tread stair. The alternating stairs (3) requires one unit of space per step: the same as the half-width stairs (2), and half as much as the full-width stairs (1). Thus, the horizontal distance between steps is in this case reduced by a factor of two, reducing the size of each step. The horizontal distance between steps is reduced by a factor less than two if for construction reasons there are narrow "unused" step extensions.
These stairs often (including this example) illustrate the mathematical principle of [[glide plane]] symmetry: the [[mirror image]] with respect to  the vertical center plane corresponds to a shift by one step.
Alternating tread stairs are sometimes referred to as "witches stairs", in the supposed belief that they were created during an earlier era as an attempt to repel witches who were thought to be unable to climb such stairs.<ref name="Zito"/> Such a fanciful origin of the term has since been disproved, with experts finding no mention in any historical literature of stairs that were believed to prevent access by witches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fact Check-Alternating tread stairs were not historically built to ward off witches |url=https://reuters.com/article/factcheck-witches-stairs-idUSL1N2L71QA |website=Reuters Fact Check |date=9 March 2021 |agency=Reuters |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105182712/https://reuters.com/article/factcheck-witches-stairs-idUSL1N2L71QA |archive-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>
Alternating tread stairs have been in use since at least 1888.<ref>{{cite book |title=Moncktons One Plane Method Of Hand Railing and Stair Building, Copyright 1888 |author= James H. Monckton |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=1891 |page= Plate 2, Figure 4}}</ref> Today, the design is used in some [[loft apartment]]s to access bedrooms or storage spaces.<ref name="Zito">{{cite web |last1=Zito |first1=Barbara |title=Here's How "Witches Stairs" Came to Be — And Why You Might Want Some in Your Home |url=https://apartmenttherapy.com/witches-stairs-36992297 |website=Apartment Therapy |access-date=2023-03-29 |language=en |date=Oct 29, 2021}}</ref>
==Emergency exit stairs==
[[File:Emergency Exit near Connecting Staircase.png|thumb|Emergency exit stairs are usually sparsely furnished because of fire code restrictions]]
Local [[building code]]s often dictate the number of [[emergency exit]]s required for a building of a given size, including specifying a minimum number of stairwells. For any building bigger than a private house, modern codes invariably specify at least two sets of stairs, completely isolated from each other so that if one becomes impassable due to smoke or flames, the other remains usable.
The traditional way to satisfy this requirement was to construct two separate stairwell stacks, each occupying its own footprint within each floorplate. Each stairwell is internally configured into an arrangement often called a "U-return" or "return" design.<ref name="Wood">{{cite web |last1=Wood |first1=Clayton |title=The Ups and Downs of Understanding High-Rise Stairwells - The Massey System is Referenced in Fire Engineering Magazine |url=https://disasterplanning.com/the-ups-and-downs-of-understanding-high-rise-stairwells-the-massey-system-is-referenced-in-fire-engineering-magazine |website=Massey Emergency Management |publisher=Massey Enterprises Inc |access-date=2023-03-28 |date=14 January 2021}}</ref> The two stairwells may be constructed next to each other, separated by a fireproof partition, or optionally the two stairwells may be located at some distance from each other within the floorplan. These traditional arrangements have the advantage of being easily understood by building occupants and occasional visitors.<ref name="Wood"/>
Some architects save floor footprint space while still meeting the exit requirement, by housing two stairwells in a "[[Double helix (geometry)|double helix]]" or "scissors stairs" configuration whereby two stairwells occupy the same floor footprint, but are intertwined while being separated by fireproof partitions along their entire run.<ref name="Wood"/> However, this design deposits anybody descending the stack into alternating locations on each successive floor, and this can be very disorienting.<ref name="Wood"/> Some building codes recommend using a color-coded stripe and signage to distinguish otherwise identical-looking stairwells from each other, and to make following a quick exit path easier.
==Ergonomics and building code requirements==
[[File:Estelle of Sweden, Victoria of Sweden (1977) & Daniel of Sweden 2013.jpg|thumb|On a rarely used staircase from before 1754, the Crown Princess of Sweden ascends from the [[Stockholm Palace]] garden with her husband and baby in 2013.]]
[[Ergonomics|Ergonomically]] and for [[safety]] reasons, stairs must have certain dimensions so that people can comfortably use them. [[Building code]]s typically specify certain clearances so that the stairs are not too steep or narrow.
Nicolas-[[François Blondel]] in the last volume of his ''Cours d'architecture''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blondel |first1=François |year=1698 |title=Cours D'Architecture Enseigné Dans L'Academie Royale D'Architecture |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/blondel1698c |volume=4 & 5 |pages=692 & 693 |doi=10.11588/DIGLIT.1567 |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> (1675–1683) was the first known person to establish the ergonomic relationship of tread and riser dimensions.<ref>{{cite EB1911|first=James |last=Bartlett |wstitle=Staircase |volume=25 |page=763}}</ref> He specified that 2 × riser + tread = step length.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://generativeart.com/on/cic/2000/KOUTAMANIS_GA_2000.HTM|title=Generativeart.com Koutamanis, GA|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref>
It is estimated that a noticeable misstep occurs once in 7,398 uses and a minor accident on a flight of stairs occurs once in 63,000 uses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://toolbase.org/Best-Practices/Codes-Regulations-Standards/stair-safety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923030540/https://toolbase.org/Best-Practices/Codes-Regulations-Standards/stair-safety |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2006 |title=Stair Safety: A Review of the Literature and Data Concerning Stair Geometry and Other Characteristics |access-date=2 November 2010 }}</ref> Stairs can be a hazardous obstacle for some, so some people choose to live in residences without stairs so that they are protected from injury.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/12/AR2010081207264.html|title=Stairs can pose a problem as you get older, so take steps now to ease the climb|last=Haggerty|first=Maryann|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=2010-08-14|access-date=2018-01-26|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
Stairs are not suitable for [[wheelchair]]s and other vehicles. A [[stairlift]] is a mechanical device for lifting wheelchairs up and down stairs. For sufficiently wide stairs, a rail is mounted to the treads of the stairs, or attached to the wall. A chair is attached to the rail and the person on the chair is lifted as the chair moves along the rail.
===UK requirements===
{{Guidebook|section|date=June 2021}}[[File:escalators at cabot circus in bristol arp.jpg|thumb|right|Staircase between levels at [[Cabot Circus]] shopping center, [[Bristol]], England. A sitting area is provided on the right of the staircase proper.]]
(overview of Approved document K – Stairs, Ladders and Ramps)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100920094139/https://inbalance-energy.co.uk/building_regulations/Approved%20Document%20K%20Protection%20from%20Falling%20%281998%29.pdf The Building Regulations 2000: Protection from falling, collision and impact]. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. inbalance-energy.co.uk</ref>
The 2013 edition "approved document K" categorises stairs as ''private'', ''utility'' and ''general access''
When considering stairs for private dwellings, all the specified measurements are in millimetres.
Building regulations are required for stairs used where the difference of level is greater than 600
'''Steepness of stairs – rise and going'''
Any rise between 150 and 220 used with any going between 220 and 300
Maximum rise 220 and minimum going 220 remembering that the maximum pitch of private stairs is 42°. The normal relationship between dimensions of the rise and going is that twice the rise plus the going (2R + G) should be between 550 and 700
'''Construction of steps'''
Steps should have level treads, they may have open risers but if so treads should overlap at least 16mm. Domestic private stairs are likely to be used by children under 5 years old so the handrail ballister spacing should be constructed so that a 100mm diameter sphere cannot pass through the opening in the risers in order to prevent children from sticking their heads through them and potentially getting stuck.
'''Headroom'''
A headroom of 2000mm is adequate. Special considerations can be made for loft conversions.
'''Width of flights'''
No recommendations are given for stair widths.
'''Length of flights'''
The approved document refers to 16 risers (steps) for utility stairs and 12 for general access. There is no requirement for private stairs. In practice there will be fewer than 16 steps as 16 x 220 gives over 3500 total rise (storey height) which is way above that in a domestic situation.
'''Landings'''
Level, unobstructed landings should be provided at the top and bottom of every flight. The width and length being at least that of the width of the stairs and can include part of the floor. A door may swing across the landing at the bottom of the flight but must leave a clear space of at least 400 across the whole landing
'''Tapered steps'''
There are special rules for stairs with tapered steps as shown in the image Example of Winder Stairs above
Alternate tread stairs can be provide in space saving situations
'''Guarding'''
Flights and landings must be guarded at the sides where the drop is more than 600mm. As domestic private stairs are likely to be used by children under 5 the guarding must be constructed so that a 100mm diameter sphere cannot pass through any opening or constructed so that children will not be able to climb the guarding. The height for internal private stairs should be at least {{convert|900|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} and be able to withstand a horizontal force of 0.36|kN/m|.
===US requirements===
American building codes, while varying from State to State and County to County, generally specify the following parameters:<ref>[https://stairways.org Stairway Manufacturers' Association]. Stairways.org. Retrieved on 2013-11-11.</ref>
* Minimum tread length, typically {{convert|9|in|mm|0}} excluding the nosing for private residences. Some building codes also specify a minimum riser height, often {{convert|5|in|mm|0}}.<ref>[https://dir.ca.gov/title8/3231.html Section 3231(c)] of the State of California Building Code specifies a rise between {{convert|4|and|7.5|in|mm}} and a minimum run of {{convert|10|in|mm}}.</ref>
* Riser-Tread formula: Sometimes the stair parameters will be something like riser plus tread equals {{convert|17|-|18|in|mm|0}};<ref>{{cite web |url=https://popularmechanics.com/how_to_central/home_clinic/1275341.html |title=Popular Mechanics homepage |access-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422015049/https://popularmechanics.com/how_to_central/home_clinic/1275341.html |archive-date=22 April 2009 }}</ref> another formula is 2 times riser + tread equals {{convert|24.6|in|mm|0}}, the length of a stride.<ref name="Neufert"/> Thus a {{convert|7|in|mm|0}} rise and a {{convert|10.6|in|mm|0}} tread exactly meets this code. If only a {{convert|2|in|mm}} rise is used then a {{convert|20.6|in|mm|0}} tread is required. This is based on the principle that a low rise is more like walking up a gentle incline and so the natural swing of the leg will be longer.
* Low rise stairs are very expensive in terms of the space consumed. Such low rise stairs were built into the [[Winchester Mystery House]] to accommodate the infirmities of the owner, [[Sarah Winchester]], before the invention of the [[elevator]]. These stairways, called "Easy Risers" consist of five flights wrapped into a multi-turn arrangement with a total width equal to more than four times the individual flight width and a depth roughly equal to one flight's run plus this width. The flights have varying numbers of steps.
* Slope: A value for the rise-to-tread ratio of 17/29 ˜ 0.59 is considered optimal;<ref name="Neufert"/> this corresponds to a pitch angle of about 30°.
* Variance on riser height and tread depth between steps on the same flight should be very low. Building codes require variances no larger than {{convert|0.1875|in|mm}} between depth of adjacent treads or the height of adjacent risers; within a flight, the tolerance between the largest and smallest riser or between the largest and smallest tread can not exceed {{convert|0.375|in|mm}}.<ref>NFPA 101 Life Safety Code Handbook Tenth Edition 2006, Coté and Harrington, {{ISBN|0-87765-697-5}}, pg.167</ref> The reason is that on a continuous flight of stairs, people get used to a regular step and may trip if there is a step that is different, especially at night. The general rule is that all steps on the same flight must be identical. Hence, stairs are typically custom made to fit the particular floor to floor height and horizontal space available. Special care must be taken on the first and last risers. Stairs must be supported directly by the subfloor. If thick flooring (e.g. thick hardwood planks) are added on top of the subfloor, it will cover part of the first riser, reducing the effective height of the first step. Likewise at the top step, if the top riser simply reaches the subfloor and thick flooring is added, the last rise at the top may be higher than the last riser. The first and last riser heights of the rough stairs are modified to adjust for the addition of the finished floor.
* Maximum nosing protrusion, typically {{convert|1.25|in|mm}} to prevent people from tripping on the nosing.
* Height of the handrail. This is typically between {{convert|34|and|38|in|mm|0}}, measured to the nose of the tread. The minimum height of the handrail for landings may be different and is typically {{convert|36|in|mm|0}}.
* Handrail diameter. The size has to be comfortable for grasping and is typically between {{convert|1.25|and|2.675|in|mm}}.
* Maximum space between the balusters of the handrail. This is typically {{convert|4|in|mm|0}}.
* Openings (if they exist) between the bottom rail and treads are typically no bigger than {{convert|6|in|mm|0}}.
* Headroom: At least {{convert|83|in|cm|0}}.<ref name="Neufert"/>
* Maximum vertical height between floors or landings. This allows people to rest and limits the height of a fall.
* Mandate handrails if there is more than a certain number of steps (typically 2 risers).
* Minimum width of the stairway, with and without handrails.
* Not allow doors to swing over steps; the arc of doors must be completely on the landing/floor.
* A stairwell may be designated as an [[area of refuge]] as well as a [[fire]] escape route, due to its [[Fire-resistance rating|fire-resistance rated]] design and fresh [[air]] supply.
* The American Disabilities Act and other accessibility standards by state, such as Architectural Barriers Texas Accessibility Standards (TAS),<ref>{{cite web|title=Architectural Barriers Texas Accessibility Standards
|url= https://tdlr.texas.gov/ab/2012abtas5.htm
|website=Texas Department of Licensing & Regulation |year=2012}}</ref> do not allow open risers on accessible or egress stairs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Information and Technical Assistance on the Americans with Disabilities Act 504 Stairways|url=https://ada.gov/regs2010/2010ADAStandards/2010ADAstandards.htm#pgfId-1006298|website=ADA.gov United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division |year=2010}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Loretto Chapel.jpg|There is no [[newel]] at [[Loretto Chapel]]'s helical staircase (the "Miracle stair") in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico|Santa Fe]], [[New Mexico]], United States.
File:Cremona, torrazzo interno 02 scala a chiocciola.JPG|A helical staircase inside [[Cremona]]'s [[Torrazzo of Cremona|Torrazzo]], Italy
File:TulipStair QueensHouse Greenwich.jpg|Upward view of the Tulip Stairs & lantern at the [[Queen's House]], [[Greenwich]], England
File:Melk - Stift, Wendeltreppe.JPG|Helical stairway seen from below; [[Melk Abbey]], Austria
File:Tour Sauvabelin.jpg|The wooden helical stairs of the [[Tour de Sauvabelin]] in [[Lausanne]]
File:Tudor staircase, Madingley Hall, Cambridgeshire, from below.jpg|Tudor staircase, [[Madingley Hall]], Cambridgeshire, England, from below
File:VaticanMuseumStaircase.jpg|The [[Bramante Staircase]], [[Vatican Museums]], showing the two access points at the bottom of the stairs
File:The spiral staircase, Astoria Hotel.jpg|Helical stairs at [[Hotel Astoria (Copenhagen)|Hotel Astoria]], [[Copenhagen]]
</gallery>
==Stairs in art and architecture==
Religious shrines and memorial structures are often approached via stairs, sometimes numbering hundreds or thousands of steps. Many [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] buildings feature prominent wide stairs ascending to an elevated platform or plinth where the main entrance is located. In recent years, increasing concerns about [[accessibility]] have encouraged architects to retrofit discreet lower-level public entrances or elevators to ease wheelchair access.
Large open-well helical stairs have been used as a central feature in public buildings from the Renaissance until modern times.<ref name="TemplerHT"/>{{rp|81}} A 21st-century version is the helical glass-enclosed, glass-treaded stairways at the center of several flagship [[Apple Store]]s.<ref name="Pacassoni">{{cite web |last1=Pacassoni |first1=Enrico |title=The Apple Store spiral staircases: design icons |url=https://us.fontanotshop.com/blog/the-apple-store-spiral-staircases/ |website=us.fontanotshop.com |access-date=2023-03-29 |date=May 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Dormehl">{{cite web |last1=Dormehl |first1=Luke |title=Today in Apple history: Apple's massive glass staircase wows Manhattan |url=https://cultofmac.com/457234/apple-store-west-14th-street-new-york/ |website=Cult of Mac |access-date=2023-03-29 |date=December 7, 2022}}</ref>
''[[Vessel (structure)|Vessel]]'' is an artistic structure and visitor attraction which was built as part of the [[Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project]] in [[Manhattan, New York City]]. Built to plans by the British designer [[Thomas Heatherwick]], the elaborate [[honeycomb]]-like structure rises 16 stories and consists of 154 flights of stairs, 2,500 steps, and 80 landings for visitors to explore.
Stairs may also be a fanciful physical construct such as the "stairs that go nowhere" located at the [[Winchester Mystery House]]. The [[Penrose stairs]], devised by [[Lionel Penrose|Lionel]] and [[Roger Penrose]], are a famous [[impossible object]]. The image distorts perspective in such a manner that the stairs appear to be never-ending, a physical impossibility. The image was adopted by [[M. C. Escher]] in his iconic [[lithograph]] ''[[Ascending and Descending]]''.
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="165">
File:Apple Store Boston circular staircase.jpg|Overhead view of glass-treaded helical stairs at [[Apple Store]] in [[Boston]]
File:Hudson Yards Plaza March 2019 20.jpg|''[[Vessel (structure)|Vessel]]'', by [[Thomas Heatherwick]], is composed of multiple stairways and landings
File:Endlose Treppe KPMG Muenchen.JPG|''Umschreibung'' ("Circumscription"), by [[Olafur Eliasson]], an endless stairway at [[KPMG]], [[Munich]], Germany
File:Trappe i rådhushallen.jpg|A staircase in [[Aarhus City Hall]], Denmark. The dark grey, kidney-shaped capstone seen at the bottom of the stairwell contains the three foundation stones of the building and was used as the reference point for height adjustment during the entire building period.
</gallery>
==Notable sets of stairs==
[[File:Niesen4.jpg|thumb|upright|The world's longest stairway, at the ''[[Niesenbahn]]'' funicular, in Switzerland, has 11,674 steps]]
[[File:Potemkinmarch.jpg|thumb|right|A wide shot of the massacre on the "[[Potemkin Stairs]]" from the 1925 silent film ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]'']]
* The longest stairway is listed by [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the service stairway for the ''[[Niesenbahn]]'' [[funicular]] railway near [[Spiez]], Switzerland, with 11,674 steps and a height of {{convert|1669|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guinnessworldrecords.com/gwr5/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=49700|title=Science and Technology/Structures/Long Stairway|website=Guinness World Records|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119191058/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/gwr5/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=49700|archive-date=2005-11-19|access-date=2019-11-19}}</ref> The stairs are usually employee-only, but there is a public run called ''Niesenlauf'' once a year.
* Mount [[Girnar]], one of the holiest of sacred places for Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist followers, and also for some Muslims, is located in [[Junagadh]] district in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] in Saurashtrian peninsula. At a height of 1100 metres, with five summits, each adorned with several sacred places, it is accessed on foot by soaring close to 10,000 steps along a rugged terrain and deciduous forest that is also the last home for Asiatic lions. It is the longest completely stone-made stairway in the world.
* [[Alipiri]], India, is one of two ways to reach the [[Venkateswara Temple|Sri Venkateswara Swami Vaari Temple]], Tirumala from Tirupati on foot,<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2011/sep/24/srivari-mettu-shorter-arduous-path-to-tirumala-294134.html |date = 16 May 2012| title=Srivari Mettu: Shorter, arduous path to Tirumala |work = The New Indian Express}}</ref> and it was until recently the only one in modern times. The temple is the richest Hindu temple in the world in terms of donations received and wealth<ref>https://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070026005 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922164950/https://ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070026005 |date=2007-09-22 }} {{Bare URL inline|date= June 2022}}</ref> and is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims per day (30 to 40 million people annually on average),<ref>https://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=273-cr-devotees-visited-Tirumala-last-year-TTD-07012017010041 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181712/https://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31809&articlexml=273-cr-devotees-visited-Tirumala-last-year-TTD-07012017010041 |date=2019-02-20 }} {{Bare URL inline|date=June 2022}}</ref> while on special occasions and festivals like the annual Brahmotsavam, the number of pilgrims shoots up to 500,000, making it the most-visited holy place in the world.<ref>https://hindu.com/2003/09/30/stories/2003093003080300.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003153946/https://hindu.com/2003/09/30/stories/2003093003080300.htm |date=2003-10-03 }} {{Bare URL inline|date=June 2022}}</ref> Srivari Mettu, about 20&nbsp;km away, is the original one that was renovated and brought back to use in 2008. Alipiri is the longer route with more than 3550 steps,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tirumalatirupationline.com/tirumala-alipiri-timings-route/ | title=Alipiri &#124; Reach Tirumala by Walk &#124; Tirumala Foot Steps Timings, Luggage Counter | date=25 March 2020 }}</ref> Srivari Mettu is shorter with 2388 steps.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tirumalatirupationline.com/sri-vari-mettu-shortest-route-tirumala-walk/ | title=Srivari Mettu: Distance &#124; Location &#124; Timings &#124; History &#124; Steps Count &#124; Starting Point | date=6 April 2020 }}</ref>
* A flight of 7,200 steps (including inner temple Steps), with 6,293 Official Mountain Walkway Steps, leads up the East Peak of [[Mount Tai]] in China.
* The [[Ha'iku Stairs|Ha{{okina}}iku Stairs]], on the island of [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]], are approximately 4,000 steps which climb nearly {{convert|1/2|mi|1}}. Originally used to access long wire [[antenna (radio)|radio antennas]] which were strung high above the Ha{{okina}}iku Valley, between [[Honolulu]] and [[Kaneohe|Kane{{okina}}ohe]], they are closed to hikers.
* The [[Flørli power station|Flørli]] stairs, in [[Lysefjorden]], Norway, have 4,444 wooden steps that climb from sea level to {{convert|740|m|ft|0|abbr=off}}. It is a maintenance stairway for the water pipeline to the old Flørli hydro plant. The hydro plant is now closed down, and the stairs are open to the public. The stairway is claimed to be the longest wooden stairway in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lysefjordeninfo.no/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070507095212/https://lysefjordeninfo.no/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2007 |title=Welcome to Lysefjord |access-date=2 November 2010 }}</ref>
* The longest stone stairs in Japan are the 3,333-step stairs of the Shakain temple in [[Yatsushiro, Kumamoto]].<ref>[https://en.misato.town/spot.html?id=68 Misaka Promenade, Japan's Longest Stone Steps] Misato Town Office</ref> The second ones, [[Mount Haguro]] stone stairs, have 2,446 steps in [[Tsuruoka, Yamagata]].
* The [[CN Tower]]'s staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps and the Sky Pod above after 2,579 steps; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth.
* The [[Gemonian stairs]] were infamous as a place of execution during the early Roman Empire, especially during the period postdating Tiberius.<ref>Suetonius, ''The Lives of Twelve Caesars'', Life of Tiberius [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html#61 61]</ref>
* The World Trade Center ''Survivors' Staircase'' is the last visible structure above ground level at the [[World Trade Center site]]. It was originally two outdoor flights of granite-clad stairs and an escalator that connected [[Vesey Street (Manhattan)|Vesey Street]] to the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]]'s [[Austin J. Tobin Plaza]]. During the [[September 11, 2001, attacks]], the stairs served as an escape route for hundreds of evacuees from [[5 World Trade Center (1970–2001)|5 World Trade Center]], a 9-floor building adjacent to the 110-story towers. Stairwell A was the lone stairway left intact after the [[United Airlines Flight 175|second plane]] hit the South Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] during the [[September 11 attacks]]. It was believed to have remained intact until the South Tower [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapsed]] at 9:59 am.  14 people were able to escape the floors located at the impact zone (including [[Stanley Praimnath|one man]] who saw the plane coming at him), and 4 people from the floors above the impact zone.  Numerous 911 operators who received calls from individuals inside the South Tower were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded in the South Tower.  Many operators told callers not to descend the tower on their own, even though it is now believed that Stairwell A was most likely passable at and above the point of impact.<ref>{{Cite book  | last = National Commission on Terrorist Attacks  | title = The 9/11 Commission Report  | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company  | date = July 22, 2004  | edition = first  | url = https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati/page/294  | page = [https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati/page/294 294]  | isbn = 0-393-32671-3  | url-access = registration  }}</ref>
* In London, England, a notable staircase is that to the [[Monument to the Great Fire of London]], more commonly known simply as "the Monument". This is a column in the [[City of London]], near the northern end of [[London Bridge]], which commemorates the [[Great Fire of London]]. The top of the Monument is reached by a narrow winding staircase of 311 steps. Constructed between 1671 and 1677, it is the tallest isolated stone column in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Buildings_within_the_City/monument.htm |title=Monument |access-date=28 April 2009 |date=28 April 2009 |work=www.cityoflondon.gov.uk |publisher=[[City of London]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620064022/https://cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Buildings_within_the_City/monument.htm |archive-date=20 June 2009 }}</ref>
* The [[Spanish Steps]] in Rome are a monument of late [[Italian Baroque architecture]] connecting the [[Piazza di Spagna]] with the [[Trinità dei Monti]] up the side of the [[Pincian Hill]]. Designed by [[Francesco de Sanctis (architect)|Francesco De Sanctis]] and constructed 1723–1725, the 135 steps form a wide vista looking down toward the Tiber. The steps are adorned with garden terraces blooming with azaleas and have been widely celebrated in cultural work.
* The [[Loretto Chapel]] in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]], is well known for its helix-shaped staircase, which has been nicknamed "Miraculous Stair". It has been the subject of legend and rumor, and the circumstances surrounding its construction and its builder are considered miraculous by the Sisters of Loretto and many visitors.
* The El Toro 20, a twenty-step set of stairs in [[Lake Forest, California]], was well known among [[skateboarders]], [[BMXers]], and [[inline skaters]] as a popular and challenging skate spot. The first skateboarder to do an ollie down it was [[Don Nguyen]]. The staircase was demolished in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=El Toro: One of skateboarding's gnarliest spots |url=https://artefactmagazine.com/2020/01/28/skateboardings-gnarliest-spot-el-toro/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Artefact |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* The [[Grand Staircase of the Titanic]] was one of the most recognizable features of the British transatlantic ocean liner that sank on her maiden voyage in 1912 after a collision with an iceberg.
* Decorated stair risers were used extensively in the [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]], to form the pedestal to small devotional [[stupa]]s. They were usually adorned with friezes, fantastic animals and decorations. A flight of stairs with decorated stair risers from the [[Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa]] has been almost fully restored and can now be seen at the [[Guimet Museum]] in [[Paris]]. Archaeological research by the Italian IsMEO at the [[Butkara Stupa]] suggests that small decorative stairs were adjoined to Buddhist [[stupa]]s at the time of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]], and that they were decorated with Buddhist scenes.
<gallery class="center" widths="145" heights="135">
File:StairRaiserGlobal.jpg|A reconstituted flight of stairs with stair risers, from the [[Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa]]
File:GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG|A [[Gandhara]]n [[Buner relief]] of a stair riser with devotees (1st–2nd century CE), [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] collection
File:Ichthyo-Centaur.jpg|A side stair riser depicting an Ichthyo-Centaur, also considered as a Buner relief
</gallery>
==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="165">
File:Edinburgh (4513545117).jpg|An early kind of [[burglar alarm]] – trip stairs. The idea was that the unexpected change in the level of the stairs would foil the would-be robbers by causing them to trip in the darkness and wake someone.
File:Queen's staircase, Nassau, Bahamas.jpg|66 steps [[Queen's Staircase (Nassau)|Queen's Staircase]] in [[Nassau, Bahamas]]
File:Yerewan architects monument.jpg|[[Yerevan Cascade]] steps (572 steps<ref>[https://cmf.am/The-Cascade-Complex The Cascade Complex]. Cmf.am. Retrieved on 2013-11-11.</ref>) in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]]
File:Naiku 02.JPG|[[Ise Jingu]] in Japan
File:Steps-ankor.jpg|[[Angkor Wat]] in [[Cambodia]]
File:Thai-stairs.jpg|Modified stairway for the elderly in Thailand
File:Potemkinstairs.jpg|The [[Potemkin Stairs]] (1834–1841) in [[Odesa]], Ukraine
File:White metal spiral staircase.jpg|Helical stairs with ornamental balusters
File:Jamestown Jacobs Ladder.jpg|The [[Saint Helena Railway Company|Jacob's Ladder]], between [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] and [[Half Tree Hollow]], in [[Saint Helena]]
File:RudkhanCastle.JPG|alt=Stairway of|[[Rudkhan Castle]], [[Fuman, Iran|Fouman]], Iran
File:Rockstairs.JPG|Stairs of rock placed in a natural passage
File:Alameda Stairway 3.jpg|Outdoor stairway on the [[Alameda Ridge]] in [[Portland, Oregon]], United States
File:Spiral staircase, Deaf Smith County, TX, Museum IMG 4880.JPG|Pioneer helical staircase, [[Deaf Smith County Historical Museum]], [[Hereford, Texas|Hereford]], [[Texas]], United States
File:Kaiserstiege, Residenz München.jpg|Emperor's Stairs in the [[Residenz]] of [[Munich, Bavaria]], Germany
File:Weissenhorn Stadttheater Treppenhaus.jpg|The 19th century theatre of [[Weißenhorn]], Germany
File:Salisbury Cathedral, tower interior, uppermost spiral staircase.jpg|Wooden helical stairs in the tower of [[Salisbury Cathedral]], England
File:AbbayeDeFontevraud20110830a.jpg|A stair and a sculpture in the [[Fontevraud Abbey]]
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 192-269, KZ Mauthausen, Häftlinge im Steinbruch.jpg|Stairs of Death Concentration camp Mauthausen; prisoners in the quarry
File:PetraStairs.jpg|[[Nabataeans|Nabataean]] stairway in Beida ("[[Petra|Little Petra]]"), [[Jordan]]
File:Antique-Theater-Staircase.jpg|Foot-worn staircase of the [[Plovdiv Roman amphitheatre]] showing multiple repairs
File:Klausenturm Treppenhaus.jpg|Square steel staircase in German look-out tower Klausenturm
File:Bundeshaus Kuppelhalle Uebersicht.jpg|Multiple stairs inside the [[Federal Palace of Switzerland]]
File:Molières (24) Bayle escalier.jpg|Wooden staircase in [[Molières, Dordogne|Molières]], France
File:Alabama-State-Capitol-spiral-staircase.jpg|Helical stairway in the [[Alabama State Capitol]]
File:Stairs japan.jpg|Long cascade of straight stairs in [[Ikoma, Nara|Ikoma]], Japan
File:Montmatre bordercropped.jpg|[[Rue Foyatier]] in [[Montmartre]], Paris
File:200 years ancient wooden stairs of Tajhat Landlord's Palace.jpg|200-year-old wooden stairs in Tajhat Landlord's Palace
File:2021 01 31 staircase with external heating mats to melt snow. Location Mauritz Hansens street 4, Trondheim, Norway.jpg|Heated stairs in [[Trondheim]], Norway
File:Toulouse - Escalier de l'hôtel de Bruni.jpg|Typical medieval spiral staircase in [[Toulouse]], France
</gallery>
==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Alley]]
* [[Cable railings]]
* [[Combination stair]]
* [[Equestrian staircase]]
* [[Fire escape]]
* [[Fish ladder]]
* [[Inclined plane]]
* [[Mule ramp]]
* [[Penrose stairs]]
* [[Rocky Steps]]
* [[Smokeproof enclosure]]
* [[Stair climbing]]
* [[Staircase tower]]
* [[Steel square]] (for use in stair framing)
* [[Steps of Cincinnati]]
* [[Steps of Pittsburgh]]
* [[Stoop (architecture)]]
* [[Watermen's stairs]]
{{Div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Templer |first1=John A. |title=The staircase : history and theories |date=1992 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5113/The-StaircaseHistory-and-Theories |isbn=978-0-262-20082-0 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/6433.001.0001}}
*{{cite book |last1=Templer |first1=John A. |title=The staircase : studies of hazards, falls, and safer design |date=1992 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5112/The-StaircaseStudies-of-Hazards-Falls-and-Safer |isbn=978-0-262-20083-7 |doi= 10.7551/mitpress/6434.001.0001}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Stairs}}
* [https://publicstairs.com/index_000002.htm Stair maps (public stairways mainly in North America)]
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[[File:YangonSecretariatStaircase.jpg|thumb|Double helical staircase of the [[Ministers' Building]] (The Secretariat) in [[Yangon]]]]
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[[File:Stairs on aircraft.JPG|thumb|right|Mobile stairway for airplane access]]
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[[Category:Stairs| ]]
[[Category:Stairways|.]]
[[Category:Architectural elements]]
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[[Category:Transport buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Vertical transport devices]]