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{{Short description|King of Serbia from 1217 to 1228}}
{{Hatnote|Not to be confused with Grand Prince [[Stefan Nemanja]], his father.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Saint
| honorific-prefix = [[Saint]]
| name={{lang|sr-Latn|Stefan Nemanjić}}<br/>{{small|{{lang|sr-Cyrl|Стефан Немањић}}}}
| image        = Stefan the First-Crowned.jpg
| image_size   = 200px
| caption      = Fresco of Stefan the First-Crowned from [[Bogorodica Ljeviška]]
| canonized_by=[[Orthodox Church]]
| attributes= Church Builder
| mother          =
| birth_date   = around 1165
| birth_place  =
| death_date   = {{Death date|df=yes|1228|9|24}}
| death_place  =
|feast_day=24 September| venerated_in= [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
| titles=Stefan the First-Crowned
| misc = {{Infobox royalty|embed=yes
| succession      = [[Grand Prince of Serbia]]
| religion     = [[Serbian Orthodox Christian]]
| reign        = 1196–1228
| coronation   = 1217 (as king)
| predecessor  = [[Stefan Nemanja]]
| successor    = [[Stefan Radoslav]]
| succession2  =
| reign2       =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2   =
| spouse       = [[Eudokia Angelina]]<br>[[Anna Dandolo]]
| issue        = [[Stefan Radoslav]]<br>[[Stefan Vladislav]]<br>[[Stefan Uroš I]]<br>[[Sava II]]<br/>[[Komnena Nemanjić|Komnena, Princess Consort of Arbanon]]
| house        = [[Nemanjić dynasty]]
| father       = [[Stefan Nemanja]]
| mother       = [[Saint Anastasija|Anastasija]]
| place of burial = [[Studenica monastery]]
}}}}
'''Stefan Nemanjić''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|Стефан Немањић}}, {{IPA|sh|stêfaːn němaɲitɕ|pron}}), known as '''Stefan the First-Crowned''' ({{langx|sr|Стефан Првовенчани|Stefan Prvovenčani}}, {{IPA|sh|stêfaːn prʋoʋěntʃaːniː|pron}}; {{circa|1165}} – 24 September 1228), was the [[Grand Prince of Serbia]] from 1196 and the [[King of Serbia]] from 1217 until his death in 1228. He was the first [[Grand Principality of Serbia|Serbian]] king by [[Nemanjić dynasty]];{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=38–56}}{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=33–38}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=389–394}}{{sfn|Curta|2019|p=662–664}} due to his transformation of the [[Serbian Grand Principality]] into the [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Kingdom of Serbia]] and the assistance he provided his brother [[Saint Sava]] in establishing the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]].
==Early life==
Stefan Nemanjić was the second-eldest son of [[Grand Prince]] [[Stefan Nemanja]] and [[Saint Anastasija|Anastasija]]. His older brother and heir apparent, [[Vukan Nemanjić|Vukan]], ruled over [[Zeta (state)|Zeta]] and the neighbouring provinces (the highest appanage) while his younger brother [[Rastko Nemanjić|Rastko]] (later known as ''Saint Sava'') ruled over [[Zahumlje|Hum]].
The Byzantines attacked Serbia in 1191, raiding the banks of the [[South Morava]]. Nemanja had a tactical advantage, and began to raid the Byzantine armies. [[Isaac II Angelos]] summoned a peace treaty, and the marriage of Nemanja's son Stefan to [[Eudokia Angelina]], the niece of Isaac II, was confirmed. Stefan Nemanjić received the title of ''[[sebastokrator]]''.
==Conflict over succession==
Throughout the 12th century, Serbs were at the center of war events between Byzantium and Hungary for dominance. In such circumstances, Serbs had no chance of gaining independence. Their only chance was to look for an ally on third side.
In 1190, the German Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Friedrich Barbarossa]] drowned in the river [[Göksu|Calycadnus]]. At the same time, Emperor [[Isaac II Angelos]] launched a punitive expedition against the Serbs, and Nemanja was defeated in the battle of [[South Morava]]. In fact, Constantinople did not want to subdue the Serbs, but to regain [[Niš]] and the main road to [[Belgrade]], as well as to make allies of the rebellious Serbs. The peace treaty provided for Stefan Nemanjić, the middle son of the grand zoupan [[Stefan Nemanja]], to marry a Byzantine princess, i.e. niece of the Byzantine emperor.
The concluded peace envisages that the grand zoupan Nemanja will be succeeded by his middle son Stefan, who received the Byzantine title of sebastokrator and the Byzantine princess [[Eudokia Angelina|Eudokia]] for a wife, and not the firstborn Vukan.
In 1196, at the state assembly near [[Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul (Novi Pazar)|Church of Saints Peter and Paul]], Stefan Nemanja abdicated the throne in favor of his middle son Stefan, who became the grand zoupan of Serbia. He left his eldest son Vukan in charge of Zeta, Travunija, Hvosno and Toplica. Nemanja became a monk in his old age and was given the name Simeon. Shortly afterwards, he went to Byzantium, to [[Mount Athos]], where his youngest son Sava had been a monk for some time. They received permission from the Byzantine emperor to rebuild the abandoned [[Hilandar|Hilandar monastery]].
[[File:Prvovencani Simon Sopocani.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Stefan Nemanjić as monk Simon. Painted in the endowment of his son [[Stefan Uroš I|Uroš I]] in [[Sopoćani]] c. 1260.]]
The new [[Pope Innocent III]], who in a letter in 1198 called on the entire West to liberate the [[Holy Land]], was not satisfied with the fact that the Serbs were subordinated to the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]], but wanted to return them to [[Rome]] through Vukan. In 1198, the Hungarian dux [[Andrew II of Hungary|Andrew]] conquered [[Principality of Hum|Hum (Hercegovina)]] of grand zoupan Stefan and [[Brothers' Quarrel (Hungary)|rebelled]] against brother king [[Emeric of Hungary|Emeric]] but did not gain legitimacy from Rome. In any case, the Hungarians became dominant on the eastern [[Adriatic]] coast. But [[Venice]], because of its business interests, did not like the eastern coast of the Adriatic to be controlled by the mighty Byzantium or Hungary. Vukan and the Hungarian king Emeric (1196–1204) make an alliance against Stefan, after which a civil war breaks out in Serbia. The action against Stefan was preceded by his letter to the Pope in which he asked for the crown. Around 1200, Stefan expelled his wife Eudokia, a daughter of [[Alexios III Angelos]], who found refuge with Vukan in Zeta. Emeric saw Stefan's move as an open attack on his crown, because in Hungary it was traditionally believed that only it in the region could have primacy with the Roman pope. Stefan lost the conflicts and had to flee the country in 1202 to the ruler of [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] [[Kaloyan of Bulgaria|Kaloyan]].{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=381}}{{sfn|Sweeney|1973|pp=323–324}}{{sfn|Madgearu|2016|p=133}}
In the meantime, control of the newly formed crusade army was taken over by the powerful Venetian doge [[Enrico Dandolo]], who, to the surprise of all, including the pope himself, in the [[Fourth Crusade]] first sent an [[Siege of Zara|attack on Hungarian Zara]] in 1202, and then on Byzantium, whose capital [[Sack of Constantinople|Constantinople crusaders conquered]] in April 1204. Stefan uses this situation and in the counter-offensive, with the help of Prince Kaloyan, he returns to the throne in Ras in 1204, while Vukan retreats to Zeta. The fighting between the brothers was stopped in 1205 and relations were established as they were before the outbreak of the conflict. Meanwhile, in November 1204, the Hungarian king Emeric died and the Kaloyan of Bulgaria was crowned for king by the Pope.
Numerous states were created on the ruins of Byzantium, which were almost equal in strength. The Crusaders founded the [[Kingdom of Thessalonica]], the [[principality of Achaia]], the [[duchy of Athens]] and Thebes, the duchy of Archipelago or [[Duchy of Naxos|Naxos]]. They were all under rule of Latin emperor of Constantinople. The remaining Byzantine factions also formed their own successor states on the fringes of the empire, at [[Empire of Nicea|Niceae]] and [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]] in [[Asia Minor]], and at [[Despotate of Epiros|Epiros]] in west Balkan. Of the newly created Greek states, two gained some stability and survived through this period: Niceae under the Laskaris dynasty, which soon became an empire (1208), and Epiros, which took considerably to rise to same status (1224–27). The two rivals sought to present themselves as lawful successor of Empire of the Romans and to get the upper hand in the struggle for its restoration. Bulgaria was located to the north, and Serbia to the northwest. Serbia's neighbors at the time were Epirus to the south, Bulgaria to the east, and the Hungary to the north and west.
==Later rule==
After the death of Kaloyan, there was a succession war in Bulgaria. Tsar [[Boril of Bulgaria|Boril]], the most ambitious of the nobles, took the throne and exiled [[Alexius Slav]], [[Ivan Asen II]] and [[Strez]] (of the Asen family). Strez, the first cousin or brother of Boril, took refuge in Serbia, and was warmly welcomed at the court of Stefan II.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=94}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=385}} Even though Boril requested the extradition of Strez to Bulgaria with gifts and bribes, Stefan II refused. Kaloyan had conquered [[Belgrade]], [[Braničevo (region)|Braničevo]], Niš and [[Prizren]], all of which were claimed by Serbia.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=94}} At the same time, Boril was unable to take military action against Strez and his Serbian patron, as he had suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Latins [[Battle of Philippopolis (1208)|at Plovdiv]].{{sfn|Curta|2006|p=385}} Stefan went as far as to become a [[blood brother]] with Strez, in order to assure him of his continued favor.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=94}}
[[File:Reževići Monastery 2a.png|thumb|150px|left|[[Reževići Monastery]] near [[Budva]] was founded by Stefan]]
[[Andrija Mirosavljević]] was entitled to the governance of Hum, as the heir of [[Miroslav of Hum]], the uncle of Stefan II, but the Hum nobles chose his brother [[Petar Mirosavljević|Petar]] as Prince of Hum. Petar exiled Andrija and Miroslav's widow (the sister of [[Ban Kulin]] of Bosnia), and Andrija fled to Serbia, to the court of Stefan II. In the meantime, Petar fought successfully with neighbouring Bosnia and Croatia. Stefan sided with Andrija and went to war and secured Hum and [[Popovo field]] for Andrija sometime after his accession. Petar was defeated and crossed the Neretva, continuing to rule the west and north of the Neretva, which had in 1203 been briefly occupied by [[Andrew II of Hungary]]. Stefan gave the titular and supreme rule of Hum to his son Radoslav, while Andrija held the district of Popovo with the coastal lands of Hum, including [[Ston]]. By agreement, when Radoslav died, the lands were bound to Andrija.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=53}}
Đorđe of Zeta, in order to secure his lands from Stefan, accepted Venetian suzerainty, possibly in 1208. Đorđe may have done this due to tensions between the two, although this must not be the case. Venice, after the [[Fourth Crusade]], tried to exert control of the Dalmatian ports, and managed in 1205 to submit [[Ragusa (Croatia)|Ragusa]] – Đorđe submitted to prevent that Venice claimed his ports of southern Dalmatia.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=50}}
[[File:Manastir Žiča.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Žiča|Žiča monastery]] in [[Kraljevo]] was founded by Stefan]]
Đorđe promised Venice military aid in case of a revolt by another theoretical Venetian vassal, [[Demetrio Progoni|Dhimitër Progoni]], the ''[[Principality of Arbanon|Prince of Albania]] and'' ''Lord of [[Kruja]]''.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=50}} This was likely related to the Serbia-Zeta conflict.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=50}} Stefan II married off his daughter,{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=50}} [[Komnena Nemanjić|Komnena]], to prince [[Demetrio Progoni|Dhimitër Progoni]] in 1208.{{sfn|Ducellier|1999|p=786}} The marriage resulted in close ties and an alliance between Stefan and Dimitri amidst these conflicts.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=50}}{{sfn|Ducellier|1999|p=786}} Kruja is conquered by [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirote Despot]] [[Michael I Komnenos Doukas]], and Dimitri is not heard of in any surviving sources.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=68}}{{sfn|Ducellier|1999|p=786}} After Dhimitër's death, the lands are left to Komnena,{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=48}} who soon married [[Greeks in Albania|Greek-Albanian]] [[Gregorios Kamonas]], who took power of [[Krujë|Kruja]],{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=156}} strengthening relations with Serbia, which had after a Serbian assault on [[Shkodër|Scutari]] been weakened.{{sfn|Nicol|1984|p=156}}{{sfn|Ducellier|1999|p=786}} Đorđe disappears from sources, and Stefan II controls Zeta by 1216, probably through military action.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=50}} Stefan either put Zeta under his personal rule, or assigned it to his son [[Stefan Radoslav]]. Zeta would from now on have no special status, and would be given to the heir apparent.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=50}}
Despot Michael I of Epirus conquered [[Skadar]], and tried to press beyond, but was stopped by the Serbs and his murder by one of his servants in 1214 or 1215.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=68}} He was succeeded by his half-brother [[Theodore Komnenos Doukas]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=68}} Theodore took on a policy of aggressive expansion, and allied himself with Stefan II. [[Stefan Radoslav]] married [[Anna Angelina Komnene Doukaina]], the daughter of Theodore.{{sfn|Polemis|1968|p=93}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=136}}
==Coronation and autocephaly==
{{main|Coronation of the Serbian monarch}}
Having long wanted to call himself king, Stefan set about procuring a royal crown from the papacy. It is not clear what Stefan promised in regard to the status of the Catholic Church, which had numerous adherents in the western and coastal parts of his realm, but a papal legate finally arrived in 1217 and crowned Stefan. In 1217 Stefan Nemanjić declared his independence from Byzantium and was crowned as king, adopting the title: ''"Crowned King and Autocrat of all Serbian and coastal lands"''.{{sfn|Ćirković|2004|p=39}} The influence of the Catholic Church in Serbia did not last long but angered Serbian clergy. Many opposed Stefan's coronation, with Sava protesting by leaving Serbia and returning to Mount Athos. Later Serbian churchmen were also bothered by Stefan's relations with the papacy; while Stefan and Sava's contemporary [[Domentian]] wrote that the coronation was performed by a papal legate, a century later [[Theodosius the Hilandarian]] claimed that Stefan was crowned by Sava. The contradiction led some Serbian historians to conclude that Stefan underwent two coronations, first by the legate and in 1219 by Sava, but modern scholars tend to agree that only the former took place.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=116}}{{sfn|Ferjančić|Maksimović|2014|pp=37–54}}
The disagreements surrounding Stefan's coronation were definitively resolved in 2018 by finding evidences that the papal legate never came to Serbia and that Stefan was actually crowned by his brother Sava in 1219.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eparhija-prizren.org/marko-pejkovic-milan-bojic1-sveti-stefan-prvovencani-nije-dobio-kraljevsku-krunu-iz-rima/ |title=Марко Пејковић, Милан Бојић: Свети Стефан Првовенчани није добио краљевску круну из Рима&#91;1&#93; – ЕПАРХИЈА РАШКО-ПРИЗРЕНСКА У ЕГЗИЛУ|trans-title=Marko Pejković, Milan Bojić: Saint Stephen the First Crowned did not receive the royal crown from Rome }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|certain=y|reason=author is heavily biased towards eparchy in exile|date=November 2023}}
==Marriage, monastic vows, and death==
Stefan was married, around 1186, to [[Eudokia Angelina]], the youngest daughter of [[Alexius III Angelus|Alexius Angelus]] and [[Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina]]. Eudokia was the niece of the current [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Isaac II Angelus]]. Isaac II arranged the marriage. According to the [[Greece|Greek]] historian [[Nicetas Choniates]], Stefan and Eudocia quarreled and separated, accusing one another of adultery, after June 1198. They had three sons and two daughters:
* ''King'' [[Stefan Radoslav]], ruled 1228–1233
* ''King'' [[Stefan Vladislav I]], ruled 1233–1243
* ''Archbishop'' [[Sava II]] (born ''Predislav'', proclaimed [[Serbian saints|Saint]])
* ''Princess'' [[Komnena Nemanjić]], Grand Duchess of [[Kruja]]
Stefan remarried in 1207/1208, his second wife was [[Anna Dandolo]], granddaughter of Venetian doge [[Enrico Dandolo]]. They had one son and one daughter:
* ''King'' [[Stefan Uroš I]], ruled 1243–1276
[[Image:Maglic-7k.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Maglič]] fortress]]
He built many fortresses including [[Maglič]]. At the end of his life, Stefan took the monastic vow under the name Symeon and died soon after. He was canonized as his father was.
==Legacy==
Local tradition, related to the [[Reževići Monastery]] claims that it was king Stefan who built (in 1223 or 1226) the Church of the [[Dormition of the Mother of God]] ({{langx|sr|Црква Успења Пресвете Богородице}}).
==In fiction==
* The 2017 television series ''Nemanjići – rađanje kraljevine'' (''Nemanjić Dynasty – Birth of a Kingdom'') features him as the main protagonist.{{sfn|Šentevska|2018|pp=343–361}}
==See also==
* [[List of Serbian monarchs]]
* [[Nemanjić family tree]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
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{{refend}}
== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline|Stefan the First-Crowned}}
{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Nemanjić dynasty]]||around 1165|24 September|1228}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{succession box|before=[[Stefan Nemanja]]|title=Grand Prince of Serbia|after=[[Vukan Nemanjić|Vukan]]|years=1196–1202}}
{{succession box|before=Vukan|title=Grand Prince of Serbia|after=<small>title elevated→</small>|years=1204–1217}}
{{succession box|before=<small>←title elevated</small>|title=[[List of Serbian monarchs|King of Serbia]]|after=[[Stefan Radoslav|Radoslav]]|years=1217–1228}}
{{s-end}}
{{Serbian monarchs}}
{{Nemanjić dynasty}}
{{Serbian Orthodox Church}}
{{Serbian literature}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nemanjic, Stefan}}
[[Category:12th-century Serbian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Serbian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Serbian writers]]
[[Category:Medieval Serbian Orthodox clergy]]
[[Category:1160s births]]
[[Category:1228 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Sebastokrators]]
[[Category:Ktetors]]
[[Category:Founders of Christian monasteries]]
[[Category:Nemanjić dynasty]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox monarchs]]
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[[Category:Founding monarchs]]
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