View source for Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology

The '''STROBE''' ''('''ST'''rengthening the '''R'''eporting of '''OB'''servational studies in '''E'''pidemiology)'' Statement is a reporting guideline including a checklist of 22 items that are considered essential for good reporting of [[observational studies]]. It was published simultaneously in several leading biomedical journals in October and November 2007 and comprises both the checklist<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP | title = The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 800–4 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18049194 | doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181577654 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and an explanation and elaboration article<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, Poole C, Schlesselman JJ, Egger M | display-authors = 6 | title = Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 805–35 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 18049195 | doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181577511 | s2cid = 44770054 | doi-access = free }}</ref> which gives examples of good reporting and provides authors with more guidance on good reporting. It is also referred to in the [[ICMJE recommendations|Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] established by the [[ICMJE recommendations|International Committee of Medical Journal Editors]] and is endorsed by hundreds of biomedical journals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=strobe-endorsement|title=STROBE Statement: Endorsement|website=www.strobe-statement.org|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>
== Purpose ==
<blockquote>
''The STROBE Statement was developed by the STROBE Initiative, an international collaboration of epidemiologists, methodologists, statisticians, researchers and journal editors with the aim to assist authors when writing up analytical observational studies, to support editors and reviewers when considering such articles for publication, and to help readers when critically appraising published articles.'' <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP | title = The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 4 | issue = 10 | pages = e296 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17941714 | pmc = 2020495 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
</blockquote>
== Extensions ==
There are many extensions to the STROBE Statement which cover a variety of different topic domains such as [[nutritional epidemiology]],<ref>{{cite web | title = STROBE-nut | url = http://www.strobe-nut.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hörnell A, Berg C, Forsum E, Larsson C, Sonestedt E, Åkesson A, Lachat C, Hawwash D, Kolsteren P, Byrnes G, De Keyzer W, Van Camp J, Cade JE, Greenwood DC, Slimani N, Cevallos M, Egger M, Huybrechts I, Wirfält E | display-authors = 6 | title = Perspective: An Extension of the STROBE Statement for Observational Studies in Nutritional Epidemiology (STROBE-nut): Explanation and Elaboration | journal = Advances in Nutrition | volume = 8 | issue = 5 | pages = 652–678 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28916567 | pmc = 5593101 | doi = 10.3945/an.117.015941  }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lachat C, Hawwash D, Ocké MC, Berg C, Forsum E, Hörnell A, Larsson C, Sonestedt E, Wirfält E, Åkesson A, Kolsteren P, Byrnes G, De Keyzer W, Van Camp J, Cade JE, Slimani N, Cevallos M, Egger M, Huybrechts I | display-authors = 6 | title = Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-Nutritional Epidemiology (STROBE-nut): An Extension of the STROBE Statement | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = e1002036 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27270749 | pmc = 4896435 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002036 | doi-access = free }}</ref> genetic association studies,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Little J, Higgins JP, Ioannidis JP, Moher D, Gagnon F, von Elm E, Khoury MJ, Cohen B, Davey-Smith G, Grimshaw J, Scheet P, Gwinn M, Williamson RE, Zou GY, Hutchings K, Johnson CY, Tait V, Wiens M, Golding J, van Duijn C, McLaughlin J, Paterson A, Wells G, Fortier I, Freedman M, Zecevic M, King R, Infante-Rivard C, Stewart A, Birkett N | display-authors = 6 | title = STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA): an extension of the STROBE statement | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = e22 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19192942 | pmc = 2634792 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000022 | doi-access = free }}</ref> rheumatology,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dixon WG, Carmona L, Finckh A, Hetland ML, Kvien TK, Landewe R, Listing J, Nicola PJ, Tarp U, Zink A, Askling J | display-authors = 6 | title = EULAR points to consider when establishing, analysing and reporting safety data of biologics registers in rheumatology | journal = Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases | volume = 69 | issue = 9 | pages = 1596–602 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20525843 | doi = 10.1136/ard.2009.125526 | s2cid = 23905174 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zavada J, Dixon WG, Askling J | title = Launch of a checklist for reporting longitudinal observational drug studies in rheumatology: a EULAR extension of STROBE guidelines based on experience from biologics registries | journal = Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases | volume = 73 | issue = 3 | pages = 628 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24058015 | doi = 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204102 | s2cid = 10261301 }}</ref> molecular epidemiology,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gallo V, Egger M, McCormack V, Farmer PB, Ioannidis JP, Kirsch-Volders M, Matullo G, Phillips DH, Schoket B, Stromberg U, Vermeulen R, Wild C, Porta M, Vineis P | display-authors = 6 | title = STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology - Molecular Epidemiology (STROBE-ME): an extension of the STROBE statement | journal = European Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–16 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22023344 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02561.x | hdl = 1874/274530 | s2cid = 52871891 | url = https://boris.unibe.ch/7300/8/ger039.pdf | hdl-access = free }}</ref> infectious disease molecular epidemiology,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Field N, Cohen T, Struelens MJ, Palm D, Cookson B, Glynn JR, Gallo V, Ramsay M, Sonnenberg P, Maccannell D, Charlett A, Egger M, Green J, Vineis P, Abubakar I | display-authors = 6 | title = Strengthening the Reporting of Molecular Epidemiology for Infectious Diseases (STROME-ID): an extension of the STROBE statement | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 341–52 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24631223 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70324-4 | url = https://boris.unibe.ch/48138/8/Field%20LancetInfectDis%202014_postprint.pdf }}</ref> respondent-driven sampling,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = White RG, Hakim AJ, Salganik MJ, Spiller MW, Johnston LG, Kerr L, Kendall C, Drake A, Wilson D, Orroth K, Egger M, Hladik W | display-authors = 6 | title = Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology for respondent-driven sampling studies: "STROBE-RDS" statement | journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology | volume = 68 | issue = 12 | pages = 1463–71 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26112433 | pmc = 4669303 | doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.04.002 }}</ref> routinely collected health data<ref>{{cite web | title = What is RECORD? | work = RECORD-Statement.org | url = http://www.record-statement.org }}</ref><ref name="Benchimol-2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Benchimol EI, Smeeth L, Guttmann A, Harron K, Moher D, Petersen I, Sørensen HT, von Elm E, Langan SM | display-authors = 6 | title = The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | pages = e1001885 | date = October 2015 | pmid = 26440803 | pmc = 4595218 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001885 | doi-access = free }}</ref> (e.g., health administrative data, electronic health records, and registry data), antimicrobial stewardship programs,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tacconelli E, Cataldo MA, Paul M, Leibovici L, Kluytmans J, Schröder W, Foschi F, De Angelis G, De Waure C, Cadeddu C, Mutters NT, Gastmeier P, Cookson B | display-authors = 6 | title = STROBE-AMS: recommendations to optimise reporting of epidemiological studies on antimicrobial resistance and informing improvement in antimicrobial stewardship | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = e010134 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26895985 | pmc = 4762075 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010134 }}</ref> seroepidemiologic studies for influenza,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Horby PW, Laurie KL, Cowling BJ, Engelhardt OG, Sturm-Ramirez K, Sanchez JL, Katz JM, Uyeki TM, Wood J, Van Kerkhove MD | display-authors = 6 | title = CONSISE statement on the reporting of Seroepidemiologic Studies for influenza (ROSES-I statement): an extension of the STROBE statement | journal = Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–14 | date = January 2017 | pmid = 27417916 | pmc = 5155648 | doi = 10.1111/irv.12411 }}</ref> medical abortion, simulation-based research, newborn infection,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fitchett EJ, Seale AC, Vergnano S, Sharland M, Heath PT, Saha SK, Agarwal R, Ayede AI, Bhutta ZA, Black R, Bojang K, Campbell H, Cousens S, Darmstadt GL, Madhi SA, Meulen AS, Modi N, Patterson J, Qazi S, Schrag SJ, Stoll BJ, Wall SN, Wammanda RD, Lawn JE | display-authors = 6 | collaboration = SPRING (Strengthening Publications Reporting Infection in Newborns Globally) Group | title = Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology for Newborn Infection (STROBE-NI): an extension of the STROBE statement for neonatal infection research | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 10 | pages = e202–e213 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27633910 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30082-2 | url = http://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/108487/1/LANCET%2DID%20Resubmission%20manuscript%20and%20supplementary%20material.pdf }}</ref> veterinary,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Connor AM, Sargeant JM, Dohoo IR, Erb HN, Cevallos M, Egger M, Ersbøll AK, Martin SW, Nielsen LR, Pearl DL, Pfeiffer DU, Sanchez J, Torrence ME, Vigre H, Waldner C, Ward MP | display-authors = 6 | title = Explanation and Elaboration Document for the STROBE-Vet Statement: Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology - Veterinary Extension | journal = Zoonoses and Public Health | volume = 63 | issue = 8 | pages = 662–698 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 27873473 | doi = 10.1111/zph.12315 | url = https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=vdpam_pubs | doi-access = free | pmc = 5115190 }}</ref> and sports injury and illness.
A draft checklist for reporting observational studies in conference abstracts is also available.<ref name="strobe-checklists">{{cite web|title=STROBE checklists|url=http://www.strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=available-checklists|website=strobe-statement.org|access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>
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== Adaptations and future ==
In 2010, three years after STROBE's publication, the original creators reconvened and deemed an update unnecessary at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=strobe-home|title=STROBE Statement: Home|website=www.strobe-statement.org|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> However, since, calls have supported for the reporting guideline to be updated, similarly to other reporting guidelines (like [[Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials|CONSORT]] and [[Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses|PRISMA]]) which have been updated as needed. An assessment of extension content<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharp MK, Hren D, Altman DG | title = The STROBE Extensions: Considerations for Development | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 29 | issue = 6 | pages = e53–e56 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30052544 | doi = 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000899 | pmc = 7659437 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/3603370 }}</ref> as well as a survey of authors of observational studies<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharp MK, Bertizzolo L, Rius R, Wager E, Gómez G, Hren D | title = Using the STROBE statement: survey findings emphasized the role of journals in enforcing reporting guidelines | journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology | volume = 116 | pages = 26–35 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31398440 | doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.07.019 | doi-access = free | hdl = 2117/339689 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharp MK, Glonti K, Hren D | title = Online survey about the STROBE Statement highlighted divergent views about its content, purpose, and value | journal = Journal of Clinical Epidemiology | date = April 2020 | volume = 123 | pages = 100–106 | pmid = 32259582 | doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.03.025 | doi-access = free }}</ref> provided several areas to improve upon.
The STROBE Statement checklist is also available to use within a Writing Aid Tool<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawwash D, Sharp MK, Argaw A, Kolsteren P, Lachat C | title = Usefulness of applying research reporting guidelines as Writing Aid software: a crossover randomised controlled trial | journal = BMJ Open | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = e030943 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31699728 | pmc = 6858139 | doi = 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030943 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=carllachat|title=carllachat/WritingAidTool|website=[[GitHub]]|date=2020-01-23|url=https://github.com/carllachat/WritingAidTool|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> add-in for [[Microsoft Word]] that includes the STROBE checklist within the software.
The STROBE Statement has also been adapted as a public, open-source repository for epidemiological research methods and reporting skills for observational studies. Epidemiologists, statisticians, and public health researchers are able to comment and edit the tool to inform future updates of the reporting guideline.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharp|first=Melissa K. | name-list-style = vanc |url= https://bookdown.org/melissaksharp/strobe_eduexpansion/ |title=Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology STROBE (STROBE) Educational Expansion}}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials|CONSORT]]
*[[EQUATOR Network]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.strobe-statement.org/ STROBE Statement]
*[http://www.equator-network.org EQUATOR Network]
*[http://record-statement.org/ RECORD]
*[http://www.strobe-nut.org An extension of the STROBE-statement for nutritional epidemiology]
[[Category:Epidemiological study projects]]
[[Category:Quality assurance]]
[[Category:Nursing research]]
[[Category:Reporting guidelines]]